Numerical simulation of particulate cake formation in cross-flow microfiltration: Effects of attractive forces

We present a two-dimensional simulation model to explore cake formation in cross-flow filtration. The model uses the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for fluid computation and the discrete element method (DEM) for particle computation; they were fully coupled with the smoothed profile method. We verified our model by simulating filtration under different transmembrane pressures. We then investigated the effects of attractive forces and particle concentration on the cake formation mechanism. Generally, as the attractive interaction and particle concentration increased, the particles formed a cake layer with a looser body and rough surface, due to the decrease in the mobility of the particles in contact with the cake surface. It is concluded that the effects of particle concentration are affected by the different conditions of attractive interactions between the particles.     

激光激发薄管中超声兰姆波的数值模拟

用有限元方法,对薄管中热弹机制产生的激光超声进行了研究。在考虑材料热物理参数随温度变化的前提下,得到了薄铝管中的温度场和表面的超声导波,描绘了薄铝管中的逆时针向不同接收点处表面导波的时域波形图。由波形图可知,薄圆管中的激光超声导波是典型的L(0,m)模态的超声Lamb波,同时数值结果验证了管道中L(0,2)模式是传播速度最快且频散较小的导波,为激光超声导波在管道无损检测中的应用打下了一定的基础。     

Numerical study on deposition of non-spherical shaped particles in cascade impactor

This study investigated the deposition of non-spherical particles in a cascade impactor using numerical simulations based on computational fluid dynamics and a discrete phase model (CFD-DPM). An optimum drag force model of non-spherical particles was used to calculate the dynamic behavior of the needle-shaped particles. The trajectory of these particles in an elbow pipe was computed and measured using a high-speed video camera. The computed trajectory agreed well with the experimental trajectory, and it was confirmed that the drag force model of non-spherical particles correctly expressed the drag force in the CFD-DPM numerical simulation. Next, the motion of the needle-shaped particles in a cascade impactor was numerically simulated and compared with that in the experimental results. The simulated classification efficiency agreed well with the experimental results. Additionally, the relationship between the aspect ratio of the needle-shaped particles and their behavior in the cascade impactor was numerically analyzed. The cut-off diameter decreased with the aspect ratio at a 50% classification efficiency in the cascade impactor. This was because the drag force of the particle was assumed to increase with the aspect ratio, and longer particles fell at a lower stage in the cascade impactor.     

Experimental and numerical study of cylindrical triaxial test on mono-sized glass beads under quasi-static loading condition

This paper aims at studying the shear behavior of homogeneous granular materials by conventional triaxial test. The work is performed both in laboratory tests and by discrete element method simulations. Conventional triaxial tests are performed on glass beads packing, while a cylindrical rigid wall boundary condition based on lame formula and a series of procedures are proposed to simulate the conventional triaxial test. The experimental results on dry and saturated glass beads samples have been studied to find out the effect of saturation condition on the shear behavior. The comparisons between experimental and numerical results show that the numerical model can reproduce deviatoric curves satisfactorily in experimental conditions as long as experimental sample remains cylindrical. It correctly describes the volumetric strains of a numerical sample up to the peak value. Additionally, a parametric study on the influence of main micromechanical parameters has been carried out, which has been compared to experimental tests with glass beads of different textures. The comparison highlights the significant effect of friction coefficients and rolling resistance coefficients on global behavior of granular materials.     

Numerical investigation of powder dispersion mechanisms in Turbuhaler and the contact electrification effect

Powder dispersion in dry powder inhalers (DPI) is affected by factors such as device design and flow rate, but also electrification due to particle–particle/device collisions. This work presented a CFD-DEM study of powder dispersion in Turbuhaler®, aiming to understand the effect of electrostatic charge on the dispersion mechanisms. The device geometry was reconstructed from CT-scan images of commercial Turbuhaler device. Different work functions were applied to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powder and the device wall. Electrostatic charges were accumulated on the API particles due to contact potential difference (CPD) between the particles and the device wall. Results showed that both the chamber and the spiral mouthpiece played an important role in de-agglomeration of powders caused by particle–wall impactions. With increasing flow rates, the performance of the device was improved with higher emitted dose (ED) and fine particle fractions (FPF). The electrostatic charging of the particles was enhanced with higher CPD and higher flow rates, but the electrostatic charging had a minimum effect on powder dispersion and deposition with slight reduction in ED and FPF. In conclusion, the van der Waals force is still the dominant adhesive inter-particle force, and the dispersion efficiency is affected by the flow rate rather than contact electrification of particles. Future work should focus on the effect of highly charged particles emitted from the inhaler on the deposition in the airway.     

