灾难救援机器人研究现状、关键性能及展望

对日本、美国和中国等国家灾难救援机器人的研究现状和研究计划进行综述。根据世界各国救援机器人技术的研究现状,结合救援机器人在实际应用中取得的经验和教训,归纳和总结出救援机器人的关键性能为：存活能力、运动能力、感知能力、通信能力和作业能力。研究结果表明,灾难救援机器人研究逐步从试验研究转入到实际应用,多种技术融合化、多智能体网络化是今后灾难救援机器人研究的发展方向。防灾、减灾和救灾事关人民生命和财产安全,是国家公共安全的重要组成部分。救援机器人技术是国家发展迫切需要的战略必争的核心技术之一,将在国民经济和安全中起着重要作用并具有重大的战略意义。     

摆臂轮式机器人越障过程建模及仿真

为解决在城市灾难现场,很多狭窄空间搜救人员无法进入的难题,充分利用搜救过程中轮式机器人的越障能力,首先对小型可分离式机器人进行了结构设计,并进行了越障过程的理论分析,然后使用Matlab对机器人的越障过程进行了运动学和静力学仿真。仿真和实验结果验证了电机驱动力矩、机器人主体与摆臂长度的比例及障碍物高度等之间的关系,为研究小型机器人在复杂环境中的越障能力提供理论依据。     

重载液压机械臂末端夹持装置柔顺控制器研究

灾难救援机器人能够在危险环境下代替人类实施救援任务,由于灾害现场复杂多变,空间紧张,救援机器人往往需要在重载条件下进行工作。大型液压机械臂末端夹持装置,存在阻尼低、刚度弱、易振荡等固有缺陷,且夹持装置直接与环境接触,其耦合规律复杂,阻尼/刚度性能难以精细调控,夹持装置不能实现柔顺控制,极大限制了机械臂与环境的交互,甚至会造成人员伤亡和财产损失。采用阻抗控制中的导纳控制,对救援机器人的末端液压夹持装置进行柔顺控制,通过AMESim-Simulink联合仿真平台,搭建夹持装置模型进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,采用导纳控制器的夹持装置与环境柔顺交互,取得了较好的控制效果。     

废墟搜中的音频生命求救信号分析研究

废墟搜救机器人在灾害搜救领域发挥了越来越大的作用,受到世界各国学者的关注,我国在这方面的研究还处于起步阶段。灾害发生后,处在废墟中的受困人员会发出多种有用的音频求救和生理信号,有利于帮助搜寻受困人员;但这些信号往往比较微弱。文章分析了最具特征的心跳和呼吸音频信号,研究其数字模型。这些信号的特征分析对采集到信号的识别带来依据,为救援工作带来极大帮助。     

软体机器人驱动技术研究进展

软体机器人是一类新型仿生机器人,具有环境适应性强、运动灵活和本体柔软性等突出优点,在空间探索、灾害救援、医疗健康等诸多领域拥有广泛的应用前景。软体机器人主要由柔性本体材料和智能驱动/传感材料构成。聚焦软体机器人的驱动技术,首先介绍了以气/液流体弹性体材料为主体的流体驱动模式;然后,对气液相共同作用下的混合气液驱动技术进行介绍;接着,围绕现有研究较广泛的电驱动技术,重点分析了电动液压技术在软体机器人领域的最新进展及应用;最后,对电/磁/光/热驱动技术及其典型应用进行了分析和讨论;同时对未来软体机器人发展所面临的困难与机遇进行了展望。     

Review of manufacturing processes for soft biomimetic robots

This paper reviews various processes for manufacturing new type of robots termed “soft biomimetic robots.” Most robots are made of rigid metallic materials. But in recent years, various biomimetic robots based on soft materials and compliant parts have been developed. New manufacturing processes are required to fabricate these types of robots, and the processes include Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) and Smart Composite Microstructures (SCM). Since the design of robots are limited by the available material and manufacturing processes, it is important to develop new manufacturing processes that will enable development of novel soft biomimetic robots. In this paper, various manufacturing processes which can be applied to soft robot fabrication are summarized, and features of those processes are described. Processes are divided into three categories; soft robot body fabrication, actuators for soft robots and stretchable electronics. This review provides a guideline for selecting manufacturing processes for soft robots and developing new processes that will enable new type of robots to be designed.     

