氢对X80钢焊接接头在近中性pH值溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗技术研究了电化学充氢后X80钢母材和焊缝在近中性pH值溶液中的电化学行为,并结合光学显微镜对试样充氢前后的形貌进行了观察,测量了母材和焊缝的放氢量。结果表明,电化学充氢并没有改变钢的组织结构;相同电化学充氢条件下,焊缝比母材吸收更多的氢。在近中性pH值溶液中,未充氢时母材比焊缝有更好的耐蚀性能。充氢促进母材和焊缝在近中性pH值溶液中的阳极溶解。随充氢时间增加,母材和焊缝的自腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀电流增大,腐蚀产物膜电阻和极化电阻减小,母材与焊缝电化学腐蚀行为均加剧。充氢后焊缝中位错缺陷浓度高,对氢起钉扎作用的,使焊缝的耐蚀性大于母材。     

Corrosion of stainless steels under heat transfer conditions in nitric acid

Abstract

Novel test rigs are described for the study of the corrosion of metal specimens under controlled heat fluxes. In the corrosion of stainless steels in nitric acid, tests at various heat fluxes with steel surface temperature kept constant have shown that the cooler acid present at the surface under higher heat fluxes leads to slightly smaller corrosion rates than under isothermal conditions. Crevice corrosion can develop under the gasket sealing the stainless steel specimen to the test cell. This crevice corrosion can produce enhanced corrosion rates (by factors up to 100), not only on surfaces within the crevice, but also on those external to the crevice. The factors influencing the development of crevice corrosion are discussed.     

CREVICE CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF X70 STEEL IN HCO_3~- SOLUTION UNDER CATHODIC POLARIZATION

The crevice corrosion behavior of XTO steel was investigated with a wedge-shaped crevice assembly under -1000 m V （SCE） cathodic polarization in the solutions with various HCO3 concentrations. The potential, current, pH and the oxygen content within the crevice were measured with or without outside coupled specimen. The results indicated that the polarization potential of XTO steel in the crevice dropped with the increase of time under the cathodic polarization. There was a remarkable influence of HCO3 concentration on the potential of XTO steel in the crevice. When HCO3 concentration was up to 0.125%, the surface of the metal was covered with the corrosion products that resulted in the polarization extent of XTO steel decreased. The pH value in the crevice rose and it dropped gradually from the crevice mouth to the bottom under the cathodic polarization. With the increasing of HCO3 concentration, the hydrolyzation reaction of metal in the crevice bottom aggravated. Most of the dissolved oxygen in the crevice was consumed by the cathodic current. The maximum cathodic current on the metal surface was at the crevice mouth and it was much more than that at the crevice bottom.     

The enrichment of hydrogen and chloride ions in the crevice corrosion of steels

The changes in concentration of hydrogen and chloride ions during corrosion in an artificial crevice on steel were observed from potential changes of Pd-H and Ag/AgCl micro-electrodes inserted in the crevice. Increasing the bulk chloride ion concentration accelerated the rate of pH change and resulted in more acidic conditions in the crevice. Such pH changes were delayed by the addition of inhibitor such as dialkylamines. Though the free chloride ion concentration did not change appreciably, the total concentration of free and complex ions in the crevice increased with continuous dissolution of the steel. Increasing the hydrogen and total chloride ion concentration in the crevice accelerated the anodic dissolution of steels within the crevice.     

The corrosion behavior of carbon steel in CO2‐saturated NaCl crevice solution containing acetic acid

The corrosion behavior of X52 carbon steel electrodes in CO₂‐saturated NaCl crevice solution containing HAc was investigated by electrochemical measurements. Chemical environment measurements by Cl^? and pH microprobes show an enrichment of Cl^? ions and an increase of pH values inside the crevice. Moreover, both increments could accelerate with the decreasing dimension of the crevice mouth due to the high diffusive resistance. When the electrode in the crevice solution is coupled with the electrode in bulk solution, the alkalization and the enrichment of Cl^? ions in the crevice solution can result in a negative shift of potential of the electrode in crevice solution, while the potential of the electrode in bulk solution shifts positively during the corrosion process. Thus, a galvanic corrosion is established with the electrode in the crevice solution acting as anode while another in the bulk solution as cathode, i.e., the corrosion in the crevice solution was enhanced while the corrosion in the bulk solution was retarded. The anodic dissolution and the cathodic reduction processes dominate in the crevice solution and in the bulk solution, respectively.     

