中药制剂提取新技术研究进展

中药制剂是我国中医药传统文化的重要组成部分,目前,中药制剂提取工艺以传统为主,提取技术相对落后,在现代科学技术快速发展的形势下,新的提取技术涌现而出,本文对超声波萃取技术、超临界流体萃取技术、酶提取技术、闪式提取技术、超滤提取技术、微波萃取技术6种新技术做一综述,以期为中药制剂提取工艺的发展提供相关依据。     

超声波、微波萃取及其联用技术在中药有效成分提取中的应用

介绍了超声波萃取技术,微波萃取技术以及超声-微波协同萃取的原理和特点,并阐述这些技术在中药有效成分提取方面的应用。     

微波辅助萃取中药有效成分的研究进展

介绍了微波辅助萃取的机理、特点、设备和萃取参数,对微波辅助萃取精油、多糖、黄酮、生物碱、皂甙等中药成分的研究进展进行了综述,并从机理研究、萃取系统改进和萃取新技术开发等方面提出了建议。     

中药有效成分提取分离技术的最新进展

综述了近年来中药有效成分提取分离方法的原理和应用进展,包括微波萃取、酶法提取、分子印迹技术等。分子印迹是一项新技术,该技术已经应用于黄酮、多元酚、生物碱、甾体、香豆素等的分离纯化。由于分子印迹技术具有选择性强、操作简单、溶剂消耗量小等特点,在中药现代研究中展现了良好的应用前景。此外对其尚存在的问题进行了简单论述。     

心血管中药方剂暖心方微波提取

因煎煮法等传统萃取方法不适用于提取热稳定性低的成分、萃取率不高,且目前研究主要集中于对单一药材的提取,故本研究使用微波提取技术提取中药复方(暖心方)中的有效成分;采用HPLC技术对提取液中有效成分含量进行分析;采用单因素实验法探究微波功率、萃取时间、提取次数三个因素对提取工艺的影响;此外,通过SEM对细胞破壁情况分析,了解其微波提取机理。实验结果显示,微波提取有效成分的最佳提取条件为:微波功率1200 W、萃取时间40 min、提取次数1次。与传统加热萃取法相比,微波辅助萃取技术能明显地缩短萃取时间,实现了节能高效。微波辐射因能深入并作用于中药材内部,使细胞壁破损,更好地将中药材中的有效成分析出。     

心血管中药方剂暖心方微波提取

因煎煮法等传统萃取方法不适用于提取热稳定性低的成分、萃取率不高，且目前研究主要集中于对单一药材的提取，故本研究使用微波提取技术提取中药复方（暖心方）中的有效成分；采用HPLC技术对提取液中有效成分含量进行分析；采用单因素实验法探究微波功率、萃取时间、提取次数三个因素对提取工艺的影响；此外，通过SEM对细胞破壁情况分析，了解其微波提取机理。实验结果显示，微波提取有效成分的最佳提取条件为：微波功率1200 W、萃取时间40 min、提取次数1次。与传统加热萃取法相比，微波辅助萃取技术能明显地缩短萃取时间，实现了节能高效。微波辐射因能深入并作用于中药材内部，使细胞壁破损，更好地将中药材中的有效成分析出。     

微波-超声波协同萃取技术在中药有效成分提取中的研究进展

本文介绍了微波-超声波协同萃取的原理、特点以及主要影响因素,并阐述该技术在中药有效成分提取方面的应用.     

土壤中农药残留分析前处理技术研究进展

前处理技术是土壤中农药残留物分析的核心部分,综述了近年来土壤中农药残留分析前处理技术,重点阐述了超声波提取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取,超临界流体萃取,底物固相分散萃取、固相微萃取等新兴前处理技术。     

超临界CO_2萃取技术在中药有效成分提取中的应用

文章从原理、特点和国内外研究现状对超临界CO2萃取技术进行了介绍。重点对近年来该技术在中药挥发油类、黄酮类、生物碱类、皂苷和多糖类及醌类有效成分提取中的应用进行了介绍。展望了超临界流体萃取技术在中药有效成分提取中的应用前景。     

