螺旋盘管式相变储热单元储热性能

以石蜡作为相变材料,制作了内通流体螺旋盘管结构的相变储热单元。在对储热单元储热过程进行传热分析的基础上,利用实验手段对储热单元在不同工况下的储热性能进行了研究。通过对其储热过程中相变材料相变过程的分析,提出储热器设计的优化方案。利用实验数据得到其准则关联式,为其在工程中的应用提供了依据。     

高温复合相变材料储热电暖器的储热性能CSCD

本文研究了基于高温复合相变材料的相变储热电暖器,对其储热性能、内部流场和温度分布及温度调控机制进行了实验和模拟研究,并与镁砖显热电暖器的储热性能进行对比。结果表明这类相变储热电暖器的储热平均温度高、平均温差小、出风口温度高,整体性能要优于镁砖显热电暖器。相同体积下两种电暖器储热量相当,但相变储热电暖器的重量可减轻1.6倍;在相同储热时间和储热温度下,同等重量的相变储热电暖器较镁砖电暖器可多储热68%。结果也展示了这类储热电暖器温度控制测点选择的重要性,当选取距离加热单元10 mm处的测点作为温度调控点时,电暖器内的平均温度和储热砖体的最高温度均能满足安全要求,而且加热单元电源在谷电8 h储热过程中只需启停两次。     

含碳二元系相变储热材料储热性能分析选择北大核心CSCD

相变储热技术与聚光太阳能发电技术相结合可以提高太阳能的利用率,减缓化石燃料燃烧带来的环境压力。本文通过分析相变储热材料的选择标准,对筛选出具有研究价值的含碳二元系相变储热材料的性能特别是热物理性能进行分析。研究发现,硅、硼、铝、铬、铁单质材料与碳元素形成的二元化合物或固溶体具有较高的熔点,形成的含碳二元系相变储热材料在高温相变储热领域应用前景广阔。在含碳二元系相变储热材料中,Fe-C二元合金可满足高温相变储热系统1100~1500℃的相变储热要求,当合金为含碳4.3%的Fe-C共晶成分时,Fe-C二元合金的相变潜热理论值为611 kJ/kg,热导率约为(40±16)W/(m·K),相变温度为1148℃,具有相对其他合金成分更为优异的综合储热性能可用于聚光太阳能热发电系统储热。     

相变材料应用于热泵干燥的实验研究

加快干燥除湿速度，缩短干燥时间，节约干燥能耗，一直是干燥研究的重要课题。相变材料能将低品位热能储存起来，在需要的时间释放出来。本文探讨了相变材料储热与放热应用于热泵干燥的潜力，并进行了实验研究。结果表明：相变材料应用于热泵干燥具有明显的节能效果，当干燥温度为45℃，在干燥物料的平均质量百分比为24．5％时，放置相变材料，干燥节能21．9％；当干燥温度为50℃，在干燥物料的平均质量百分比为35．5％时，放置相变材料，干燥节能36．5％。     

组合相变材料储热的实验研究

分析了在同一储热系统中采用两种或两种以上相变材料的特点,介绍了用于组合相变材料储热研究的实验装置,给出了四种相变材料水平柱状储热单元储热系统的初步测试结果,并对其进行了讨论。     

太阳能热发电储热材料研究进展

综述了太阳能热发电储热材料研究进展.分别介绍了浇注料、混凝土储热材料、液态显热储热、硝酸盐叠层相变储热、金属相变储热和氨热化学反应储热材料,分析了它们各自的优缺点,并展望了太阳能热发电储热材料的发展前景.     

石蜡高岭土相变储热材料的制备及表征

为克服太阳能不连续与不稳定引起的建筑物室内温度波动的现象,文章以石蜡与高岭土为试验原料,制备一种用于建筑墙体隔热保温的新型高岭土基相变储热材料。采用XRD,SEM,FTIR和DSC测试方法研究了相变储热材料的结构与性能。结果表明：高岭土具有良好的吸附性能,能物理吸附大量的石蜡至其孔隙结构;石蜡高岭土相变储热材料的熔融和冷凝温度分别为27.5,25.3℃,熔融和冷凝相变潜热值分别为33.5,32.9J/g;服役期间,石蜡未从储热材料中泄露,也未与高岭土化学键合;经1 000次循环试验后,储热材料的相变温度与相变潜热值变化不显著。高岭土优异的吸附能力赋予了该储热材料优异的吸储热能力。高岭土与石蜡较好的物理化学相容性使储热材料具有优良的化学稳定性。     

高温相变胶囊梯级储热系统实验研究北大核心CSCD

中高温相变储热及再利用的方式是低碳经济与工业生产的有效手段。为了更高效地实现工业高温废热的利用,本工作设计搭建并测试了一套高温相变胶囊梯级储热系统,采用了两种不同相变温度的多元碳酸盐材料作为储热材料,对换热工质空气的不同进口温度和进口流量的储放热过程进行了实验研究,研究内容主要包括储热罐中的温度变化、储热量以及储放热过程完成时间。实验结果表明在进口温度为500℃的工况下,系统的储热量可以达到30000 kJ,系统进口流量的提高会缩短储热时间,对系统总储热量影响较小,并分析了不同工况下储热罐体内相变材料平均液相率对系统总储热量的影响。同时测试发现系统中设置的空气预热器使得系统的高温尾气与常温进气进行热量交换,可以有效实现高温尾气的余热利用。相变实验的研究结果为高温相变储热技术的实际应用提供了系统运行参数的影响规律和优化准则,具有很高的参考价值。     

多区相变材料填充床储热性能数值分析

为进一步提高相变储能填充床储热性能,运用计算流体力学软件Fluent采用DEM-CFD数值模拟方法对轴向填充不同熔点颗粒的填充床进行了储热过程的数值分析。在分别填充了240和480个相变材料颗粒的直径为200 mm的相变储能填充床内,探究沿热流体流动方向分层逐级排布更低熔点相变材料的排布方式对填充床的储能速率、储能效率、热流体和相变储热材料温度分布的影响。研究表明：在轴向分层排布不同相变点的相变材料会对床内轴向温度场有显著影响;分层排布的方式使填充床的储能速率、储能效率均得到了提高,240和480颗粒填充床平均储能速率分别提升约31.0%和25.1%。     

尿素—乙酰胺低共熔物相变储热性能研究

本文研究了尿素－乙酰胺二元共熔体系的相变储热性能。尿素价廉易得，相变潜热大，但在１３２．７℃发生相变化时存在严重过冷并伴随有热分解。将尿素与乙酰胺作用，可形成一种熔点为５５．８℃，熔化热２２９．０ｋＪ／ｋｇ的低共熔物。通过对乙酰胺脲的相变化热性能研究，发现这种物质作为相变储热材料具有许多优点。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.