Crevice Corrosion of Titanium in High Temperature-Concentrated Chloride Environments

Crevice corrosion of titanium is activated in concentrated chloride media at 100 °C. This was possible only with the tightest gap (0.005 cm) between Ti-Ti surfaces. No crevice corrosion was observed with greater gap dimensions. The design of the crevice led to the occurrence of two concentric circular rings of corroded areas, with many pits on them. After potentiostating in the passive region for 5 h in 25% NaCl (pH = 4.7)—where hydrogen evolution is thermodynamically prohibited—hydrogen gas bubbles were observed to egress out of the crevice mouth during ongoing crevice corrosion. This indicates that hydrogen evolution occurs within the crevice. The results are compatible with the occurrence of gradually increasing ohmic potential shift and localized acidification in the crevice electrolyte as judged by the measured gradual increase of the crevice corrosion current. The high acidity of the bulk electrolyte does not seem to be sufficient or even a necessary condition for crevice corrosion to occur.     

Corrosion and anodic dissolution of magnesium alloys in the presence of inhibitor

The effect of NTPS inhibitor on the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys with various contents of alloying components is studied. NTPS is found to be an effective corrosion inhibitor in the absence of energizing, but under the anodic polarization, it does not produce any noticeable effect on the self-dissolution process. Comparative analysis of the processes proceeding at the anodic dissolution of magnesium and electron-microscopic studies of the specimens showed that the dissolution is accelerated due to the active-surface development. A supposition that, under the effect of a constant anodic current, the development and formation of the magnesium surface relief takes place at the initial polarization stage is put forward.     

Predicting the chemistry,corrosion potential and corrosion rate in a crevice formed between substrate steel and a disbonded permeable coating with a mouth

A model developed in an earlier work was used in this work to investigate the effect of coating permeability on the evolution of solution chemistry, corrosion potential, and rate in a crevice formed between a steel surface and a coating disbonded from it. The crevice gap varies along distance from the mouth, and the coating is permeable to ions and/or oxygen (O₂). The earlier work focused specifically on modeling the effect of variable gap (on crevice corrosion) with the coating impermeable to either ions or O₂. In both works, the crevice chemistry was an aerated, diluted sodium chloride solution, which at the mouth was set to be different from that initially in the crevice. The results of this work show that a permeable coating behaves like a membrane, which, under a cathodic polarization at the crevice mouth, tends to raise the in-crevice sodium ion concentration and pH more rapidly relative to an impermeable coating. Later, as the sodium ion concentration and pH in the crevice become greater than at the mouth, the permeable coating tends to reverse the transport direction for ions. At a mouth potential of ?0.900 V vs. saturated Cu/CuSO₄, the cathodic current is sufficient to suppress all O₂ penetrating the crevice both from the mouth and through the coating. The practical implication is that in the presence of sufficient cathodic polarization, a permeable coating, when disbonded, can still be capable of protecting the substrate steel from corrosion attack.     

