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1.
Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer Maximiliano D’Addio Noffs Patricia de Oliveira Carvalho Vanessa Vivian de Almeida Cláudio Celestino de Oliveira Nilson Evelázio de Souza 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(6):543-547
Lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in edible meat of fifteen marine fish species caught on the Southeast
Brazilian coast and two from East Antarctic. Most of the fish had lipid amounts lower than 10% of their total weight. Palmitic
acid (C16:0) predominated, accounting for 54–63% of the total amount of saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) was the
most abundant (49–69%) monounsaturated fatty acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty
acid (PUFA), accounting for 31–84% of n-3 PUFA. n-3 PUFA level were highest in Antarctic fish meat, comprising 45% of the
total fatty acid content, which consisted of mainly EPA (16.1 ± 1.5 g/100 g lipids) and DHA (24.8 ± 2.4 g/100 g lipids). The
amounts of EPA + DHA in g/100 g of lipids on the Southeast Brazilian coast and Antarctic fish species investigated were found
to be similar: 42.0 ± 1.7 for Bonito cachorro, 41.0 ± 2.3 for Atum, and 39.4 ± 1.8 for peixe porco, respectively. All the
studied species exhibited an n-3/n-6 ratio higher than 3, which confirms the great importance of Southeast Brazilian coast
fish as a significant dietary source of n-3 PUFA. 相似文献
2.
Naser Agh Mohammad Sedigh Jasour Farzaneh Noori 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2014,91(7):1171-1177
In this study, proximate and fatty acid composition in the edible flesh of eight underutilized and five commercial freshwater fish species were compared in order to evaluate the potential of these fish for development of functional value-added fishery products. The lipid content (% dry weight basis) of investigated fish species ranged from 3.44 to 9.25 in underutilized and 3.73–7.68 in commercial species. In comparison with underutilized fish species, commercial species had higher levels of protein (P < 0.05). The high proportion of EPA+DHA was found with Goldfish (524 mg/100 g flesh), Wels (422 mg/100 g flesh), and Crucian carp (354 mg/100 g flesh), all of which belonged to underutilized group. All studied fish (save Lenkoran) showed values higher than the minimum recommended DHA/EPA value (0.45). The ratios of n-6/n-3 found in this study were much lower (save Goatfish) than those cited as a harmful value (4.0 as the maximum value). The PUFA/SFA value of the present fish samples was higher at 1.57 for Goatfish, 1.02 for Lenkoran, 0.68 for Wels, all of these fish belonging to the underutilized group. The highest atherogenic and thrombogenicity index values were generally obtained for commercial species. It seems in respect of comparability of these lipid quality indicators, the underutilized fish species could be highly recommended as an important source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and Max-EPA products for humans consumption. 相似文献
3.
Yesim Ozogul Abdurrahman Polat İlknur Uçak Fatih Ozogul 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2011,113(12):1491-1498
Seasonal variations of proximate compositions, muscle lipids and fatty acids (FA) of seven seawater species (Silllago sihoma, Upeneus pori, Sparus aurata, Saurida undosquamis, Epinephelus auneus, Mullus barbatus, Solea solea) from the Mediterranean Sea, were determined in all seasons. The results showed that the fatty acid compositions of each species ranged from 26.41 to 38.70% saturated (SFA), 13.78 to 26.52% monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 25.02 to 50.83% PUFAs. The highest proportions of EPA were obtained from M. barbatus (8.34%) in spring, S. sihoma (7.54%), U. pori (6.75%), S. aurata (6.31%), S. undosquamis (5.12%), E. auneus (5.10%) in summer, and also S. solea (6.19%) in spring. The highest proportions of DHA were found in spring, ranging from 25.14% for M. barbatus to 34.87% for S. aurata, except for S. solea (30.44%) in winter and S. sihoma (15.83%) in summer. The results showed that from a quality point of view, all species were suitable for human nutrition, since muscle lipids are rich in EPA + DHA in all seasons. Practical application : The American and Canadian Dietetic Associations recommend two servings of fatty fish per week and a daily combined intake of EPA and DHA of 500 mg. This follows a trend of numerous publications and other guidelines recognizing the health benefits of long‐chain n‐3 PUFA from fish or marine microbial sources with respect to cardiovascular health, neurological diseases, infant health and development, inflammation and cancer and other health effects. The seven species analyzed here provide muscle lipids that are rich in EPA and DHA. Only minor season‐to‐season changes in the total content of n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA were observed for the same species. The results provide valuable information for preparing diet tables. 相似文献
4.
