面向乳腺肿瘤诊断的时域扩散荧光―光学层析成像系统

为了解决传统乳腺扩散光学层析成像可靠性低的问题,设计了一套基于多通道时间相关单光子计数的时域扩散荧光—光学层析成像系统.该系统采用32根同轴光纤均匀分布于组织体表面,作类似X射线层析工作方式的同层扫描,由此获得多角度下的时间分辨投影.通过测量不同仿体,应用相应的迭代图像重建算法,获得了可靠的重建结果.研究表明,该系统工作可靠,是进行乳腺肿瘤早期诊断研究的理想模式之一.     

一种基于稳态光子计数模式的面向乳腺扩散荧光光学联合层析成像方法

为增强乳腺扩散光学层析(Diffuse Optical Tomography,DOT)方法的实用性,提出了一套稳态扩散荧光-光学联合断层成像系统与算法.系统采用基于光开关切换的串-并混合门控光子计数检测模式,可有效实现测量时间、灵敏度和系统性价比之间的平衡;算法以图形处理器加速的蒙特卡洛光子输运模型为基础,采用了荧光DOT"导航"的血氧DOT图像重建策略,通过利用高对比度荧光DOT的先验位置信息,可有效改善血氧DOT图像重建的不适定性.仿体实验结果表明,与单独DOT方法相比,此联合方法可明显提高图像重建的定位准确度和定量性.     

Electron auger spectroscopy and reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy of monolayer nitride films on (001) surfaces of GaAs and GaSb crystals

The methods of electron Auger spectroscopy and reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy are used to study monolayer films of gallium nitride formed on the (001) surface of GaAs by chemical nitridization in hydrazine-sulfide solutions. It is found that the Auger signal for nitrogen N KLL from the nitride film is shifted to higher kinetic energies by ??17.2 eV in comparison with its position for the same signal for a bulk GaN crystal. The observed shift is caused by the specific configuration of the valence orbitals of nitrogen atoms terminating the nitridized GaAs (001) surface. One of the valence orbitals for these atoms does not form a chemical bond and is occupied by an uncoupled pair of electrons. The suggested configuration is confirmed by the results of an analysis of the spectra of anisotropic reflectance from the nitridized GaAs (001) surface. Experiments with chemical nitridization of a GaSb surface have been performed for the first time. The Auger spectra for a nitridized GaSb (001) surface are found to be similar to those for a nitridized GaAs (001) surface. This is indicative of the similar character of chemical processes on these surfaces and the formation of a monolayer nitride film on the GaSb surface.     

Novel EIS postprocessing algorithm for breast cancer diagnosis

A new postprocessing algorithm was developed for the diagnosis of breast cancer using electrical impedance scanning. This algorithm automatically recognizes bright focal spots in the conductivity map of the breast. Moreover, this algorithm discriminates between malignant and benign/normal tissues using two main predictors: phase at 5 kHz and crossover frequency, the frequency at which the imaginary part of the admittance is at its maximum. The thresholds for these predictors were adjusted using a learning group consisting of 83 carcinomas and 378 benign cases. In addition, the algorithm was verified on an independent test group including 87 carcinomas, 153 benign cases and 356 asymptomatic cases. Biopsy was used as gold standard for determining pathology in the symptomatic cases. A sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 52% were obtained for the test group.     

激光诱发荧光用于结肠肿瘤早期诊断

激光诱导荧光法（ＬａｓｅｒＩｎｄｕｃｅｄ Ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅ ＬＩＦ）利用生物组织的自体荧光特性判断组织性质,能实时、无损地提供组织信息,从而区分正常与病变组织。本文采用固体可调谐激光器Ｃｒ：ＬｉＣＡＦ作为激发光源,在３６０ｎｍ ～４１０ｎｍ 波段范围选择多种波长对结肠癌和结肠正常组织标本进行ＬＩＦ测试,找出了能诱导结肠正常组织与癌变组织产生最大荧光光谱差异的最佳激发波长,并对３１ 组正常组织与病变组织标本进行测式,结果表明结肠正常组织与癌变组织自体荧光光谱存在明显差异。     

MOVPE growth of (Al,Ga)InP-based laser structures monitored by real-time reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy

Using a specially-designed spectrometer enabling combined reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) and reflectance measurements on rotating substrates in a commercial MOVPE reactor, we report the first full-spectroscopic RAS-monitoring of (Al,Ga)InP-based 650 nm laser growth. First, a spectral database was built up from systematic studies of AlGaInP RAS signatures for different Al compositions, doping levels and growth temperatures. These data are subsequently used for the interpretation of characteristic RAS fingerprints taken throughout the entire laser growth process. From the analysis of characteristic changes in the RAS spectra even small deviations from the optimum process (doping levels, composition, etc.) which would effect the performance of the final device can be detected. (This paper previously appeared in Vol. 29, No. 1, 2000, with Fig. 5 inadvertantly printed in black and white. It is reprinted here with Fig. 5 in color.)     

MOVPE growth of (Al, Ga)InP-based laser structures monitored by real-time reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy

Using a specially-designed spectrometer enabling combined reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) and reflectance measurements on rotating substrates in a commercial MOVPE reactor, we report the first full-spectroscopic RAS-monitoring of (Al,Ga)InP-based 650 nm laser growth. First, a spectral database was built up from systematic studies of AlGaInP RAS signatures for different Al compositions, doping levels and growth temperatures. These data are subsequently used for the interpretation of characteristic RAS fingerprints taken throughout the entire laser growth process. From the analysis of characteristic changes in the RAS spectra even small deviations from the optimum process (doping levels, composition, etc.) which would effect the performance of the final device can be detected.     

ROC analysis of ultrasound tissue characterization classifiers for breast cancer diagnosis

Breast cancer diagnosis through ultrasound tissue characterization was studied using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of combinations of acoustic features, patient age, and radiological findings. A feature fusion method was devised that operates even if only partial diagnostic data are available. The ROC methodology uses ordinal dominance theory and bootstrap resampling to evaluate A(z) and confidence intervals in simple as well as paired data analyses. The combined diagnostic feature had an A(z) of 0.96 with a confidence interval of at a significance level of 0.05. The combined features show statistically significant improvement over prebiopsy radiological findings. These results indicate that ultrasound tissue characterization, in combination with patient record and clinical findings, may greatly reduce the need to perform biopsies of benign breast lesions.     

An indexed atlas of digital mammograms for computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer

Computer-aided diagnosis (cad) systems are being developed to assist radiologists in the interpretation of ambiguous mammographic features corresponding to possible signs of early breast cancer. Databases of digital mammograms are needed for testing such systems; we present an overview of a few such databases. Most databases are limited to single-exam sets of two or four mammograms on which the diagnosis was made, some ground-truth information related to the position of diagnostically significant mammographic features, and the diagnosis. We propose the design of a comprehensive, indexed atlas of digital mammograms. The design of an appropriate indexing scheme facilitates the implementation of content-based retrieval techniques needed for efficient access to and retrieval of relevant cases from the atlas. We also propose the use of mobile software agents for facilitating remote consultation of the atlas. Mobile agents can move between data sources such as the atlas and hospital repositories, perform computational tasks at each site, and return only relevant data to the user. These features reduce the computational requirements of the local computer system, bandwidth requirements, and overall network traffic. Proposed applications of the atlas include research, remote consultation, teaching, evaluation ofcad systems, and self-evaluation by radiologists.     

Contents of Volume 25 (2003)

Volume Contents

Contents of Volume 25 (2003)     

光声光谱测量中溶剂效应的研究(Ⅱ)

研究了不同有机溶剂对光声信号的增强作用。从理论和实验上探讨了溶剂特性与光声信号强度的关系,得到各种溶剂的光声信号增强系数。     

偏振反射光谱和信息熵的环境污染物成分定量检测

为了实现环境污染物成分的优化检测,提出基于偏振反射光谱和信息熵的环境污染物成分定量检测技术。采用偏振反射光谱检测方法实现对环境污染物成分的数据信息采集,将测试环境分为32个不同污染程度等级区域,结合环境污染物的指标评价体系,采用差异化评分方法,建立环境污染物成分的分布检测模型,通过偏振反射光谱特征分析的方法,结合回归分析,实现对环境污染物成分的偏振反射光谱特征检测,根据污染物排放浓度达标情况,采用环境污染物的浓度曲线分析,实现对环境污染物成分定量检测识别,检测的污染物成分主要有重金属、碳化合物、氮化合物等。测试表明,采用该方法进行环境污染物成分检测的准确性较高,归一化误差最小为0.018,均方根误差为0.155,检测评价效果较好。     