Effect of Travel Speed on the Stress Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 2024-T4 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of travel speed on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of friction stir welded 2024-T4 aluminum alloy was investigated by slow strain rate tensile test. Microstructure and microhardness of the welded joint were studied. The results showed that the size of second phase particles increased with increasing travel speed, and the distribution of second phase particles was much more homogeneous at lower travel speed. The minimum microhardness was located at the boundary of nugget zone and thermomechanically affected zone. In addition, the SCC susceptibility of the friction stir welded joint increased with the increase of travel speed, owing to the size and distribution of second phase particles in the welds. The anodic applied potentials of ?700, ?650, ?600 mV, and cathodic applied potential of ?1200 mV facilitated SCC while the cathodic applied potential of ?1000 mV improved the SCC resistance. The SCC behavior was mainly controlled by the metal anodic dissolution at the open circuit potential, and hydrogen accelerated metal embrittlement.     

The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of an austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution

In corrosion medium, metals can deform under tensile stress and form a new active surface with the anodic dissolution of the metals being accelerated. At the same time, the anodic dissolution may accelerate the deformation of the metals. The synergy can lead to crack nucleation and development and shorten the service life of the component. Austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution was in active dissolution condition when stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurred. It is reasonable to assume that the anodic dissolution play an important role, so it's necessary to study the synergy between anodic dissolution and deformation of austenitic stainless steels. The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in an acidic chloride solution was studied in this paper. The corrosion rate of the steel increased remarkably due to the deformation‐accelerated anodic and cathodic processes. The creep rate was increased while the yield strength was reduced by anodic dissolution. The analysis by thermal activation theory of deformation showed a linear relationship between the logarithm of creep rate and the logarithm of anodic current. Besides, the reciprocal of yield strength was also linearly dependent on the logarithm of anodic current. The theoretical deductions were in good agreement with experimental results.     

An electrochemical impedance study on atmospheric corrosion of steels in a cyclic wet-dry condition

The corrosion rates of steels with different nickel contents (0, 2.5, 10 and 20 wt%) were monitored by the AC impedance method under a cyclic wet-dry condition, which was conducted by exposure to alternate conditions of 1 h immersion in a 0.05 M NaCl solution and 7 h drying at 60% RH and 25 °C. The corrosion rates of the ordinary carbon steel and the 2.5% Ni containing steel were greatly accelerated by the wet-dry cycles, while those of steels containing at least 5% Ni were only slightly affected. AC impedance tests indicated that the addition of 5% Ni greatly reduced the corrosion rates of the steel exposed to the cyclic wet-dry environments containing chloride ions, in good agreement with one year exposure tests in the atmospheric marine environments. Within the wet-dry cycle for the carbon steel, a gradual increase in the corrosion rate and a shift of the corrosion potential to negative values were observed at the initial stage of the drying period. These indicated that the anodic metal dissolution rate was accelerated by a slight increase in the chloride ion concentration. At the intermediate stage of drying, the corrosion rate rapidly increased and the corrosion potential remained constant. This can be attributed to the acceleration of both the anodic metal dissolution process and the cathodic oxygen reduction process which is usually controlled by the rates of O₂ transport through the thin electrolyte film. At the final stage, just before the surface dried out, the corrosion rate rapidly decreased, shifting the corrosion potential to the noble direction. At this stage, the anodic process was greatly inhibited. The corrosion testing system employed in this study is very useful for the rapid evaluation of the corrosion performance of metals in atmospheric marine environments and for mechanistic study.     

Fe-Ni基合金在热浓碱溶液中的阳极溶解与钝化行为

采用快速与慢速动电位扫描法研究了Fe-Ni基合金在含与不含杂质的沸腾50%NaOH溶液中的阳极溶解与钝化行为.Cr、Ni对Fe-Ni基合金低电位钝化起主要作用,高电位钝化主要是Fe与Ni的作用.Na2S2O3对碱性溶液中元素Fe与Ni的阳极溶解有明显的促进作用,并加速Fe-Ni基合金的溶解导致多处新的阳极电流峰出现.Fe-Ni基合金在相同介质条件下快速扫描的电流密度值比慢扫的大,并对快、慢扫描极化曲线计算出SCC的指数值与SCC行为进行了相关分析.     

