基于部分结构参数的螺旋形Savonius风轮性能优化

90°扭角螺旋形Savonius风轮模拟结果与试验结果的对比,证明κ-ε模型具有较高精度。采用该模型对螺旋形Savonius风轮进行数值计算,深析螺旋角度θ、隔板数N、螺距P3个结构参数对风能利用系数的影响规律,并与传统直叶片Savonius风轮进行静力矩对比。结果表明:θ=180°,N=6和P=6.0的风轮在叶尖速比为0.75时达0.21;螺旋形Savonius风轮静力矩系数均大于0,比传统直叶片风轮具有更良好的启动性能。     

基于多次Bezier曲线的Savonius风力机叶片优化设计

为提高Savonius风力机效率,提出一种基于多次Bezier曲线的Savonius风力机叶片设计新方法,通过调整设计公式中4个设计参数(叶片弦长L、叶片顶点偏向控制系数k_x、叶片顶点高度控制系数k_y、叶片头部宽度控制系数k_a)来修改叶片形状;结合CFD数值模拟、正交试验、响应面法分析得到最优风轮尺寸参数及其性能特点。研究结果表明:所提出的叶片优化设计方法适用于所有Savonius风力机,优化过程直观、便捷,优化结果准确;优化后风轮的风能利用系数、扭矩系数明显提高,且风速越低,提高越明显。风速为3.0 m/s时,风轮的最大CP值增大4.2倍,最大CM值增大3.7倍,优化后的风轮更适宜在低风速下运行。     

叶片重叠比对Savonius风力机性能的影响

Savonius风力机两个叶片之间的重叠比OL (Overlap ratio)是影响其性能的最重要参数之一.为了探明OL对风力机静态起动特性与动态功率特性的影响,制作了一台可调叶片OL的Savonius风力机,将其OL设置为0,0.2和0.5三种模式,进行了风洞试验.结果表明,在3种模式中,叶片重叠比PL=0.2的风力机的静态与动态性能最佳.     

叶片转角对小型Savonius风机气动性能的影响

Savonius风机是一种典型的垂直轴风力发电机,通过对其进行流固耦合分析,研究叶片转角对风机气动性能的影响。利用ANSYS的CFX流体模块,流体湍流模型选择基于RANS的标准k-ε湍流模型,对风轮进行流固耦合分析,从而获得叶片产生的力矩情况,并计算了风机的功率特性。利用求解结果,得到了力矩系数与叶片转角之间的关系。分析了风机叶片在旋转一周中所产生的最大扭矩以及负扭矩所处的位置和范围。通过分析转角对风机性能的影响,可为今后的Savonius风机叶片形状优化和效率提升提供参考。     

叶片展弦比对叶盘系统动频影响分析

以燃气轮机叶盘系统为研究对象,建立不同展弦比下的扭曲叶片和直叶片的叶盘系统结构模型,进行了叶盘系统的固有频率和振型分析,讨论了扭曲叶片和直叶片在不同展弦比下对叶盘系统动频影响的变化规律。结果表明:扭曲叶片和直叶片叶盘系统的展弦比对系统动频的影响变化规律是相同的;定宽度时,叶片展弦比对系统低阶频率的影响较小,高阶频率的影响较大,展弦比的增加使得叶盘系统的各阶频率均降低;定长度时,展弦比对叶片扭曲频率的影响比较敏感,会随着展弦比的增加而升高,其它各阶频率变化幅度较小。     

某小型风机提高风能利用率的研究

为了提高Savonius小型垂直式风力机的风能利用率,采用CFD方法研究了在来风方向增加导流板对该垂直式风力机风能利用率的影响。研究中建立了数值计算模型并使用Fluent软件进行仿真分析,比较了有无导流板、不同导流板长度、不同安装角度和不同安装位置情况下叶片周围的流场分布以及叶片对转轴产生的静态力矩。仿真结果表明,增加导流板能够显著提高该型风机叶片对转轴的静态力矩;同时,导流板长度和安装角度对此是重要的影响因素;而在一定范围内,不同导流板位置对静态力矩所带来的影响可以忽略。合理安装导流板可以使得该型风机的叶片静态力矩提高20%~40%,进而提高Savonius型风机的风能利用率。     

重叠比对三叶片Savonius风力机启动性能影响研究

为获得相对平稳且非负的启动力矩,针对三叶片Savonius风力机开展研究。首先对比研究两叶片和三叶片Savonius风力机的启动性能和输出功率特性。在此基础上,针对其主要的结构参数重叠比开展研究。针对三叶片的结构特点,提出重叠比和净重叠比的定义方式,设置9组不同净重叠比,范围在0～0.36（重叠比范围0.14～0.50）之间。利用数值模拟和风洞试验相结合的方法,研究在不同风速下重叠比对Savonius风力机启动力矩以及输出功率性能的影响。结果表明：净重叠比可消除反向启动力矩,并提升三叶片Savonius风力机的启动性能,平均启动力矩系数最高提升147.06%。净重叠比在0.06～0.11范围内时,对风力机的输出功率有提高作用。     

Savonius风力机叶片重叠比的风洞实验研究

为了探明其最佳重叠比,首先对具有3种典型重叠比(OL=0,02和0.5)的Savonius风力机进行了风洞实验,确认了OL=0.2的风力机具有较佳的性能.之后将OL设定在0.15～0.30之间,以0.025为间隔细分为7个模式,每一模式中又分为带有中心转轴和无转轴两种类型,分别进行了详细的风洞实验,对叶片重叠比以及转轴轴径对Savonius风力机的静态起动特性和动态功率输出特性的影响进行了研究.     

基于数值模拟Savonius风力机性能优化研究

提出了螺旋形Savonius风轮,采用计算流体力学,从高径比(H/D)、叶片数、偏心系数(e/d)、叶片扭转角度θ4个参数对风轮进行了三维数值分析和性能优化。结果显示两叶片风轮性能高于三叶片的性能,当H/D=6、e/d=0.3、θ=180°和叶尖速比为0.75时,风能转化率达0.2;模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明模拟结果具有可参考性。     

S型水轮机水动力性能研究

为了提高S型(Savonius)水轮机的水动力性能,应用Fluent软件构造其直叶片型和螺旋型三维模型,分别分析在不同扭角、不同叶尖速比和不同流速三种情况下的力矩特性及其捕能效率.仿真结果表明,传统直叶片S型水轮机旋转时存在负转矩区,而螺旋型S水轮机叶片形状会使水流产生竖直方向分量减小旋转产生的负转矩,提高水轮机的启动...     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.