电商包装方式对水蜜桃运输缓冲防震及货架品质的影响

目的 研究常规电商包装中不同缓冲材料和包装量对水蜜桃在跌落、随机振动条件下的损伤防护及货架品质的影响。方法 以“华玉”水蜜桃为试材，分别采用瓦楞纸隔板+单盒包装、聚乙烯发泡棉(EPE)内衬+单盒包装、瓦楞纸隔板+两盒包装及EPE内衬+两盒包装等4种形式包装后，依据ISTA 3A标准开展模拟公路运输实验，分析水蜜桃货架期品质变化。结果 瓦楞纸隔板+两盒包装在面跌落时的加速度仅为90.306 m/s²，缓冲性能比单盒包装更好，但其在随机振动中响应较大，而EPE内衬+单盒包装处理受随机振动影响最小，一阶共振响应和二阶共振响应分别为0.012 2 g²/Hz和0.014 3 g²/Hz。模拟运输后在常温货架条件下，瓦楞纸隔板+两盒包装的水蜜桃在货架期内始终保持较低的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量，维持较好的外观品质。相较于单盒包装，两盒包装对维持水蜜桃质地、可溶性固形物、总酸含量及外观品质具有积极作用。结论 综合来看，以瓦楞纸隔板为缓冲材料，两盒包装更有利于水蜜桃电商物流运输中的震动防护，并能较好地保持货架品质，为适宜水蜜桃的电商物流包装...     

电商速递中不同浓度1−MCP处理对脆李货架品质的影响

目的 探究在电商速递中不同浓度1−甲基环丙烯(1-Methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理对低温及常温脆李货架品质的影响。方法 采用不同浓度的1-MCP(0、2、4、6 μL/L)对电商运输中的脆李进行46 h熏蒸处理,研究脆李在低温(4±0.2)℃下贮藏12 d,然后转入常温货架(25±0.2)℃下贮藏3 d过程中质量损失率、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、质构、色泽、可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、可滴定酸(TA)含量、抗坏血酸(Vc)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果 不同浓度的1-MCP处理均有效保持了脆李的货架品质。对照组的脆李果实在冷藏12 d时的呼吸强度为5.76 mg/(kg.h),乙烯释放量为23.44 µL/(kg.h),硬度为350.86 g,此时脆李果实已全部软化,失去了脆李特有的口感。2 μL/L 1-MCP处理组脆李果实在冷藏12 d时的呼吸强度为3.57 mg/(kg.h),乙烯释放量为6.93 µL/(kg.h),硬度为845.65 g。2 μL/L 1-MCP处理组果实在TSS、TA、Vc、MDA等营养指标和衰老指标上均不同程度地优于对照组、4 μL/L处理组、6 μL/L处理组的脆李果实。通过1-MCP处理可有效减少脆李营养的流失,保持脆李的外观和风味。结论 在电商速递中,采用2 μL/L 1-MCP熏蒸处理能有效延缓脆李的衰老进程,维持果实货架期间的品质。     

BioSuee膜对“赛买提”杏采后贮运品质的影响

目的针对鲜杏果实在电商物流过程中容易出现变软、皱皮、酒化等品质下降现象,探究BioSuee膜对新疆"赛买提"杏采后贮运品质的影响。方法以新疆"赛买提"杏为实验材料,采用3种不同配方的BioSuee膜和普通PE保鲜膜进行包装处理,模拟电商物流过程,在室温((20±1)℃)条件下进行贮藏。每隔2 d取1次样,测定鲜杏果实的色差、腐烂率、硬度、质量损失率、可溶性固形物含量(Soluble Solid Content, SSC)、相对电导率、可滴定酸(Titratable Acidity, TA)含量、维生素C(Vitamin C, Vc)含量、呼吸强度和乙烯释放量等指标的变化,分析BioSuee膜对鲜杏果实贮藏品质的影响。结果随着贮藏时间的延长,采用BioS-3膜包装的鲜杏果实贮藏效果较好,贮藏10 d时,色差a*值、腐烂率、硬度、质量损失率、SSC、相对电导率、TA、Vc、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量分别为2.23±0.38,10.44±2.05,(12.77±0.79)kg/cm~2,(0.46±0.03)%,(11.60±0.56)%,(47.15±2.83)%,(1.81±0.18)%,(0.80±0.04)mg/kg,(19.56±0.54)mg/(kg·h),(12.65±3.10)μL/(kg·h)。结论采用BioS-3膜包装鲜杏果实贮藏效果最显著,可以有效地提高鲜杏果实采后贮藏品质,延长鲜杏果实的贮藏保鲜时间。     