Delayed fluorescence spectroscopy and mechanism of the 730 nm component of chloroplast

Charge recombination in reaction center (RC) of photosystem II(PS II) is regarded as the location of 685 nm delayed fluorescence (DF). The mechanism of 730 nm component appearing in the DF spectrum for chloroplast was studied by various spectral analysis methods. Experimental results of the DF spectrum at different chloroplast concentration show that the intensity of peaks at 685nm and 730 nm ascends with the chloroplast concentration increasing when the concentration is relatively low. When the concentration increases to the level of 7.8μg/ml, a maximum intensity of the peak at 685 nm appears but the intensity of 730 nm peak still increases. The peak at 730 nm finally reaches a maximum intensity at the chloroplast concentration of 31.2 μg/ml while the intensity of the 685 nm peak has apparently fallen down. The results of absorption spectrum show that the ratios of A685 to A730 keep almost constant with the increasing of chloroplast concentration. Furthermore, the excitation spectrum for 730 nm fluorescence shows that the 685nm light has high excitation efficiency. These results indicate that the 730 nm component of DF spectrum is the fluorescence of chlorophyll in PS I RC excited by 685 nm DF. Meanwhile, this can be further verified by the invariability of DF spectrum at different delay time (1 second∼9 seconds). This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60378043), and supported by the Opening Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Lanzhou Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education (K04108)     

Computer-aided breast cancer detection and diagnosis of massesusing difference of Gaussians and derivative-based feature saliency

A new model-based vision (MBV) algorithm is developed to find regions of interest (ROI's) corresponding to masses in digitized mammograms and to classify the masses as malignant/benign. The MBV algorithm is comprised of 5 modules to structurally identify suspicious ROI's, eliminate false positives, and classify the remaining as malignant or benign. The focus of attention module uses a difference of Gaussians (DoG) filter to highlight suspicious regions in the mammogram. The index module uses tests to reduce the number of nonmalignant regions from 8.39 to 2.36 per full breast image. Size, shape, contrast, and Laws texture features are used to develop the prediction module's mass models. Derivative-based feature saliency techniques are used to determine the best features for classification. Nine features are chosen to define the malignant/benign models. The feature extraction module obtains these features from all suspicious ROI's. The matching module classifies the regions using a multilayer perceptron neural network architecture to obtain an overall classification accuracy of 100% for the segmented malignant masses with a false-positive rate of 1.8 per full breast image. This system has a sensitivity of 92% for locating malignant ROI's. The database contains 272 images (12 b, 100 μm) with 36 malignant and 53 benign mass images. The results demonstrate that the MBV approach provides a structured order of integrating complex stages into a system for radiologists     

荧光光谱法研究分子间相互作用的应用进展

本文综述了基于荧光淬灭的荧光光谱法应用于生物大分子与小分子之间相互作用的研究.重点介绍了荧光光谱研究药物与DNA相互作用,药物与蛋白相互作用,药物与其它分子之间的相互作用.     

激光诱导荧光在低温等离子体诊断中的应用

激光诱导荧光技术(LIF)应用到等离子体中已经有超过20年的历史,在等离子体处理中的应用也已经持续了十多年。激光诱导荧光系统可以用于刻蚀、溅射以及薄膜沉积等离子体源的诊断研究。离子密度和速度分布及对流、传播参数等,都可以用LIF直接测量或间接计算得到。LIF可以得到时间分辨和空间分辨的离子分布方程,可用于等离子体热力学和等离子体迁移的研究。     

基于荧光光谱的CO浓度测量原理及实验探究

基于荧光光谱理论,结合弱光探测技术及等离子体放电技术,搭建了一套兼具臭氧制备及标定性能的CO物质浓度检测系统,并借助实验手段对CO化学发光规律进行了定量探究,旨在进一步揭示CO+O3化学发光反应机理。结果表明,在常温下,当CO与1345ppm臭氧混合时,CO主要是与O原子而非臭氧分子发生化学激发行为,生成激发态分子,由于O原子寿命较短,当CO浓度较低时,CO浓度-化学发光光强存在较强的线性关系,R2>099,当CO浓度较高时,非线性效应变强,探测光强变化速率随CO浓度增加而变大。