Makhutova ON Sushchik NN Gladyshev MI Ageev AV Pryanichnikova EG Kalachova GS 《Lipids》2011,46(8):709-721
We studied the fatty acid (FA) content and composition of ten zoobenthic species of several taxonomic groups from different
freshwater bodies. Special attention was paid to essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3),
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6); and the n-3/n-6 and DHA/ARA ratios, which are important
for consumers of higher trophic levels, i.e., fish. The content and ratios of these FA varied significantly in the studied
zoobenthic species, consequently, the invertebrates were of different nutritional quality for fish. Eulimnogammarus viridis (Crustacea) and Dendrocoelopsis sp. (Turbellaria) had the highest nutrition value for fish concerning the content of EPA and DHA and n-3/n-6 and DHA/ARA
ratios. Using canonical correspondence analysis we compared the FA profiles of species of the studied taxa taking into account
their feeding strategies and habitats. We gained evidence that feeding strategy is of importance to determine fatty acid profiles
of zoobenthic species. However, the phylogenetic position of the zoobenthic species is also responsible and may result in
a similar fatty acid composition even if species or populations inhabit different water bodies or have different feeding strategies. 相似文献
5.
Helvi M. Vidgren Jyrki J. Ågren Ursula Schwab Tiina Rissanen Osmo Hänninen Matti I. J. Uusitupa 《Lipids》1997,32(7):697-705
The effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in the form of fresh fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil on the
fatty acid composition of plasma lipid fractions, and platelets and erythrocyte membranes of young healthy male students were
examined. Altogether 59 subjects (aged 19–32 yr, body mass index 16.8–31.3 kg/m2) were randomized into the following diet groups: (i) control group; (ii) fish diet group eating fish meals five times per
week [0.38±0.04 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.67±0.09 g DHA per day]; (iii) DHA oil group taking algae-derived DHA oil
capsules (1.68 g/d DHA oil group taking algae-derived DHA oil capsules (1.68 g/d DHA in triglyceride form); and (iv) fish
oil group (1.33 g EPA and 0.95 g DHA/d as free fatty acids) for 14 wk. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, platelets,
and erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by gas chromatography. The subjects kept 4-d food records four times during the study
to estimate the intake of nutrients. In the fish diet, in DHA oil, and in fish oil groups, the amounts of n-3 fatty acids
increased and those of n-6 fatty acids decreased significantly in plasma lipid fractions and in platelets and erythrocyte
membranes. A positive relationship was shown between the total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and EPA and DHA intake
and the increase in total n-3 PUFA and EPA and DHA in all lipid fractions analyzed. DHA was preferentially incorporated into
phospholipid (PL) and triglyceride (TG) and there was very little uptake in cholesterol ester (CE), while EPA was preferentially
incorporated into PL and CE. The proportion of EPA in plasma lipids and platelets and erythrocyte membranes increased also
by DHA supplementation, and the proportion of linoleic acid increased in platelets and erythrocyte membranes in the DHA oil
group as well. These results suggest retroconversion of DHA to EPA and that DHA also interferes with linoleic acid metabolism. 相似文献
6.
Regiospecific and traditional analysis, of both storage and membrane lipids, was performed on gill, white muscle, and red
muscle samples taken from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to gauge the effect of elevated water temperature. The fish, fed a commercial diet, were held at an elevated water temperature
of 19°C. Total n-3 PUFA, total PUFA, and n-3/n-6 and unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) ratios in the FA profile of
the total lipid extract in the white muscle were fairly low compared with fish grown at 15°C. Adaptation of structural and
storage lipids at elevated temperatures was shown by a significant (P<0.01) reduction in PUFA especially in the percentage of EPA (6–8%). Further adaptation was indicated by the percentages of
SFA, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher in gill (56%) and white muscle (58%) polar lipid fractions and coincided with lower percentages of n-3, n-6,
and total PUFA. The regiospecific profiles indicated a high affinity of DHA to the sn-2 position in both the TAG (61–68%) and polar lipid (35–60%) fractions. The combination of detailed regiospecific and lipid
analyses demonstrated adaptation of cell membrane structure in Atlantic salmon grown at an elevated water temperature. 相似文献
7.