微波辅助萃取桔梗中桔梗皂苷D

用MAS-Ⅰ型常压微波辅助合成/萃取反应仪微波萃取装置,对桔梗中的有效成分桔梗皂苷D进行了微波辅助萃取。以不同的m(桔梗)∶m(提取液)、甲醇体积分数、微波功率、微波辐射时间、样品粒径和萃取温度作为参数进行实验,用高效液相色谱(HPLC-PDA)作为桔梗皂苷D的检测手段。在m(桔梗)∶m(提取液)=1∶20,甲醇体积分数为20%,微波功率为600 W,微波辐射时间为110 s,样品粒径为80~100目,萃取温度为60℃的条件下,桔梗皂苷D提取率达3.87 mg/g。对比了微波萃取同回流提取和超声波提取桔梗有效成分的差异。     

Determination of Anti-Tumor Constitute Mollugin from Traditional Chinese Medicine Rubia cordifolia: Comparative Study of Classical and Microwave Extraction Techniques

Abstract

Rubia cordifolia is a common traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for centuries for the treatment of cough, inflammation of the joints, uterine hemorrhage, and uteritis. Mollugin is a major active component present in R. cordifolia and recognized as a potential anti-tumor compound. In this work, a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method has been developed for extracting mollugin from R. cordifolia. Several variables that can potentially affect the extraction yield, namely extracting solvent, microwave power, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio were optimized. The separation and quantitative determination of mollugin was carried out by HPLC with UV detection at 254 nm. Under appropriate MAE conditions, such as extraction time of 4 min, ethanol concentration of 70% (v/v), microwave power of 460 W, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL), the extraction yield of mollugin from R. cordifolia with MAE was higher than conventional extraction methods such as Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Due to the considerable saving in time and its higher extraction yield, the proposed MAE procedure was obviously a more rapid and effective sample preparation technique.     

从甘草中提甘草酸不同提取方法的比较

对几种不同的从甘草中提取甘草酸的提取方法进行了实验比较。结果表明,微波辅助提取法与热回流法、索氏（Soxhlet）提取法、室温提取法等传统方法相比,具有提取高效、快速、完全及节省时间、溶剂和能 耗等优点,是一种适于从甘草中快速提取甘草酸的新方法。     

从甘草中提取甘草酸不同提取方法的比较

对几种不同的从甘草中提取甘草酸的提取方法进行了实验比较. 结果表明, 微波辅助提取法与热回流法、索氏(Soxhlet)提取法、室温提取法等传统方法相比,具有提取高效、快速、完全及节省时间、溶剂和能耗等优点, 是一种适于从甘草中快速提取甘草酸的新方法.     

微波辅助提取墨旱莲总黄酮的工艺优化

采用微波辅助提取墨旱莲中的总黄酮。以总黄酮得率为指标,考察微波辐射时间、液固比、溶剂pH、提取级数等因素对得率的影响,确定了总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件:以去离子水为溶剂,液固比(V/m)=25 mL/g,微波提取210 s,提取2次,此时墨旱莲总黄酮得率为1.42%,而常规水提取的时间为60 min,得率1.24%,故微波辅助提取法高效,省时。     

微波辅助提取牡丹皮中的酪氨酸酶抑制剂

以提取物产率及其对酪氨酸酶的相对抑制率为评价指标,进行了微波辅助提取牡丹皮中酪氨酸酶抑制剂的工艺研究。得到了最佳提取工艺条件:牡丹皮粒度为0.45 mm,以体积分数为70%的乙醇为提取剂,乙醇与牡丹皮的质量比为8∶1,微波450 W提取6 min,重复提取2次。提取液经活性炭脱色、真空浓缩、真空干燥后得浸膏,产率约22.8%,对酪氨酸酶的相对抑制率为82.8%。与直接加热提取法进行了比较,结果表明,微波辅助提取时间由90 min缩短至6 min,提取物产率由19.7%提高至22.8%,对酪氨酸酶的相对抑制率由77.2%提高至82.8%。     