Finite element simulation of the effects of process parameters on deposition uniformity of chemical-vapor-deposited silicon carbide

A two-dimensional model was developed to simulate chemical vapor deposition process for preparing SiC coating by MTS + H₂ system in a vertical hot-wall reactor. The effects of process parameters, including deposition temperature, the flux of mixed gases, the ratio of H₂ and Ar, and the volume ratio of MTS and mixed gases, on deposition uniformity of SiC coating were calculated by finite-element method. The CVD process was optimized by an orthogonal L₉(3)⁴ test to deposit uniform SiC coating. The results show that the deposition uniformity of SiC is influenced greatly by the deposition temperature and the ratio of H₂ and Ar, and little by the flux of mixed gases and the volume ratio of MTS and mixed gases. The optimal deposition uniformity of SiC can be obtained under the operating condition as follows: deposition temperature 900 °C, the flux of mixed gases 0.6 l/min, H₂: Ar = 1:0, and the volume ratio of MTS and mixed gases 1:10. Part of calculated results is validated by corresponding experimental data, which implies that this model is valid and reasonable to characterize CVD process of SiC coating.     

Experimental and simulation study of solid flows in beads mill

Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in various applications. NPs agglomeration will alter its physical and chemical properties. To overcome this, dispersion of NPs by beads mill is desirable to achieve good dispersion stability. Experimental works to investigate the dynamics of the system is complicated and high cost. On the other side, numerical models offer alternative method inexpensively. In this research, the effect of impeller rotation speed on the NPs by experimental and simulation study dispersion state was discussed. Experimental results showed that rotational speed of 2400 rpm could introduce a better reduction size and dispersion state than that of 1200 and 1800 rpm. Numerical modelling via Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulation was carried out to study the solid velocity distribution profile during the dispersion process. Experimental and simulation results were correlated to investigate the relation between the particle size distribution and the particle velocity distribution profile.     

Fracture simulation of CFRP laminates in mixed mode bending

This paper analyses the progressive mixed mode delamination failure in unidirectional and multidirectional composite laminates using fracture experiments, finite element (FE) simulations and an analytical solution. The numerical model of the laminate is described as an assembly of damageable layers and bilinear interface elements subjected to mixed mode bending. The analytical approach is used to estimate the total mixed mode and decomposed fracture energies for laminates with different stacking sequences, which is also validated through experiments. It is concluded that the interlaminar fracture toughness of multidirectional laminates is considerably higher than that of the unidirectional ones. The effect of initial interfacial stiffness and element size is studied and it is also shown that their value must not exceed a definite limit for the numerical simulations to converge. The model can also be further extended to simulate the mixed mode fracture in hybrid fiber metal laminates.     

Numerical simulation of an elastoplastic plate via mixed finite elements

A mixed interpolated formulation for the analysis of elastoplastic Reissner-Mindlin plates is presented. Special attention is given to the limit case of very small thickness that is well known to lead to inaccurate numerical solutions, unless ad-hoc remedies are taken into account to avoid locking (such as reduced or selective integration schemes). The finite element presented herein combines the higher-order approach with the mixed-interpolated formulation of linear elastic problems. This mixed element has been herein extended to the elasto-plastic behavior, using a J ₂ approach with yield function depending on moments and shear stresses. A backward-Euler procedure is then used to map the elastic trial stresses back to the yield surface with the aid of a Newton-Raphson approach to solve the nonlinear system and without the calculation of the consistent tangent matrix. The element is shown to be very effective for the class of benchmark problems analyzed and does not present any locking or instability tendencies, as illustrated by various representative examples.     