The interrelations between linoleic acid (LA) metabolites and fish oil fatty acids were studied. Sprague-Dawley rats (200–220
g) were fed a fat-free semisynthetic diet supplemented with 10% (by weight) of different combinations of evening primrose
oil (EPO), a rich source of LA and γ-linolenic acid, and polepa (POL), a marine oil rich in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
(DHA) acids. The combinations of supplement were as follows: 9% EPO-1% POL, 8% EPO-2% POL, 7% EPO-3% POL, 6% EPO-4% POL and
5% EPO-5% POL. After two weeks on the respective diets, the animals were killed, and the fatty acid compositions of liver
and plasma phospholipids were examined. The results showed that animals fed higher proportions of POL consistently contained
higher levels of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) (p<0.05), a metabolite of LA and GLA, and lower levels of arachidonic acid
(AA) (p<0.01), a metabolite of DGLA through Δ-5-desaturation. Thus, an inverse relationship between AA/DGLA ratio and EPA
levels was found to exist (r=−0.765 in plasma and −0.792 in liver). However, there was no such relationship between AA/DGLA
ratio and DHA levels. This result suggested that EPA but not DHA in fish oil exerts an inhibitory effect on the conversion
of DGLA to AA. 相似文献
8.
Production of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched fish oil by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis without solvent 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tsuneo Yamane Tomomasa Suzuki Youko Sahashi Line Vikersveen Tamotsu Hoshino 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(11):1104-1107
Fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) was prepared by nonsolvent enzymic acidolysis. n-3 PUFA-enriched
fish oil contained 25% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 40% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In acidolysis of cod liver oil, EPA
content of the original fish oil was reduced at 5 h, but DHA content of the fish oil increased. It was assumed that EPA in
the fish oil was replaced by DHA to reach a new chemical equilibrium. Two-stage acidolysis, which was carried out under CO2 replacement early (about 3 h) and also in vacuum at 5–24 h, was effective for reduction in the content of diacylglycerol,
which was formed by reverse reaction, hydrolysis. This method has industrial significance because PUFA-enriched triacylglycerol
is easily separated from the reaction mixture by molecular distillation.
Bioreactors for fats and their derivatives, Part XIV. 相似文献
9.
P. Pauletto M. Puato M. T. Angeli A. C. Pessina A. Munhambo G. Bittolo-Bon C. Galli 《Lipids》1996,31(1):S309-S312
Major risk factors for coronary heart disease were assessed in two populations of Tanzania, one on a fish diet (FD) living
along the coast of Lake Nyasa, and the other, mainly on a vegetarian diet (VD), living in a farming area. Lower blood pressure
values were found in the FD subjects (n=618) vs. VD (n=618) (systolic blood pressure, SBP, 120±15 vs. 135±20,P<0.01; diastolic blood pressure, DBP, 70±9 vs. 78±11,P<0.01, respectively). In an FD subgroup (n=61), total cholesterol (TC) (122 vs. 136 mg/dL,P<0.01); triglycerides (TG) (82 vs. 105 mg/dL,P<0.01); and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] (19.9±18.4 vs. 32.3±22.4,P<0.001) were lower than in a VD subgroup (n=55). Serum fatty acids (FA) in the FD subgroup were as follows: eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) (20∶5) 2.48 vs. 0.72%, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22∶6) 5.93 vs. 1.49%, vs. the VD, respectively. Arachidonic
acid (AA) (20∶4n-6) also was higher in the FD vs. the VD group (9.85 vs. 8.30%,P<0.05), whereas 18∶2n-6 was about double (23.97 and 14.85%) in VD vs. FD. The peculiar serum FA pattern in FD reflected the
FA of dietary fish. In fact, in four main species of lake fish, DHA was 8–19%, higher than EPA (1.8–4.2%), in contrast with
the situation in cold-water fish, and AA was 5.8–8%, higher than in cold-water fish. The data, obtained in populations strictly
on natural, unprocessed, low-fat diets, show that a diet based on freshwater fish results in lower BP, serum TC, TG, and Lp(a),
and suggests that serum AA is not reduced when the major dietary n-3 is DHA rather than EPA. 相似文献
10.