不同浓度1-MCP熏蒸处理对“龙成2号”软枣猕猴桃品质的影响

目的 探究不同浓度1-MCP处理对软枣猕猴桃果实采后生理品质的影响。方法 分别使用0.5、1.0、1.5μL/L 1-MCP熏蒸处理“龙成二号”软枣猕猴桃24 h，以不做任何处理为对照组，测定果实贮藏期间的外观、质量损失率、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量、口感、风味、相对电导率及丙二醛（MDA）含量等。结果 不同浓度1-MCP处理均可较好地保持果实的外观和风味，降低软枣猕猴桃的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量，抑制果实质量损失率和TSS含量的上升，延缓软枣猕猴桃硬度和可滴定酸含量的下降，及相对电导率和MDA含量的上升，从而延长果实的贮藏期，维持软枣猕猴桃采后的商品性。其中，以1.0μL/L 1-MCP处理的效果最佳。结论 不同浓度1-MCP熏蒸处理可以有效保持软枣猕猴桃的品质，减少膜损伤，延缓果实衰老，延长货架期。     

不同保鲜剂对红桃贮藏品质的影响

目的 探究不同处理对红桃贮藏品质的影响,为红桃采后保鲜技术提供新途径。方法 以红桃为实验材料,研究低温（5±0.5）℃条件下4种处理方法（CK,对照处理;S1,乙烯吸附剂;S2,1-MCP;S3,氯化钙）对红桃生理、营养和酶指标的影响。结果 通过综合比较可知,乙烯吸附剂处理能够更好地降低果实的腐烂率,抑制红桃呼吸强度和乙烯生成速率的上升,延缓红桃硬度值、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量的降低,保持红桃SOD,CAT, APX,POD和PPO的活性。结论 采后用乙烯吸附剂对红桃处理的贮藏效果最好,能够维持红桃较高的贮藏品质。     

气调包装联合保鲜剂对‘塞外红’苹果中短期贮藏的影响

目的 探究不同贮藏温度、气调包装及保鲜剂对‘塞外红’苹果贮藏品质的影响。方法 采用冷藏、气调包装(O2与CO2的体积比为5∶1)以及复合保鲜剂(1-甲基环丙烯、CaCl2、甜菜碱)等处理方式，对新鲜采摘的‘塞外红’苹果进行60 d的贮藏实验，分析贮藏期间苹果的质构特性、呼吸强度、外观品质、褐变指数、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量、相对电导率、丙二醛含量的变化。结果 在贮藏温度0.5 ℃下，采用气调包装结合保鲜剂处理能够有效抑制‘塞外红’苹果的褐变指数、丙二醛含量和相对电导率的增加。与单独进行0.5 ℃冷藏处理相比，经过60 d贮藏，处理后苹果的褐变指数、丙二醛含量和相对电导率分别降低了42%、66%、14%。同时，该处理方式延缓了‘塞外红’苹果质构特性的下降，降低了果实的呼吸强度，并保持了较高的抗坏血酸、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸等含量。结论 在0.5 ℃下冷藏并配合气调包装和外源保鲜剂处理可以有效地抑制‘塞外红’苹果的细胞损伤和营养物质的损失，延缓苹果品质的恶化进程。     

