需求侧管理综述

介绍了需求侧管理（DSM）的发展及实施咧的意义，阐述了以经济激励为主的负荷管理方案及DSM中的节电技术，提出了DSM实施中的注意事项，为深入开展需求侧管理做准备。     

Measuring the use of residential standby power in Taiwan

Due to the scientific and economic growth of recent years, the on-going innovation in electrical products has enabled people to live more comfortably and conveniently. The standby power function is one such innovation. Unfortunately, as an increasing number of products are equipped with standby power, more energy is wasted and more carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. This paper combines a two-step proportional stratified sampling technique with systematic random sampling to select representative households in Taiwan. We adopted the measurement method of the International Electro technical Commission (IEC) in measuring the overall use of standby power in Taiwanese households. We then proposed a model for the estimation of standby power consumption, before calculating annual standby power consumption among all households in Taiwan. This paper could serve as a reference for the government and relevant authorities in the establishment of corresponding standards, providing suggestions for the minimization of standby power consumption and the unnecessary waste of energy.     

Peak load characteristics of Sydney office buildings and policy recommendations for peak load reduction

Growth in peak period electricity demand has driven the requirement for a significant expansion of Sydney's electricity network. Energy efficiency and demand management activities in office buildings may be an alternative to electricity network augmentation, with significant economic and environmental benefits. This paper identifies and characterises trends in electricity peak demand in Sydney's office buildings, comparing a range of high and low energy consuming buildings. The paper assesses the potential for energy efficiency and demand management strategies in office buildings to reduce peak loads and hence defer electricity network augmentation. Base building electricity load data was analysed for a sample of 25 Sydney office buildings, along with Sydney electricity substation and temperature data. Peak loads for buildings with best practice energy performance were found to be 26% lower than for buildings with average energy performance, while annual electricity consumption was 57% lower. With these findings, this paper has assessed the effectiveness of current energy efficiency policy for peak demand management and has recommended strengthening energy efficiency policies in order to capture coincidental peak load reductions, as well as new policies specifically targeting peak demand management. It was found that these measures could offer significant potential to defer network investment.     

Study on Auto-DR and pre-cooling of commercial buildings with thermal mass in California

This paper discusses how to optimize pre-cooling strategies for buildings in a hot California climate zone with the Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool (DRQAT), a building energy simulation tool. This paper outlines the procedure used to develop and calibrate DRQAT simulation models, and applies this procedure to eleven field test buildings. The results of a comparison between the measured demand savings during the peak period and the savings predicted by the simulation model indicate that the predicted demand shed match well with measured data for the corresponding auto-demand response (Auto-DR) days. The study shows that the accuracy of the simulation models is greatly improved after calibrating the initial models with measured data. These improved models can be used to predict load reductions for automated demand response events. The simulation results were compared with field test data to confirm the actual effect of demand response strategies. Results indicate that the optimal demand response strategies worked well for most of the buildings tested in this hot climate zone.     

两种基本电费计费方式的思考

对大工业用户的两种基本电费收取方式进行了对比,并对两种计费方式的利弊作了分析,从而使相关的电力用户能对大工业用电的基本电费的计算方式有个基本了解,做出更合理、更经济的选择,在电力行业规定允许的范围内使企业的电费成本进一步降低,增强企业的竞争力。     

A demand limiting strategy for maximizing monthly cost savings of commercial buildings

Monthly peak demand costs usually contribute greatly to the monthly electricity bills of commercial buildings. Peak demand limiting control, which gained substantial attention recently, is an efficient way to reduce it. Most of previous studies either focus on the daily peak demand reduction without taking account the related energy rise, or explore the relationship between energy rise and demand reduction only on a daily basis. Unlike the previous studies, a new demand limiting control strategy is proposed in this paper in order to maximize the monthly cost saving. The new strategy is realized as follows. At first step, a proper monthly demand threshold is identified. At second step, a specific approach, named as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm, is implemented to restrain the daily peak demand to the given threshold by adjusting the indoor room temperature set-point. The extended pre-cooling duration is also estimated at this step based on the difference between the predicted daily peak demand and the identified threshold. The results of case studies show that the proposed strategy can substantially reduce the monthly electricity cost.     

Sustainable energy policy for small-island developing state: Mauritius

Small-island states face a unique challenge. Their natural beauty, an asset as a tourist attraction, hides the fact that they have fragile ecosystems, vulnerable to climate change. They often rely on imported fossil fuel, even if they may have a potential for renewable energy. High population density may be an additional burden. A new paradigm for their development is necessary. The case of Mauritius as a sustainable island (Maurice Ile Durable or MID) is analyzed with focus on energy, considering intrinsically-related engineering, economic, environmental and ethico-socio-political dimensions. A holistic action plan is proposed for a transition towards a sustainable future.     