Total lipid contents and fatty acid composition of 13 marine fish species namely, "jenahak" (Lutianus agentimaculatus), "kebasi" (Anadontostoma chacunda), "duri" (Arius cumatranus), "tenggiri batang" (Scomberomorus commersoni), "kembong" (Rastrelliger kanagurta), "kintan" or "sebalah" (Psettodes crumei), "kerisi" (Pristipomodes typus), "kerapu" (Epinephelus sexfasciatus), "gelama kling" (Sciaena dussumieri), "malong" (Congresax talabon), "laban" (Cynoglossus lingua), "yu 9" (Scolidon sorrakowah) and "bagi" (Aacnthurs nigrosis) commonly found in Pulau Tuba, one of the islands surrounding the popular tourist destination Langkawi in Malaysia were determined. All fish showed a considerable amount of unsaturated fatty acids particularly those with 4, 5 and 6 double bonds. Two physiologically important n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docasahaexaenoic acid (DHA), made up of more than 50% of the total PUFAs. For saturated fatty acids, palmitic was found to be the major one in all types of fish studied. Based on DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid (AA) contents, "gelama kling" was found to be the best source (23, 11 and 7%, respectively) followed by "kerapu" (21, 10, 9%) and "sebalah" (19, 14, 4%). 相似文献
11.
Inhibition of gonadotropin-stimulated ovarian steroid production by polyunsaturated fatty acids in teleost fish 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The effects of the polyynsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)—eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic
acid (AA)—onin vitro steroid production by full-grown prematurational ovarian follicles from goldfish and rainbow trout were investigated. EPA
and DHA inhibited gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production in a dose-related manner, but AA was inhibitory only at
the highest dose tested (400 μM). AA alone stimulated testosterone production by increasing cAMP production, but the effects
of other PUFAs alone were marginal. The inhibitory actions by PUFAs were not restricted to long-chain PUFAs, as linoleic and
linolenic acids had similar actions in the goldfish. The inhibitory action of EPA on testosterone production was reversible
upon removal of the PUFA from medium. Testosterone production stimulated by the addition of the cAMP analogues, dibutyryl
cAMP, and 8-bromo cAMP, was attenuated by PUFAs, suggesting that they act at a site distal to cAMP formation. A post-cAMP
site regulating cholesterol availability may be involved as testosterone production induced by addition of 25OH-cholesterol
was not affected by the PUFAs in either fish species. Together, these findings underscore the importance of lipids in ovarian
physiology and suggest that PUFAs may participate in the regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis in teleost fish. 相似文献
12.
Scientific investigation of lipids in Elasmobranchs has been conducted mainly on shark species. Because rays seem to be neglected,
this study was performed to examine the complete fatty acid (FA) composition with a particular interest for long-chain polyunsaturated
FA (PUFA) content in different tissues of three ray species including parts usually discarded. The total FA and PUFA profiles
of total lipids were determined in muscle, liver, and gonad of Rhinobatos cemiculus, Rhinoptera marginata, and Dasyatis marmorata, the most often caught ray species from the East Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Fifty FA were characterized as methyl esters and
N-acyl pyrrolidides by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, showing significant levels of 20:5n-3 (EPA) (up to 5.3%) and 22:5n-3
(DPA) (up to 7.3%), high levels of 20:4n-6 arachidonic (ARA) (4.8–8.6% of total FA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) (up to 20.0%). The results
show that muscle, liver and gonad of rays can provide high amounts of essential PUFA, specially DHA, for direct human nutrition
or the food processing industry. High proportions of DHA were particularly found in all samples of R. cemiculus (11.6–20.0%), and in muscle and liver of D. marmorata (11.1–16.1%). Regarding the high amounts of (n-3) PUFA, this study shows that these rays deserve a better up-grading, including
the normally discarded parts, and describes the occurrence of unusual NMID FA in all tissues studied. Five non-methylene-interrupted
dienoic fatty acids (NMID FA) (0–3.4%) were reported, including previously known isomers, namely 20:2 Δ7,13, 20:2 Δ7,15, 22:2
Δ7,13, 22:2 Δ7,15, and new 22:2 Δ6,14. These acids are quite unusual in fish and unprecedented in rays. The 22:2 Δ6,14 acid
occurred in gonads of male specimens of R. cemiculus at 2.9%. 相似文献
13.
Alok K. Hazra Somiranjan Ghosh Shivaji Banerjee Biswapati Mukherjee 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(11):1673-1678
The puffer fishes Chelonodon patoca, Sphaeroides oblongus, Lagocephalus lunaris, and L. inermis of Indian coastal waters are wasted in huge quantity. The livers of these fishes were investigated for their lipid contents
and fatty acid compositions in different seasons. It was found that monsoon season is the suitable time to obtain the maximal
lipids (40.1–48.8%) from their livers, an amount similar to cod liver lipid content (39.5–55.0%). The fatty acids were mostly
saturates and monoenes (60–70%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations (7–12%) were high
during monsoon season. Neutral lipids were the predominant lipid class (>80%) and comprised triglycerides (277–674 mg/g) and
cholesterol (0.6–3.1 mg/g). Quality indices of puffer liver lipids, e.g., specific gravity, refractive index, acid value,
iodine value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter, were evaluated. Puffer liver lipids were quantitatively and
qualitatively comparable to other commercially important marine fish oils. The overall study suggests the possibility of future
commercial utilization of liver lipids from puffer, an unconventional, cheap, and easily available source. 相似文献
14.