Numerical investigation on the loading-delamination-unloading behavior of adhesive joints

An elastic-plastic interface model at finite deformations is utilized to investigate the irreversible delamination behavior of adhesive joints subjected to loading-delamination-unloading. The interface model accounts for the irreversible delamination in the fracture process zone induced by the localized plastic deformation and damage. The interfacial parameters in the cohesive model are obtained by fitting the available experimental data. Results suggest that the cohesive model can capture the irreversible delamination failure behavior observed in adhesively bonded joints during a loading-unloading cycle. The overall nonlinear response is dominated by the cohesive strength and initial damage displacement jump. Further, we also investigate the effect of the ductile mechanisms for the bulk layer on the competition between the plastic deformation of the bulk layer and the delamination of the interface. It is observed that the degradation of unloading stiffness is attributed to the inelastic behavior of the interface.     

不同雷诺数下方柱绕流的数值模拟

在不同雷诺数条件下,对流体绕经方形柱体的流动进行了数值模拟,计算雷诺数分别为100,1×103,1×104和2.2×104.当Re=100时,直接采用N-S方程进行计算;当Re=1×103,1×104和2.2×104时,则引入k-ε湍流模型进行计算.应用Galerkin有限元法对控制方程进行离散和求解,利用分离时间步长法处理控制方程中的非线性项.模拟计算得出了在不同雷诺数下的卡门涡街脱落形态.方柱后尾涡的形态会随雷诺数的变化而产生一定的变化.当雷诺数较低时,尾涡会拖得比较长,随着雷诺数的增加,尾涡长度会随之缩短.计算得到了方柱的受力系数和Strouhal数.将计算结果与文献上的实验和计算结果进行了比较,两者吻合较好.     

Testing and simulation of mixed adhesive joints for aerospace applications

An important aerospace application of adhesives is in heat shields, bonded with room temperature vulcanizing silicone adhesive, which has high temperature resistance but low strength. Previous works proposed mixed adhesive joints as a solution and an investigation of this technique was performed. Three adhesive joint configurations were tested, including a mixed joint. The aim of the research was to simulate the load on a heat shield and predict the joint strength. Ceramic properties were obtained with an inverse method. There was a good agreement between experimental and numerical data, showing that this technique could be used for prediction and optimization.     

双环减速器辐射噪声数值仿真及试验研究

以中心输入式双环减速器为研究对象,综合考虑齿轮内部动态激励以及环板不平衡惯性激励,建立了减速器传动系统及结构系统的动力有限元分析模型,应用ANSYS软件对双环减速器进行固有模态及动态响应数值仿真。以振动位移作为边界条件,建立减速器箱体的声学边界元分析模型,在SYSNOISE软件中用直接边界元法计算了箱体表面声压及场点的辐射噪声。利用传动系统试验台对双环减速器进行振动加速度及辐射噪声测试,并与数值仿真结果对比分析,两者吻合良好。     

Experimental study and discrete element method simulation of Geldart Group A particles in a small-scale fluidized bed

Geldart Group A particles are of great importance in various chemical processes because of advantages such as ease of fluidization, large surface area, and many other unique properties. It is very challenging to model the fluidization behavior of such particles as widely reported in the literature. In this study, a pseudo-2D experimental column with a width of 5 cm, a height of 45 cm, and a depth of 0.32 cm was developed for detailed measurements of fluidized bed hydrodynamics of fine particles to facilitate the validation of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. The hydrodynamics of sieved FCC particles (Sauter mean diameter of 148 µm and density of 1300 kg/m³) and NETL-32D sorbents (Sauter mean diameter of 100 µm and density of 480 kg/m³) were investigated mainly through the visualization by a high-speed camera. Numerical simulations were then conducted by using NETL’s open source code MFIX-DEM. Both qualitative and quantitative information including bed expansion, bubble characteristics, and solid movement were compared between the numerical simulations and the experimental measurement. The cohesive van der Waals force was incorporated in the MFIX-DEM simulations and its influences on the flow hydrodynamics were studied.     