变压器互为备供的研究

根据一、二级负荷的供电要求,阐述了变压器互为备供的方式和要求,说明了一、二级负荷占比与变压器负荷率的关系,并用工程设计实例介绍了利用空调专用变压器作为重要负荷备供的方法和操作流程。     

Domestic electricity use: A high-resolution energy demand model

The pattern of electricity use in an individual domestic dwelling is highly dependent upon the activities of the occupants and their associated use of electrical appliances. This paper presents a high-resolution model of domestic electricity use that is based upon a combination of patterns of active occupancy (i.e. when people are at home and awake), and daily activity profiles that characterise how people spend their time performing certain activities. One-min resolution synthetic electricity demand data is created through the simulation of appliance use; the model covers all major appliances commonly found in the domestic environment. In order to validate the model, electricity demand was recorded over the period of a year within 22 dwellings in the East Midlands, UK. A thorough quantitative comparison is made between the synthetic and measured data sets, showing them to have similar statistical characteristics. A freely downloadable example of the model is made available and may be configured to the particular requirements of users or incorporated into other models.     

延长消防备用蓄电池寿命的技术研究

介绍一种激活消防备用蓄电池活性物质的脉冲集成控制电路,该电路利用脉冲发生器产生的脉冲不停地作用于备用蓄电池的两个电极,使消防备用蓄电池在充放电的同时,抑制蓄电池活性物质的硫酸盐化,解决蓄电池的极化效应,有效地延长了消防备用蓄电池的寿命,改善了蓄电池容量下降现象。     

Pressures on a surface-mounted rectangular prism under varying incident turbulence

The pressure and load coefficients obtained from two groups of eight pressure taps on the upper surface of a surface-mounted prism are characterized in terms of their mean, rms, peak, probability distribution, peak correlations and durations. The prism is a 1:50 scale model of the WERFL experimental building at Texas Tech University. Results obtained with flows generated over seven different wind tunnel floor-roughness configurations in the boundary layer wind tunnel at Clemson University cover a wide range of turbulence intensities. The results presented include the spatial variation of the peak pressure and peak load coefficients, and their variations with incident turbulence. The stochastic characteristics of the peak coefficients are also addressed here. The results reveal that the distribution of the peak coefficients is in general well established by the Extreme Value Type I (Gumbel) distribution. Conditional sampling is employed to study the duration as well as the space and space-time correlations of the peaks. Analysis of the peaks reveals that those with the larger magnitudes are generally of longer duration.     

Identifying trends in the use of domestic appliances from household electricity consumption measurements

Results are presented from a monitoring study of the electricity consumption of a sample of UK domestic buildings. Five-minutely average whole house power consumption was recorded for 72 dwellings at five sites over a 2-year monitoring period. The mean annual electricity consumption for the households increased significantly by 4.5% (t = 1.9; p < 0.05, one-tailed) from the first to the second year of monitoring. New techniques are developed which estimate the electricity consumption of different appliance groups, based on analysis of the five-minutely monitored data. The overall increase in electricity consumption is attributed to a 10.2% increase in the consumption of ‘standby’ appliances (such as televisions and consumer electronics) and a 4.7% increase in the consumption of ‘active’ appliance (such as lighting, kettles and electric showers). The consumption of different energy user groups (low, medium and high) is also investigated and low and high users are identified as contributing to the overall increase in consumption. The need for further investigation, such as quantitative and qualitative studies, to improve understanding in domestic electricity consumption is discussed.     

FRP-混凝土-钢管组合方柱轴心抗压试验研究

通过6个 FRP-混凝土-钢管组合方柱的试验研究,考察在轴心受压情况下,组合柱内混凝土的受力性能。结果表明：组合柱在加载后期表现出了良好的延性,且由于内、外管的双层约束,组合柱中混凝土强度均得到了一定程度的提高。通过分析本文和国内外相关试验结果,提出了 FRP-混凝土-钢管组合方柱中混凝土的峰值应力和峰值应变的计算公式,经验证计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

工程设计中提高供电可靠性研究

介绍和分析国家标准/IEC标准有关供电可靠性方面的内容,指出其与相关国家工程建设标准间的差异,为工程设计中如何提高供电的可靠性,提供一些参考意见。