气调微孔膜包装技术在鲜食葡萄贮运中的应用

目的 针对当前鲜食葡萄电商物流包装方式易引起果实无氧呼吸、酒化和异味等问题,开展气调微孔膜包装技术在鲜食葡萄贮运中的应用.方法 以新疆红地球、木纳格葡萄为材料,采用气调(体积分数为5％的O2+体积分数为8％的CO2)分别结合微孔膜M1(透氧量为6000 cm3/(m2?d))、微孔膜M2(透氧量为8000 cm3/(m2?d))和PE膜(透氧量为300 cm3/(m2?d))进行包装,其中一部分先在(0±0.5)℃下贮藏7 d后在(15±1.0)℃下货架9 d,另一部分采后直接在(15±1.0)℃下货架12 d,然后对其进行评价,确定无氧呼吸的发生时间,测定其生理生化指标,研究气调微孔膜包装对葡萄果实贮运品质的影响.结果 采用气调微孔膜包装可以减缓果实硬度、可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)、维生素C(Vc)和总酚含量的下降,抑制果实中pH的上升,维持采后品质.与M2包装对比,M1包装能够更大程度地抑制果实腐烂,延缓TSS、TA和Vc含量的下降.结论 气调微孔膜M1包装避免了鲜食葡萄在电商物流中无氧呼吸现象的发生,很好地保持了鲜食葡萄果实的外观和内在营养品质,减缓了果实衰老进程,延长了货架期.     

不同预冷温度对甜樱桃果实保鲜效果的影响

目的 探究不同预冷温度对采后甜樱桃果实生理品质的影响,找出最适宜的预冷温度,进而推动甜樱桃产业化发展。方法 本实验分别将采后甜樱桃分别预冷至15、12、9、6、3、0℃后回温至室温,以不进行预冷处理为对照组,比较6种处理方式果实预冷和回温过程中的温度变化,并分别测定回温前后果实的色差、呼吸强度及乙烯释放量、硬度、可溶性固形物(TSS)、风味、感官评价,总酚、类黄酮、花色苷、维生素C(Vc)、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧阴离子产生速率(O₂^-)。结果不同预冷温度均可较好地保持果实外观及风味,能够降低甜樱桃果实呼吸强度与乙烯释放量,抑制果实TSS、MDA含量和O₂^-产生速率的上升,延缓甜樱桃果实硬度的下降,从而保持甜樱桃果实的外观品质,且有利于维持甜樱桃果实中的Vc、可溶性蛋白和花色苷含量,以0℃预冷效果最佳,感官评分最高。结论 预冷能够有效维持甜樱桃果实采后的品质,达到增加甜樱桃果实经济价值的作用。     

不同贮藏温度下金玉兰菜的品质变化及其货架期预测

目的 探究不同温度下金玉兰菜采后贮藏品质和生理特性的变化，建立其货架期预测模型。方法 分别设置货架温度为1、4、10、20℃，对比分析不同贮藏温度下金玉兰菜的感官品质、呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、总酚含量和芽球叶部色差值（L^*、a^*、b^*）的变化情况；将质量损失率和叶部色差L^*值作为特征指标，应用Arrhenius方程和化学动力学方程，建立金玉兰菜货架期的动力学模型。结果 与10℃和20℃贮藏条件相比，1℃和4℃低温贮藏可显著延缓金玉兰菜的品质劣变进程，降低叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总酚等含量的下降速率（P<0.05），采用1℃低温贮藏能更好地抑制金玉兰菜呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的上升，并推迟呼吸峰值的出现，显著延长了金玉兰菜的货架期。结论 所得预测模型的平均相对误差均在±5%以内，可准确预测1～20℃内金玉兰菜的货架期，为金玉兰菜采后贮藏温度条件的选择和货架期监测提供了参考依据。     

甜玉米微孔自发气调包装应用研究

目的确定甜玉米的微孔包装参数及其保鲜效果。方法在40μm厚的聚乙烯(PE)保鲜袋(35 cm×55 cm)上制备不同数量的微孔,孔径为(0.18±0.005)mm,孔的数量分别为2,3,6,9,20,50个。采用微孔袋对甜玉米进行包装,检测在0℃下贮藏时不同时间袋内的气体浓度,抽样分析甜玉米的营养指标、乙醇含量及感官品质。结果甜玉米贮藏前期呼吸旺盛,后期呼吸强度下降,呼吸强度的变化会引起包装袋内氧气和二氧化碳浓度的波动;低氧或高二氧化碳有利于保持甜玉米中可溶性固形物、Vc含量和可溶性糖含量,但易造成乙醇的积累和异味的产生。结论在40μm厚的PE保鲜袋上制备6个直径为(0.18±0.005)mm的微孔,对甜玉米的保鲜效果最佳,贮藏14 d,能保持良好的品质。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.