武昌青山窑古瓷制作工艺的科学总结

地处长江中游的湖北,在历史上还没有发掘过瓷窑,在中国古陶瓷的考古和科技史上一直是空白点,直到1989年才在武昌青山窑揭开了一个一千多年前的瓷器生产地.本文对新发现的青山窑五代至北宋白瓷、影青和青瓷样品作了系统的科学研究,从而发现:(1)青山窑瓷器样品胎的化学组成是以高硅(69.7～75.3%)、高钾(2.8～4.5%)和低铝(18.8～22.1%)为特征,这与北方的高铝质瓷胎有明显区别,其组成属南方瓷胎系统.青山窑白瓷是由精选的细白泥配制,选稍白的细胎泥制影青瓷,而青瓷胎是由不加挑选的胎泥制作.(2)青山窑瓷釉组成的SiO_2/Al_2O_3比(4.08～4.85)比较接近,主要差异是氧化钙的加入量.影青、青瓷样品和五代白瓷的釉属钙质釉,而北宋白瓷釉属钙碱釉.青山窑瓷釉是由釉土加石灰和草木灰配制而成.(3)青山窑白瓷、影青和青瓷都是在龙窑中由匣钵、垫饼和支柱作窑具,一匣一器烧制而成.其中白瓷烧成温度为1251～1291℃,胎致密,气孔率低(0.3～08%),烧成质量属样品中最好;影青瓷烧成温度为1240～1250℃,胎致密,烧成质量居中;青瓷烧成温度为1230～1280℃,烧成质量不及白瓷和影青瓷.     

中国历代南北方青瓷的研究

本文研究了25种历代南、北方青瓷标本。对青瓷胎、釉的化学组成、显微结构、烧成温度以及显气孔率均作了详细测定和研究。历代越窑青瓷胎的化学组成十分近似于浙江当地瓷石,但钛、铁着色氧化物含量较高。这表明青瓷胎是以瓷石和掺少量高含铁量粘土(紫金土)配制而成。从北方青瓷胎中含Al_2O_3较高推断,北方青瓷的胎主要是采用含铝量高的粘土原料制成,这也是大部分北方青瓷胎常常呈现多孔的原因。从扫描电子显微镜照片上也得到了证实,这些气孔多为开口气孔。 南、北方青瓷釉中的钙含量及其演变规律很相似。五代以前的钙含量为15～20％,北宋以后降低到15％以下,而钾、钠含量则有所增加,显示了北宋以后由石灰釉演变成石灰-碱釉的巨大进展。南北方青瓷釉中钛铁着色氧化物的含量也比较接近。然而,该两类釉的着色色调郤不十分相同,除与钛铁含量有关外,主要由于烧成气氛和基釉组成不同的缘故。 大部分青瓷釉中均含有少量P_2O_5,并随CaO含量成比例增长。作者认为这可能与当时使用了部分动物性骨质原料有关。广西永福窑釉呈深豆绿色,这是釉中所含铜、铁混合着色的效果。釉中CuO含量为1.25％。 物性测试结果表明,东汉晚期越窑青瓷的瓷化程度都很高,其显气孔率在0.5％以下,扫描电子显微镜只发现一些闭口气孔,从物理     

长沙铜官窑色釉和彩瓷的研究

长沙铜官窑是唐代的名窑,该窑烧制褐色、绿色和红色的色釉瓷和釉下彩瓷器,铜官窑瓷的胎在化学组成上相似于浙江青瓷和景德镇瓷器,如高SiO_2含量为南方瓷胎的特征。铜官窑釉主要含大量CaO作为熔剂,而MgO和K (Na)_2O的含量则低于3％,另一方面釉中P_2O_5也很高,这些都表明古代一定使用植物灰作为制釉原料。色釉和釉下彩颜色的变化与烧成气氛和铜、铁离子在釉中的浓度有密切的关系。绿色和红色釉的彩中均含有一定量的SnO_2,可能起还原剂的怍用。铜官窑色釉和釉下彩瓷的烧成约在1150°-1200℃的温度之间。褐红色的釉下彩是由铜和铁两种离子混合作为着色剂而肜形的色调。     

宋代南丰白舍窑青白瓷初步科技分析

利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱分析技术、热膨胀法、吸水率检测等测试方法测试了宋代南丰白舍窑出土青白瓷瓷片的胎釉化学组成、烧成温度以及吸水率,并将其与同时期景德镇窑青白瓷对比分析。研究表明,白舍窑宋代青白瓷与当时景德镇窑青白瓷胎釉组成模式以及制瓷工艺上有一定差别。     

