西南桦木材表面的硅烷化及憎水和憎油特性

目的 解决制备憎油性材料时对含氟化合物的依赖,减小木材对水和油的吸收性,赋予木材表面双憎功能.方法 采用甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)与0.1 mol/L的盐酸以4:1的体积比混合,并置于冰浴中超声水解不同的时间,将木材放入水解溶液中浸渍处理5 min,利用X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)分析改性前后木材表面的元素组成及化学结构,借助接触角测量仪考察改性木材对水和油的润湿特性,计算其吸水率和吸油率.结果 改性木材表面引入了大量的Si元素,并键合了低表面能的—CH3基团;水解时间由30 min延长至240 min,水接触角由79.8°增加至90.7°,但油接触角却稳定在50°左右;改性前后的吸水率均大于吸油率.结论 所制备的木材都具有双憎功能,憎水稳定性随水解时间的延长而提高,但憎油稳定性受水解时间的影响较小.     

聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑纤维的表面改性及疏水性涂层制备EI北大核心CSCD

采用偶联剂KH-560对聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑(PBO)纤维进行表面活化,并用含有十七氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷(HFTES)的涂层对偶联剂改性后的PBO纤维表面进行疏水性处理。利用X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜等对PBO纤维表面结构和性能进行表征,考察了偶联剂KH-560质量分数对PBO纤维表面改性效果的影响,同时分析了HFTES质量分数对PBO纤维疏水性的影响。研究结果表明,采用KH-560改性PBO表面时,PBO纤维表面形成了薄层偶联剂涂层,纤维表面粗糙度增加,PBO纤维表面引入的环氧基活性基团增强了纤维表面活性。随着HFTES浓度的提升,PBO纤维吸水率下降。经HFTES处理后PBO纤维的吸水率大幅度下降,经含有HFTES的有机硅改性环氧树脂涂层处理后的PBO纤维表面水接触角可达132°。     

聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑纤维的表面改性及疏水性涂层制备

采用偶联剂KH-560对聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑(PBO)纤维进行表面活化,并用含有十七氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷(HFTES)的涂层对偶联剂改性后的PBO纤维表面进行疏水性处理。利用X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜等对PBO纤维表面结构和性能进行表征,考察了偶联剂KH-560质量分数对PBO纤维表面改性效果的影响,同时分析了HFTES质量分数对PBO纤维疏水性的影响。研究结果表明,采用KH-560改性PBO表面时,PBO纤维表面形成了薄层偶联剂涂层,纤维表面粗糙度增加,PBO纤维表面引入的环氧基活性基团增强了纤维表面活性。随着HFTES浓度的提升,PBO纤维吸水率下降。经HFTES处理后PBO纤维的吸水率大幅度下降,经含有HFTES的有机硅改性环氧树脂涂层处理后的PBO纤维表面水接触角可达132°。     

硼化钛耐磨涂层对织物性能的影响

硼化钛具有较高的硬度和良好的耐磨性,而有机硅树脂的成膜性、疏水性、光泽性、耐刮擦性以及耐腐蚀性能皆优异。将硼化钛与有机硅树脂混合制成耐磨涂层,浸渍、喷涂于棉织物及涤纶织物表面,测试其一系列物理力学性能。实验结果表明,硼化钛可以显著提高棉织物和涤纶织物的耐磨性能;有机硅树脂含量的增加直接影响涂层织物耐磨性能的提高,涂层织物拉伸断裂强力的提高以及涂层织物疏水性能的提高;当有机硅树脂质量分数低于50%时,涤纶织物的耐磨性能远高于棉织物,当有机硅树脂质量分数高于75%时,棉织物的耐磨性能高于涤纶织物;有机硅树脂质量分数为75%的涂层棉织物疏水性能最优,水接触角达到143.4°;有机硅树脂质量分数为100%的涂层涤纶织物疏水性能最优,水接触角达到152.1°。     

新型支化有机硅单体的合成及其硅丙乳液的研究

利用甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(M PS)的烷氧基与氯硅烷(CM S)的取代反应,合成了具有支化结构的高硅含量反应性有机硅单体甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三(三甲基硅氧基)硅烷(M ATS),并用1H-NM R、FT-IR对其结构进行了表征。以M ATS为功能性单体,与丙烯酸酯类单体进行乳液共聚合,制得了稳定的高硅含量硅丙乳液。对乳液聚合物的力学性能、表面接触角、吸水率等的测试结果表明,M ATS分子中的支化型大体积疏水基团能有效提高共聚物的有机硅含量,显著降低聚合物的表面能,提高其耐水性和力学性能,可制得一类具有优良疏水性及低表面能的功能材料。     