Korrosionsprozesse durch und unter organischen Überzügen

Corrosion proceses through and under organic coatings Areas of metal covered with a sound protective organic coating can serve as cathode to corrosion process occuring at areas of metal exposure. Corrosion currents are carried through the organic coating by ion transport. Factors favouring ion transport result in less resistant coatings. Increase in coating thickness sharply increase the resistance to corrosion currents. Breakdown of the protective system is associated with some form of coating detachment. Of particular concern is an underfilm corrosion process which proceeds from a point of origin and in which the surface metal at the periphery of the growing, detached spot serves as anode. Such corrosion is stimulated by reduction processes taking place directly through the organic coating or at other exposed metals. For tinplate food cans, the tin coating constitutes a permanent anodic surface phase, and the anodic untermining process consists of dissolution of tin from between the steel and the organic coating. For organic- coated aluminium there is no permanent anodic surface phase. The metal at the extremity of the crevice between the organic coating and the aluminium becomes anodic just as does the base of a pit in aluminium. Anodic untermining corrosion, however, occurs preferentially to pitting.     

NS4溶液中X-42钢楔形缝隙的阴极极化行为

采用自制的模拟楔形缝隙试样研究了X-42钢在NS4溶液中非极化状态和缝口控制电位分别为-776mVSCE和-950mVSCE的阴极极化状态时，楔形缝隙内电位、电流、溶液Cl^-浓度、pH值的分布。结果表明，非极化状态的缝内电位负移，从缝口向缝尖呈递降趋势。阴极极化时缝内电位负移更甚，电位分布从缝口向缝尖呈递增趋势；缝内电流分布递减；从缝口到缝尖pH值降低、氯离子浓度升高，腐蚀敏感性增强。     

发电厂给水泵阀门泄漏原因分析

某发电厂给水泵阀门在使用中发生泄漏。通过解体检查和失效分析后认为该阀门由于填料中吸附了较多的腐蚀性元素和水分,腐蚀介质局部浓度升高,满足了腐蚀的介质条件,闸阀门杆表面产生了缝隙腐蚀,粗糙度变差,经多次开启和闭合后,闸阀门杆对碳纤维垫片的损害程度加重,其配合间隙相应变大,填料丧失了密封性,造成给水泵阀门泄漏。     

Application of the multichannel electrode method to monitoring of corrosion of steel in an artificial crevice

Crevice corrosion of iron was evaluated using the multichannel electrode method in which 10 individual working electrodes (WEs) of pure iron were embedded in resin, placed in an artificial crevice in the range from 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, and immersed in 0.51 mol dm⁻³ NaCl solution. The WEs were connected to an electronic circuit which allowed galvanic coupling between them and measurement of their individual coupling current or open circuit potential. Time-transient of the spatial distribution of coupling current and open circuit potential showed sequential transition of the coupling current on WEs at the middle position of the crevice from cathode to anode. The WE near the opening of the crevice initially showed a large anodic current, then a decreasing the anodic current corresponding to the current transition of other WEs, and finally a large cathodic current coupled with the other anodic WEs in the crevice. The transition of coupling current was explained by the change in pH and concentration of dissolved oxygen in the crevice. Thickness of the gap of the artificial crevice affected the transition behavior of coupling current distribution. For example, slower current transition with smaller coupling current was found in the case of a narrower gap. Such properties were related to the introduction and consumption of dissolved oxygen in the crevice solution and the circulation of gap solution from/to the outside of the crevice.     