A knowledge-based system for the strategic control level of robots in flexible manufacturing cells

The strategic control level synthesis for robots is related to a hierarchical robot control problem. The main control problem at the strategic control level is to select the model and algorithm to be used by the lower control level to execute the given robot task. Usually there are several lower control level models and algorithms that can be used by the robot control system for every robot task. Strategic control level synthesis depends on the particular robot system application. In a typical application, when the robot system is used in a flexible manufacturing system for manipulating various part types, the robot tasks executed by the robot system depend on the manufacturing processes in the system. If the robot system is applied in another flexible manufacturing system, dedicated to other manufacturing processes, another set of robot tasks might be needed to perform the necessary operations. Therefore, the quantity and the kind of knowledge required in the system for the strategic control level differ from one application to another. Such a fact creates the appropriate conditions for employing some artificial intelligence techniques. This article describes a knowledge-based system approach to the strategic control level synthesis problem.     

医疗服务机器人应用与发展研究报告

论文介绍了医疗服务机器人的基本概念、特点、应用与发展,重点阐述了手术机器人、康复机器人、护理机器人、救援机器人与转运机器人的发展与应用.     

Human-tracking strategies for a six-legged rescue robot based on distance and view

Human tracking is an important issue for intelligent robotic control and can be used in many scenarios, such as robotic services and human-robot cooperation. Most of current human-tracking methods are targeted for mobile/tracked robots, but few of them can be used for legged robots. Two novel human-tracking strategies, view priority strategy and distance priority strategy, are proposed specially for legged robots, which enable them to track humans in various complex terrains. View priority strategy focuses on keeping humans in its view angle arrange with priority, while its counterpart, distance priority strategy, focuses on keeping human at a reasonable distance with priority. To evaluate these strategies, two indexes(average and minimum tracking capability) are defined. With the help of these indexes, the view priority strategy shows advantages compared with distance priority strategy. The optimization is done in terms of these indexes, which let the robot has maximum tracking capability. The simulation results show that the robot can track humans with different curves like square, circular, sine and screw paths. Two novel control strategies are proposed which specially concerning legged robot characteristics to solve human tracking problems more efficiently in rescue circumstances.     

基于混合插值的工业机器人关节轨迹规划算法

B样条曲线由于其多阶导数连续和局部支撑性的特点,被广泛用于工业机器人关节空间的轨迹规划。标准B样条在起止点位置存在导数值的突变,致使工业机器人在启动和停止时产生振动。提出一种采用高次多项式与B样条混合插值优化的方法,使机器人关节运动学参数连续无突变,在不增加机器人控制系统运行负担的情况下,能够使机器人运行更加平稳,改善了机器人的运行状态。     

六自由度绳索悬挂式并联机器人工作空间和鲁棒性研究

六自由度绳索悬挂式并联机器人在机械加工、物料搬运和抢险救灾等方面具有广阔的应用前景。工作空间和抗外力扰动鲁棒性是这类欠约束绳索机器人的两项重要性能指标。在绳索长度、动平台尺寸和雅可比矩阵条件数等约束下,本文研究了工作空间的体积和基于运动旋量斜率的鲁棒性与动、定平台几何构型、半径比及动平台姿态之间的关系,首次得出了工作空间的形状及其变化规律。研究结论对这类机器人的设计和使用都具有较高的参考价值。     

轮履复合救援机器人的乘适性分析与优化

研究了一种新型轮履复合式救援机器人,它可通过轮履结构的转换在灾难现场等复杂环境中高效地解救和运送伤员。出于对解救伤员在运送过程中安全性、舒适性的考虑,对救援机器人以轮式状态运送伤员的过程进行了振动分析,并利用ADAMS建立救援机器人轮式结构的动力学模型,对其在实际路况的运行进行了仿真分析。考虑人体不同部位不同方向具有不同的频率加权,利用MATLAB设计相应滤波器对仿真所得振动曲线进行处理以计算救援机器人的乘适性。以获取更好的乘适性为目标,通过MATLAB优化工具箱对救援机器人悬架参数进行了优化设计,并进一步验证了优化结果的合理性。     

人–机器人协同作业中的人因问题研究综述

近年来,人机协同因可以提高生产效率和产品质量、降低生产成本,在电子智能制造中发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而,现有的人机协同系统开发主要采用操作人员主导或协作机器人主导的方式,操作人员和机器人按照预先定义的指令反应性地执行操作,远未实现机器人自动化和用户认知的有效集成,僵化的人机关系无法胜任复杂的制造任务,也无法减轻操作人员的身心负担。针对这些现状,文中从人机信任、人因安全和人机工效3个关键方面,探讨了人因评估的方法。此外,还对当前人机协同作业中的人因设计进行了总结,以促进更高效、安全和人性化的协作。最后阐述了人机协同当前面临的挑战和未来的发展,为未来的研究指明了方向。     

On the use of industrial robots in microfactories

Microfactories are an emerging concept that refers to extreme miniturization of a manufacturing system. In order for microfactories to become widely accepted in industrial environments, it is important that a high degree of the parts of the microfactory consists of standardized modules. The base module for many operations in a microfactory is the industrial robot. Modern industrial robots are able to perform operations with high precision. A particularly interesting application is assembly of micro parts. This paper discusses the main hypothesis related to the use of industrial robots as a key module in a microfactory.     