Shu Cheng Liu De Tao Li Peng Zhi Hong Chao Hua Zhang Hong Wu Ji Jia Long Gao Li Zhang 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2009,86(12):1155-1161
Marine fishes are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA), which are extremely important for human health. The objective of our work was to determine the content and composition
of lipids and fatty acids in the different tissues of cobia from China and to evaluate their nutritional value. The results
showed that cobia from China was rich in lipids; the neutral lipid content was above 82%; the content of cholesterol and phospholipid
was low. Eighteen fatty acids were identified. Myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic acids (C18:0) were the main
saturated acids; palmitoleic (C16:1n-7) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) were the main monounsaturated fatty acids. EPA and DHA were
the main PUFA; n-3 and n-6 PUFA were present as 12–18% and 2.6–3.2% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The n-6/n-3 ratio
was in the range from 0.18 to 0.22, which was far lower than that (5:1) recommended by WHO/FAO. Therefore, cobia lipids from
China have a high nutritional value. 相似文献
15.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5n-3), and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been shown to be cytotoxic to tumor cells. The objective of this work was to study the effect of
PUFA on the radiation response of a 36B10 rat astrocytoma cell line. Supplementation of the astrocytoma cells with 15–45 μM
GLA, EPA, or DHA produced marked changes in the fatty acid profiles of their phospholipids and neutral lipids. The methylene
bridge index of these lipids increased significantly. These PUFA also exerted cytotoxic effects, as determined using the clonogenic
cell survival assay. While GLA and DHA produced a moderate cell-killing effect, EPA was extremely cytotoxic, especially at
a concentration of 45 μM. The monounsaturated oleic acid (OA, 18:1n-9) did not affect cell survival. Further, all three PUFA,
and particularly GLA, increased the radiation-induced cell kill; OA did not enhance the effect of radiation. α-Tocopherol
acetate blocked the enhanced radiation sensitivity of GLA- and DHA-supplemented cells. In conclusion, GLA, EPA, and DHA supplementation
prior to, during, and after irradiation can enhance the radiation-induced cytotoxicity of rat astrocytoma cells. GLA and DHA
supplementation post-irradiation also enhanced the radiation response of the 36B10 cells. Because GLA maximally increases
the radioresponsiveness of a rat astrocytoma, this PUFA might prove useful in increasing the therapeutic efficacy of radiation
in the treatment of certain gliomas. 相似文献
16.
High Arachidonic Acid Levels in the Tissues of Herbivorous Fish Species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Siganus fuscescens,Calotomus japonicus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kyphosus bigibbus</Emphasis>)
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Asada Jiarpinijnun Soottawat Benjakul Akasith Pornphatdetaudom Junichiro Shibata Emiko Okazaki Kazufumi Osako 《Lipids》2017,52(4):363-373
The lipid and fatty acid compositions in the various organs (muscle, liver, other viscera) and stomach contents of three common herbivorous fish species in Japan, Siganus fuscescens, Calotomus japonicus and Kyphosus bigibbus, were examined to explore the stable 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) sources. Triacylglycerol (TAG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) were the dominant lipid classes, while the major FA contents were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 14:0, 18:0, 18:1n-7, and some PUFA, including ARA, 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), 22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid, DPA), and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). The amounts of these fatty acids were varied among species and their lipid classes. Phospholipids contained higher levels of PUFA than TAG. However, ARA in both phospholipids and TAG was markedly present in the muscle and viscera of all specimens, particularly in C. japonicus and K. bigibbus. Moreover, their ARA levels were higher than the levels of DHA and EPA. The observed high ARA level is unusual in marine fish and might be characteristic of herbivorous fish. Furthermore, ARA was the dominant PUFA in the stomach contents of the three species, suggesting that the high ARA level originated from their food sources. The above indicates that these three herbivorous fishes are ARA-rich marine foods and have potential utilization as stable ARA resources. 相似文献
17.
Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The aim of this study was to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or both, were responsible
for the triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects of fish oil. EPA (91% pure) and DHA (83% pure), a fish oil concentrate (FOC; 41%
EPA and 23% DHA) and an olive oil (OO) placebo (all ethyl esters) were tested. A total of 49 normolipidemic subjects participated.