棉织物表面的超疏水功能改性整理与性能表征

采用新的方法制备超疏水棉织物,突破了传统使用额外纳米粒子构造粗糙表面结构制备超疏水纺织品的局限性。首先采用有机硅树脂在织物表面形成一层疏水性薄膜,然后借助硅树脂的黏附性将十八胺牢固地固着在织物表面,以此达到构造粗糙表面结构和降低织物表面能的目的。实验结果表明,整理后的棉织物与水的接触角高达154.4°±0.6°,经、纬向强力分别下降了6.2%和8.3%,而白度增加了1.3%。棉织物表面经过30次机械摩擦后,其接触角为151.5°±0.4°。最后对改性前后棉织物的表面形貌和超疏水机理进行了深入分析。     

有机硅改性喷涂聚脲的性能研究

通过甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)与羟基硅油反应制备端NCO含硅预聚体,并与经过TDI、己二异氰酸酯(HDI)和聚醚多元醇合成的端NCO预聚体进行共混,得到喷涂聚脲的A组分,再与含聚醚胺的B组分反应制备出有机硅改性喷涂聚脲.对产物结构进行红外光谱表征,并对有机硅改性喷涂聚脲的力学性能、耐水性、接触角和热性能进行了测定.结果表明有机硅改性喷涂聚脲具有良好的的力学性能和热稳定性,防水性能和耐沾污性均得到提高,其中4％质量分数的有机硅改性喷涂聚脲综合性能最佳,吸水率为1.86％,水接触角为103.38°,达到了疏水材料的标准.     

仿生超疏水二氧化硅/聚氨酯复合涂层的制备及性能

以纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)和不同有机硅含量改性的聚氨酯(PU)为原料,以乙酸乙酯为分散剂,采用简单的喷涂工艺,通过仿生的方法制备出与荷叶表面结构相似的SiO2/PU微-纳米复合涂层。用扫描电镜(SEM)对涂层表面进行了表征,研究了SiO2与PU的质量比以及有机硅含量对涂层表面结构及接触角的影响,并考察了涂层结构的稳定性,分析了涂层的形成机理和结构特点。结果表明,涂层表面具有与荷叶表面相似的微-纳米结构,SiO2与PU的质量比在4∶5至3∶5之间,有机硅质量分数大于15%时,涂层的水接触角为158°,滚动角为3°,具有超疏水特性,并且结构稳定,测试胶带剥离6次后,涂层仍具有超疏水特性。     

酸碱处理对聚酰亚胺薄膜的表面改性

采用酸碱处理的方法对聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜表面改性。利用万能试验机和热失重仪考察了处理前后PI薄膜力学性能和热性能的变化情况,并通过傅立叶红外光谱仪、原子力显微镜及视频接触角仪对PI薄膜改性前后表面性能进行了表征。结果表明,经酸碱处理后,PI薄膜表面化学组成和表面形貌均发生变化,表面亲水性增大;当处理时间为4min时,力学性能保持在97%以上,热稳定性略有下降;均方根粗糙度从1.057nm增大到3.002nm,接触角从77.32°下降到46.70°,粘接功提高了38.20%。     

疏水性材料的等离子体表面改性工艺研究

通过等离子体连续处理仪对疏水性材料表面进行表面改性而提高了其润湿性。研究了不同反应条件对高分子材料表面改性的影响;通过测定样品表面的接触角等性能评价了其表面亲水性的变化。经过等离子体表面处理,聚四氟乙烯的接触角有了显著下降;聚乙烯电池隔膜的吸碱率为自身重量的3.5倍,爬高率初始3 min接近100 mm;硅橡胶的接触角由105°下降到30°;聚酯的接触角由98°到15°。通过对材料表面进行丙烯酸接枝,评价了时效性的影响;初步探讨了真空紫外辐射对表面改性的影响。结果表明:改性后疏水性材料表面的润湿性得到了明显改善,该技术与设备在工业应用方面非常具有推广价值。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...