分舱段圆柱壳声散射数值和试验研究

基于有限元方法建立了填充不同介质的有限长分舱段圆柱壳声散射数值计算模型,仿真了填充空气-空气、空气-水、水-水三类两舱段圆柱壳声散射特性,并完成了三类两舱段圆柱壳体声散射试验,获取和分析了两舱段圆柱壳体声散射的时间角度谱和频率角度谱特性。利用物理声学方法分析了壳体表面、端面以及内部填充水介质对散射声场的影响,揭示了两舱段圆柱壳声散射频率角度谱中呈现的干涉条纹特征形成机理,为水下分舱段目标,如水下无人航行器的主动声呐探测和识别提供理论支撑。     

筋板结构对搅拌器封头加强效果的数值模拟

为了有效降低搅拌器封头的交变应力强度幅,对一台搅拌器在不同加强形式下的加强效果进行了数值模拟,研究了加厚管壁、增加筋板数目、增加筋板高度三种加强方式对封头应力分布的影响和对最大应力的减弱作用,提出了最有效的加强筋结构形式。计算结果表明,在三种加强方式中,增加壁厚对降低应力作用不明显,而增加筋板高度能大幅度降低应力,效果最为明显。该结果可以为搅拌器封头加强筋的设计提供参考依据。     

导线覆冰脱落的数值模拟和参数分析

导线覆冰脱落产生的纵向不平衡张力会严重威胁到输电线路的安全。在塔线体系模型基础上利用冰单元的生死模拟导线覆脱冰,通过与以往的模型试验比较验证该模拟方法的适用性,进行建模参数的敏感性分析以确定合适的计算模型,最后进行导线脱冰的参数分析。计算结果表明,脱冰前输电塔的基底剪力和基底弯矩为零,脱冰后两者大幅增加,且越靠近脱冰档数据越大。当档距越大、覆冰越多、脱冰位置越靠中间和脱冰比例越大时,脱冰响应越显著;当导线的初始张力越大时,脱冰响应越小。     

Numerical analysis of two-dimensional lagging thermal behavior under short-pulse-laser heating on surface

In this work, the dual-phase-lag (DPL) model of heat conduction is introduced in treating the transient heat conduction problems in finite rigid mediums under short-pulse-laser heating. Two-dimensional numerical solutions in a rectangular and an axially symmetric system are given by finite difference method. Calculations are performed to exhibit various two-dimensional lagging thermal behavior of conduction heat transfer, such as wavy, wavelike, and diffusive behavior.     

旋转点声源声场的数值仿真计算

旋转声源辐射声场的计算是利用点源模型预测风扇离散噪声的关键所在,对叶片式机械气动噪声的研究具有重要参考价值.提供了在任意边界条件下计算旋转点声源辐射卢场的数值仿真计算方法.将连续的旋转声源离散化,处理为分布于旋转轨迹上的有限个固定点声源.利用离散化处理后的声源,通过边界元法分别计算旋转单极子和旋转点力源的辐射声场.在自由空间内的计算结果与理论解进行了对比验证,得到较为理想的结果:另外进行了有限长圆管内旋转点声源辐射声场的数值计算,由此对不同长度圆管的结果进行对比,分析了管道长度对声场分布以及指向性的影响规律.     

Phase composition of mixed ZnS-EuS thin films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

The phase composition of the mixed ZnS-EuS films deposited from volatile dithiocarbamates has been studied using differential dissolution technique (chemical method of the phase analysis) and electron microscopy. Phase composition was found to depend on the Eu content in the films, that in turn depends on a flow density ratio of the Eu and Zn volatile precursors. A single-phase solid solution, Zn_0.998Eu_≤0.002S, was observed only for films with Eu content≤1 mol%, other films were found to be two-phase. For films with the Eu content between 2 and 16% and above 80%, impurity phases, EuS and ZnS, respectively, were detected by differential dissolution technique. They evolved as low-sized sulfide precipitates encapsulated in an organic coat. No impurity phases in the films of the same Eu content were noticed by X-ray technique and Raman spectroscopy. For the films with the Eu content between 16 and 80%, sulfide phases, ZnS and EuS, were found to be free from any organic coat, and structural methods as with differential dissolution technique were also capable of observing the phases. Conditions are given to prepare Eu doped ZnS films of good quality by MOCVD technique.