Each subject was given placebo for 2–3 wk and one of the n-3 supplements for 3 wk in randomized, blinded trials. The target
n-3 fatty acid (FA) intake was 3 g/day in all studies. Blood samples were drawn twice at the end of each supplementation phase
and analyzed for lipids, lipoproteins, and phospholipid FA composition. In all groups, the phospholipid FA composition changed
to reflect the n-3 FA given. On DHA supplementation, EPA levels increased to a small but significant extent, suggesting that
some retroconversion may have occurred. EPA supplementation did not raise DHA levels, however, FOC and EPA produced significant
decreases in both TG and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (C) levels (P<0.01) and increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (P<0.05). DHA supplementation did not affect cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, or high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels,
but it did cause a significant increase in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio. We conclude that EPA appears to be primarily responsible for TG-lowering (and LDL-C raising) effects of
fish oil. 相似文献
18.
The antioxidant effects of oil‐in‐water nanoemulsion based on edible citrus peel essential oils on the fatty acid composition of rainbow trout fillets stored at 4 ± 2 °C are investigated. Fish fillets are treated with nanoemulsion and stored for 16 days. Lipid samples are converted into fatty acid methyl esters which are then detected by gas chromatagrophy (GC). The results show that palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), vaccenic acid (C18:1?‐7), oleic acid (C18:1?9), eicosenoic acid (C20:1?9), linoleic acid (C18:2?6), linolenic acid (C18:3?3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5?3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6?3) are the most important fatty acids in fish meat. While polyene index and hypocholesterolemic:hypercholesterolaemic fatty acid ratios decrease in trout fillets during cold storage, thrombogenicity index and atherogenicity index generally increase (especially in control and Tween 80 groups). The concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are higher in the treatment groups and the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are lower in all groups compared to those of the control group. Application of nanoemulsion based on citrus essential oils prevents oxidation of PUFA especially EPA and DHA, thus has potential as a preservative for fish oil. Practical Applications: In recent years, nanotechnological applications have been increasingly applied to the protection of food. Similarly, natural essential oils are used to increase the shelf life of foods. This study demonstrates the combined effect of a new method of nanoemulsions and essential oils on the safety of foods. 相似文献
19.
Federica Farabegoli Salvatore Nesci Vittoria Ventrella Anna Badiani Sabrina Albonetti Maurizio Pirini 《Lipids》2019,54(11-12):741-753
Polar lipids (PoL) represent a new promising dietary approach in the prevention and treatment of many human diseases, due to their potential nutritional value and unique biophysical properties. This study investigates the effects of catching season and oven baking on the fatty acid profiles (FAP) of PoL in four species of blue-back fish widely present in the North Adriatic Sea: anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). PoL levels (427–652 mg/100 g flesh) varied among the four species, with no significant seasonal variations within species. FAP of raw fillets were particularly high in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA; total PUFA was constant in all species throughout the year, while long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) rose in spring (except in sprat), especially due to the contribution of DHA. The FAP response for PoL to oven baking was species-specific and, among n-3 PUFA, DHA exhibited the greatest heat resistance; the influence of oven baking on FAP was found to be correlated with the catching season, especially for anchovy and sardine, while sprat PoL were not affected by cooking processes. The four species analyzed in this study presented very low n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios and highly favorable nutritional indices, emphasizing their PoL qualities and promoting their role in increasing human n-3 PUFA intake. The four species can be considered as superior sources of n-3 PUFA and can be employed as supplements in functional food manufacturing and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. 相似文献
20.
N. Gámez-Meza I. Higuera-Ciapara A. M. Calderon de la Barca L. Vázquez-Moreno J. Noriega-Rodríguez O. Angulo-Guerrero 《Lipids》1999,34(6):639-642
One of the few sources of long-chain n-3 polyun-saturated fatty acids is fish oil’ but considerable variation may exist according
to species and season. In this study’ the fatty acid profiles of sardine oils from Sardinops sagax caeruleus of the Gulf of California’ Mexico’ were evaluated in three seasonal catch periods. Oil quality was also evaluated by peroxide
and free acid values. The most abundant fatty acids found in the oils were palmitic acid (19.3%)’ oleic acid (14.3%)’ eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA’ 20.4%)’ and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA’ 12.2%). There was no significant difference in the composition and quality
among the six reduction plants where the samples were obtained. However’ a significant difference in the proportion of EPA
and DHA in one of the catch seasons analyzed was observed. 相似文献