基于云模型的隶属概念判定算法的改进

在人工智能领域中,李德毅教授等提出的定性定量不确定性转换模型——云模型,把概念的模糊性和随机性完全集成到一起,构成定性数据和定量数据的相互映射。但是,在利用云模型进行隶属概念的判定的算法中,不论对象是否明确属于某个概念,一律进行不确定性判定,过分地强调了模糊性和随机性。这不符合人类的认识规律,而且增加了算法的时间复杂度,甚至导致隶属概念判定的明显错误。该文根据人类认识规律对上述算法进行了改进。对那些可以明确确定属于某概念的对象,不再进行不确定性判定,直接被认定为属于该概念,只对处于多个概念边缘的不能确定属于某个概念的对象进行不确定性判定,使其符合人类的认识规律,降低了算法的时间复杂度。     

云模型的隶属概念判定中阈值生成

在基于云模型的隶属概念判定算法中,人工给定的阈值不能根据对象隶属的多个概念的特征进行调整,从而影响到判定算法的适应性。基于云模型的“[3σ]规则”,提出一种自适应阈值生成算法。由其得到的阈值用于基于云模型的隶属概念判定算法,不仅使得原有的隶属概念判定算法可适用于不同特征的概念,而且使其更加符合人们的认识规律。阈值生成算法在不确定性的定性定量转换方面也具有较高的应用价值。     

基于云模型不确定性推理的地图匹配算法

为了解决对于道路网密集且高程变化较大的城市道路地图匹配精度不高的问题,提出一种能够实现定性概念与定量数值之间不确定性转换的云模型地图匹配算法.通过建立云规则和进行基于云模型的不确定性推理,并且结合高程辅助方法来构筑地图匹配模型.云模型可以将定性概念的模糊性与随机性集成到一起,克服了基于模糊逻辑地图匹配算法中隶属度的确定带有主观色彩的不足.仿真试验以城市路网为例,并借助高程辅助的方法进行了分析,结果证明了该算法具有较高的匹配精度.     

基于云模型的模糊数据挖掘研究与应用

针对目前各领域数据的复杂性、概念边界的模糊性、需求的不确定性,该文提出了一种基于云模型的模糊数据挖掘分析方法,采用了云模型在定性语言值和定量数值之间的不确定转换模型,为定性与定量相结合的数据处理分析提供了有力的手段。其中包括:对数据进行概念和特征的模糊识别;建立隶属云模型,刻画数字特征;通过统计、计算、分析得到实际需求的分类信息。实验结果表明了该分析方法能在大量的复杂数据空间中挖掘出有价值的信息,符合实际应用。     

基于云模型定性规则推理的分类方法

根据粗糙集原理和模糊集理论,提出了一种基于云模型定性规则推理的分类方法,利用云的相关理论获得多条件单规则中包含隶属度的决策表,结合模糊模式识别技术进行样本分类。针对一些数据对象分别隶属于不同类别的情况,用定性概念来代替模糊集中的定量数据并建立二元关系,能对连续型数据进行更为简单合理的＂软＂分类,从而使基于定性概念的算法模型符合人类思维方式。     

利用云模型实现FSVM遥感影像分类的隶属度算法

针对遥感影像分类面临的数据边界模糊性以及遥感信息解译过程不确定性的问题,结合模糊支持向量机在分类应用中可以有效避免噪声样本干扰的特点,提出一种基于云模型求解模糊支持向量机隶属度的方法。该方法通过无需隶属度的逆向云算法输入样本的定量位置得到样本类别的数字特征,再根据正向云算法计算得到每个样本对其定性类别的隶属度。实验结果表明,采用基于云模型隶属度的模糊支持向量机对遥感影像的分类方法是可行的,并能够有效提高对遥感影像的分类精度。     

基于云模型和SFT的可靠性数据不确定性评价

为了分析和评价系统可靠性数据中的不确定性,即随机性、离散性和模糊性,将云模型与空间故障树(Space Fault Tree,SFT)理论相结合,使用云化SFT作为基础对数据不确定性进行评价。首先使用云模型能表示数据不确定性的特点,将SFT的相关概念进行云化。将其中云化系统故障概率分布对在某因素影响下,可靠性数据生成的云模型特征参数Ex、En和He进行求导。根据在系统工作环境范围内的求导结果,并结合提出的模糊性 、离散性 和随机性 计算数据的不确定性。使用该方法对经典实例进行了分析,得到了一些定性和定量结果。但Q和 两个参数应该具体问题具体分析。     

基于AHP-云模型的巷道冒顶风险评价

为了解巷道冒顶的主要因素,并对其冒顶风险等级进行评价,提出了基于AHP-云模型的评价方法。云模型可同时反映数据的定性和定量、模糊性和随机性、不确定性特征,而不用将几种处理不同特征数据的算法结合。给出了5个与巷道冒顶直接相关的指标,并对这些指标划分了4个级别的风险等级。云模型可得到各指标对于4个风险等级的隶属度,而AHP可提供各指标的权重,通过综合评价方法和最大隶属原则得到巷道冒顶风险等级。最后列举了某矿的4个巷道作为分析样本,得到了各巷道冒顶风险等级。说明了AHP-云模型算法的优点及应用价值。     

一种交互式的云模型图像分割方法

论文针对图像分割中存在的不确定性问题,通过研究不确定性人工智能中定性和定量的转换模型—云模型,提出一种新的基于云模型的图像分割方法。该方法采取交互式的方式选择训练样区,利用训练样区中的像素生成云模型,并通过泛概念树生成算法生成泛概念树,最后通过极大判定法判定像素所属类别,实现图像分割。这种方法能较好地描述图像目标的不确定性。通过几组实验,证明该方法可以准确地分割出目标,并优于传统的图像分割算法。     

基于云模型的BP算法改进

云模型是定性定量间的不确定转换模型 ,它将概念的模糊性和随机性集成在一起。文中提出一种利用云模型来有效避免BP算法陷入局部极小的方法 ,该方法通过基于云模型和输入参数区间划分的学习因子自适应调整算法来实现。该算法在复杂非线性分类 (阴阳图 )情况下进行了计算机仿真     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).