微波辅助萃取-GC/MS联用分析蜂胶挥发油

用均匀实验设计,二次多项式逐步回归法,优化了蜂胶挥发油的微波辅助萃取工艺,最佳条件为:以蜂胶为原料,石油醚为溶剂,萃取温度30℃,按蜂胶10g、石油醚110mL的比例进行萃取,萃取时间32min,重复提取2次,在此条件下,蜂胶挥发油提取率为13.83%。与溶剂法相比,微波辅助萃取法提取时间缩短为溶剂萃取法的2/45,蜂胶挥发油提取率提高至溶剂萃取法的1.51倍。通过GC-MS分析蜂胶挥发油,共分离得到54个峰,鉴定了52种,占总峰面积的98.63%。主要成分为17-三十五碳烯(21.36%),二十七烷(11.96%),1-十九烯(9.09%),二十九烷(7.96%),正二十一烷(6.26%),1-二十二烯(6.19%),羊毛甾醇醋酸酯(Lanosta-8,24-dien-3β-ol,acetate)(5.57%),萜烯类及酯类衍生物总相对质量分数为17.86%。     

Microwave-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid from flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb.

An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique has been developed to recover chlorogenic acid from flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. The yield of chlorogenic acid rapidly reached 6.14% within 5 min under the optimal MAE conditions, i.e. 50% ethanol as extraction solvent, 1:10 (w/v) of the solid/liquid ratio and 60 °C of extraction temperature. The MAE showed obvious advantages in terms of short duration and high efficiency to recover chlorogenic acid from raw plant materials in comparison with conventional heat-reflux extraction. The mechanism of the enhanced extraction by microwave assistance was discussed by observing cell destruction of plant material after MAE treatment by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the plant materials were significantly destroyed due to the cell rupture after MAE treatment.     

Kinetic study of nordihydroguaiaretic acid recovery from Larrea tridentata by microwave‐assisted extraction

BACKGROUND: Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a powerful antioxidant with biological activities of great interest in several health areas, including antiviral, cancer chemopreventive, and antitumorgenic. Little information is available on extraction methods of NDGA from Larrea tridentata. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and effective microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) method for NDGA recovery from Larrea tridentata leaves, and to compare the results obtained with those found using conventional heat‐reflux extraction (HRE). RESULTS: Extraction time for similar NDGA yields was significantly reduced from 18 to 1 min when MAE was used instead of HRE. Optimum conditions for NDGA extraction (3.79 ± 0.65%) consisted in using 50% methanol as extraction solvent in a solid/liquid ratio of 1/10 g mL^?1. Micrographs demonstrated that the improvement in NDGA extraction by MAE might be related to a greater extent of cell rupture of the plant material. Extracts obtained by MAE exhibited antiradical activity only slightly lower than those obtained by HRE. CONCLUSIONS: MAE proved to be a faster and more efficient method for NDGA extraction from Larrea tridentata leaves than HRE. The better results for NDGA extraction by MAE might be explained by the greater extent of cell rupture of plant material during the extraction process. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study on the microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from tea

This study demonstrated a promising method for quickly extracting tea polyphenol (TP) by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technology. Some influential parameters, including MAE temperature, microwave power, concentration of extraction solvent, MAE time and the solid/liquid ratio, were investigated. The optimum condition of MAE was obtained by dual extraction with 60% ethanol (v/v) and the solid/liquid ratio 1:12 g/mL at 80°C for 10 minutes under the microwave power 600W. The yield of TP was 96.5% under the described condition. Compared with traditional methods, including hot reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), the extraction time was saved 8 times than that of HRE, and the yield was increased by 17.5%. The extraction time at comparable levels of production was saved 2 times, and the energy consumption was one fourth that of UAE. The extraction time was saved 5 times than that of SFE, and the yield of TP was increased by 40%. Moreover, compared with MAE of TP studied by others, it decreased the solid/liquid ratio from 1: 20 to 1: 12 g/mL without 90-min pre-leaching time, and the yield of TP was increased by 6%–40%.