缝隙搜救机器人镜体的形状重建和定位方法

搜救机器人的路径形状重建和定位是在搜救过程中一项最基本的任务,但地下复杂的环境使得GPS信号完全不可用,因此必须找到一种可替代的方法解决。为建立一套完整的搜救机器人系统,提出了一种能够利用惯性导航传感技术对废墟缝隙搜救机器人镜体形状重建的方法,该方法在初始位置已知的情况下,融合移动距离和方向角进行积分,得到机器人镜体形状曲线,并将其显示在三维坐标中。利用该方法,可以有效地对搜救机器人定位,及时救援发现的被困人员。文中详细叙述了该方法的理论基础,并以此展开了仿真和实验研究。结果表明,重建的轨迹与模拟废墟送进路径达到了非常高的匹配度,在3.4m长度中定位精度达到了20 cm以内。     

煤矿探测救援机器人研究现状及其应用

论文提出了研究煤矿探测救援机器人的必要性,在介绍国内外煤矿探测救援机器人研究现状的基础上,拟出了需要解决的关键技术,并对其应用前景进行了探讨,提出了探测救援机器人今后的发展方向,以期为之后进一步深入研究提供借鉴.     

物流机器人调度系统及其双向同步跳点搜索算法设计

针对物流机器人在物料配送中对路径规划的安全性、实时性与高效性要求逐步提升的问题，本文提出了一种物流机器人调度系统及其双向同步跳点搜索算法。首先，分析物流机器人调度系统的功能需求并设计总体实现方案。其次，采用正六边形栅格地图取代传统栅格地图，并在此基础上提出改进的双向同步跳点搜索算法(JPS)。该算法调整了传统JPS算法的节点拓展规则以适应新地图，并引入灰狼优化算法指导扩展的相对方向，确保两侧搜索能够相遇。通过仿真测试对比所提算法与传统算法，所提算法比正四边形栅格图传统JPS算法快34%,比正六边形栅格图传统JPS算法快23%,结果表明所提算法的规划效率与安全性更高。此外，实物实验显示本文提出的双向同步JPS算法相较对比方法路径长度更优，在调度系统监控下物流机器人行走更加安全。     

Collision-free motion coordination of heterogeneous robots

This paper proposes a method to coordinate the motion of multiple heterogeneous robots on a network. The proposed method uses prioritization and avoidance. Priority is assigned to each robot; a robot with lower priority avoids the robots of higher priority. To avoid collision with other robots, elastic force and potential field force are used. Also, the method can be applied separately to the motion planning of a part of a robot from that of the other parts of the robot. This is useful for application to the robots of the type mobile manipulator or highly redundant robots. The method is tested by simulation, and it results in smooth and adaptive coordination in an environment with multiple heterogeneous robots. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Jong Hyeon Park Nak Yong Ko received the B.S. degree, M.S. degree, and Ph.D. degree from the Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea, in the field of robotics. He is Professor of the department of Control, Instru-mentation, and Robot Engineering, Chosun University, Korea, from 1992. During 1996–1997 and 2004–2005, he worked as a visiting research scientist at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University. His research interests include autonomous motion of mobile robots(collision avoidance, localization, map building, navigation, and planning), manipulator force/torque control, and incorporation of mobile robot technology into GIS. Dong Jin Seo is a Research Engineer in Robotics Institute at REDONE Tech. He earned B.A degree, M.S. degree and Ph.D. degree from the Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Chosun Uni-versity, Korea in 2000, 2002 and 2006. During 2004–2005, he worked as a visiting student scholar at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, USA. His research interests are multi-robot cooperation, localization, navigation and modeling robot simulation systems with uncertainty. Reid Gordon Simmons is a research scientist in the department of com-puter science and robotics institute at Carnegie Mellon University, USA. He earned his B.A degree in 1979 in computer science from SUNY at Buffalo, and his M.S and Ph.D. degrees from MIT in 1983 and 1988, respectively, in the field of artificial intelligence. His research interests focus on developing reliable, highly autonomous systems(especially mobile robots) that operate in rich, uncertain environments. In particular, he is interested in architectures for autonomy the combine deliberative and reactive behavior, reliable execution monitoring and error recovery, multi-robot coordination, probabilistic and symbolic planning, formal verification of autonomous systems, and human-robot social interaction.     

推动先进机器人技术创新发展

随着机器人技术的快速发展,机器人在智能制造、特种服务、家用服务等方面得到广泛应用。其研发、制造和应用体现一个国家科技创新和高端制造业水平,世界各国将机器人产业列为战略性新兴产业并予以大力支持。