1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢在HCl溶液中的空蚀行为

利用磁致伸缩空蚀实验机研究了1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢在HCl溶液中的空蚀行为，利用扫描电镜(SEM)跟踪观察了试样表面的空蚀形貌，测量了静态和空蚀条件下的极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)，分析了腐蚀和氢对空蚀损伤的影响,结果表明：在0．1mol／LHCl溶液中，加工硬化能力高的1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢的抗空蚀性能优于水轮机常规用材0Cr13Ni5Mo；当盐酸浓度增大为0．5mol／L时，阳极溶解和氢的共同作用促进1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢表面裂纹的形核和失稳扩展，裂纹扩展、连接引起材料大量脱落，使1Cr18Mn14N不锈钢的抗空蚀性能大大劣化，反而不如0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢．     

The corrosion behavior of one-fifth scale lid models of transport cask submerged in sea bottom

Corrosion tests have been performed for one-fifth scale lid models of typical transport cask for radioactive materials and for other crevice corrosion test specimens at a sea bottom for maximum 6 years. The effect of corrosion on the performance of the cask was evaluated based on the test results. The dissolved oxygen (DO) value measured at the test site was about 5-14 mg/l. These values were higher than DO values at the sea bottom of 200 m to 3000 m depth in the shipping route, and hence the corrosive condition was more severe than that for the actual cask. No leak was found for models with rubber gasket after immersion at the sea bottom for about 6 years. The crevice between cask body and cask lid was unchanged after immersion for about 700 days, that is, 1.4-2.8 μm. Therefore, even if the rubber gasket were deteriorated, the crevice seemed to be narrower than 10 μm, that have been regarded as the safety opening for sunken transport cask assumed in the environmental impact assessment. The maximum penetration depth at contact surfaces of lid models after immersion for 700 days was about 200 μm which was significantly lower than that of creviced specimens of type 316 stainless steel. This might be due to galvanic effect of carbon steel bolts on the corrosion of stainless steel body.     

Crevice Corrosion Behaviors Between CFRP and Stainless Steel 316L for Automotive Applications

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP) are promising lightweight materials for vehicle applications. 316 L is one of the most widely used types of austenite stainless steels and applied in lots of automotive applications. The existence of crevices will result in galvanic corrosion and crevice corrosion when CFRPs and 316 L are directly connected. A crevice former for the galvanic system was therefore designed and applied to evaluate the crevice corrosion behaviors and study the mechanism of galvanic crevice corrosion through several electrochemical techniques in this research. The results showed that the crevice corrosion of galvanic systems grew from crevice mouth to the inside crevice and could be divided into four steps, metastable pitting corrosion at the crevice mouth, initiating step of crevice corrosion, propagating step and ending step of crevice corrosion. Because of the influences of the galvanic system, electrode reaction rates were speeded up and the passivation region was shortened at the initiating stage of crevice corrosion. Corrosion rate was observed to be higher in the galvanic system than that in normal crevice systems.     

三效连续蒸发结晶装置中TA10换热器的失效分析

目的 针对国内某化工厂氯化铝生产线上三效连续蒸发装置中换热器发生的换热管束泄漏事故,进行相应的失效分析,找出其原因,以避免相似的腐蚀失效事故再次发生.方法 采用宏观检测方法确定发生腐蚀的位置及腐蚀的宏观形貌,由全浸试验确定TA10合金在管、壳程工况下的耐蚀性,通过电镜扫描观察表面腐蚀的微观形貌,最后借助能谱分析和X射线衍射的方法确定腐蚀产物的成分.结果 换热器中挡流板被腐蚀,其表面金属发生大面积不规则剥落,换热管束外侧发生严重腐蚀,金属大面积剥落,管程出口处只有焊缝处发生明显腐蚀.TA10合金在管程工况下不会发生腐蚀,而在壳程工况下,会发生较为严重的腐蚀,腐蚀表面呈现出多层状结构,且表面形状无规则,生成的腐蚀产物为TiH2.结论 TA10合金在壳程工况下,并不能达到良好的耐蚀效果,现有工艺条件下,露点的产生使换热管外侧有高浓度盐酸产生,其会和TA10合金发生严重的吸氢反应,从而导致氢致开裂以及吸氢脆化,伴随气体的冲刷,便出现了金属大面积剥落现象,换热管与管板在连接处发生缝隙腐蚀,缝隙内钛作为阳极发生溶解.最后针对性地提出了防腐蚀建议.