景德镇青白瓷起源与发展的探讨

景德镇是宋元时期青白瓷的产地代表。本文分析了景德镇早期青白瓷的胎釉化学组成与同时期景德镇青瓷和白瓷化学组成之间的关系，以及与其制瓷原料化学组成之间的联系；探讨了宋元时期青白瓷胎、釉配方的发展及显微结构的差异。结果表明，青白瓷可能起源于五代白瓷的烧制，并在其后的生产过程中不断改进坯釉料配方，成品率和质量不断得以提高。     

元代丽水保定窑青瓷化学组成的研究

应用质子激发Ｘ荧光分析技术测定了元明时期丽水保定窑青瓷胎和釉的化学组成,对保定窑青瓷胎和釉的主量化学组分和痕量化学组分的均匀性进行了分析。应用模式识别方法,将保定窑青瓷与历代青瓷的化学组成进行比较。     

南宋郊坛官窑与龙泉哥窑的陶瓷学基础研究

分析了官、哥窑器31种残片胎、釉的化学组成、显微结构和釉的受热行为。研究了郊坛官窑的生烧试样在不同气氛下各个烧成温度时胎、釉的变化。主要的结论如下: 1)在化学组成上,郊坛官窑釉与龙泉哥窑釉异常接近;按釉式以R_2O_3对RO_2作图,两者均落在一个以西斜线限定的狭窄区域内,用下列公式代表: (RO_2-a)/(R_2O_3)=k 式中 k=6.2,而a_右=0.84;a_左=-0.15,帮△a≈1。 (2)修内司官窑釉、故宫传世哥窑釉、清雍正景德镇仿官釉亦落入这个区域而与郊坛官窑及龙泉哥窑釉相近。 (3)物相定量结果证明;呈青玉感的釉,钙长石含5％以上;CAS_2、Q和B三相总量均>15～20％,低于此,釉趋于透明。 (4)以胎式按(RO·R_2O)对RO_2作图,官窑和哥窑在化学组成上有重大差别,分别处于下式: (RO_2-2.2)/(R_2O+RO)=k (k=8)为代表的界线两边。由此证明“哥窑取土于杭”的说法不足信。     

超细氧化铝粉制备及增强青瓷瓷胎的研究

以无机铝盐为先驱体,六次甲基四胺为催化剂,采用溶剂-凝胶法制备了纳米氧化铝粉体,将纳米氧化铝粉体应用于薄胎厚釉青瓷瓷胎中,研究了粉体对青瓷瓷胎的增强作用。研究结果表明,干凝胶在980℃基本上转变成α-Al2O3,1250℃可与瓷土中SiO2形成增量莫来石,使薄胎在烧成冷却过程中抗厚釉拉裂性能得到提高,胎釉热膨胀系数的失配使釉面形成开片,修饰美化了青瓷。     

宋代汝、耀州窑青瓷的研究

本工作研究了宋代汝窑的官汝、汝钧和临汝以及耀州窑青瓷的一些有代表性的残片标本。分析和检验了它们的化学成分、显微结构、烧成温度、胎的气孔率和釉的分光反射率。为了从科学和技术的观点了解当地原料的特征和原料与青瓷之间的关系,分析了若干典型的原料。 试验结果表明:汝窑和耀州窑青釉在颜色和乳浊或透明上的差异不仅取决于其化学组成如SiO_2/Al_2O_3比、磷含量和着色元素,还取决于工艺因素,如烧成温度、烧成时间、冷却制度和在烧成中氛围变化。     

汝官瓷、张公巷窑青瓷和刘家门窑青瓷的判别分析研究

利用质子激发X射线荧光分析(PIXE)测试分析汝官瓷、张公巷窑青瓷和刘家门窑青瓷样品的主要化学组成,用多元统计判别分析方法对数据进行分析,以确定它们的分类和起源关系.结果表明:汝官瓷、张公巷窑青瓷和刘家门窑青瓷釉基本能很好的区分;但是胎区分得不是很理想,张公巷窑青瓷的胎可以和汝官瓷、刘家门窑青瓷胎很好的区分,汝官瓷胎和刘家门窑青瓷胎有个别样品不能分开.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。