同步荧光光谱法快速鉴别食用油

利用同步荧光光谱法鉴别沙棘果油、沙棘籽油、核桃油、菜籽油、芝麻油、亚麻仁油。结果显示：不同食 用油荧光光谱具有明显的差异,在激发波长250～720 nm范围内,沙棘果油、沙棘籽油、核桃油、亚麻仁油、芝麻 油和菜籽油的最大激发波长范围分别为315～450、520～650、315～490、300～500、300～550、300～490 nm。在 激发光与发射光波长差为90 nm、激发波长250～720 nm的条件下,对6 种不同食用油进行同步荧光扫描,利用主成 分分析得分图可以直观、快速地区分鉴别各种食用油。     

化学计量学与三酰甘油酯在食用油保真中的研究进展

食用植物油保真检测技术是食用植物油打假和保证人民身体健康的重要手段。三酰甘油酯是占食用植物油90%以上的主要成分,但是我国目前的检测技术仅能检测三酰甘油酯酰基链结构,即通过甲酯化方式检测脂肪酸含量,该方法不能真实反映三酰甘油酯的结构和含量。本文综述国内外最新的三酰甘油酯分析技术和化学计量学分析三酰甘油酯指纹谱的食用植物油保真检测技术研究进展,为保障我国食用植物油安全消费提供重要的技术支撑。     

Thermal Stability Assessment of Vegetable Oils by Raman Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Vegetable oils are widely used in culinary, e.g. in deep frying, cooking, and baking. During these processes, the oils are submitted to high temperatures, giving rise to unhealthy compounds. The risk for the health related to oil consumption resulted in a search for more healthy and stable oils, which could maintain their properties during the cooking process. The aim of this work was to evaluate the thermal stability of the most common oils used for cooking in Brazil by Raman spectroscopy. Eight types of vegetable oils (cotton, extra virgin olive oil, refined olive oil, canola, coconut, sunflower, corn, and soybean) were evaluated, heating them at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 205 °C. The stability of oils presented high correlation with their smoke points. As expected, the more evident spectral changes were observed in the oils that present lower smoke points. The refined oils, which in general present higher smoke points, presented better stability. In this study, the more stable oils were sunflower, cotton, and canola. These results showed that Raman spectroscopy allied with chemometric tools as a fast and accurate method to evaluate the thermal stability of edible oils. At the same way, this technique could be employed to monitor and check the quality of oils used in restaurants.     

拉曼光谱测定食品油脂的氧化

油脂是一种在食品工业中应用广泛的主要原料,其品质和抗氧化稳定性直接影响着食品的质量。因此,建立一种快捷、可靠、灵敏的食用油质量检测方法尤为重要。作者采用普通拉曼光谱对亚麻籽油、鱼油和山茶籽油的氧化过程进行分析,结果表明:974 cm~(-1)处代表的反式结构在氧化过程中逐渐增多,特征峰的相对强度I_(974)/I_(1442)逐渐增加;1 265 cm~(-1)处的代表的顺式双键在氧化过程中损失,其特征峰的相对强度I_(1265)/I_(1442)逐渐降低。以纳米银为基底,采用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术对亚麻籽油的氧化过程进行分析,结果表明:以正己烷为溶剂、50倍稀释条件下得到的SERS增强因子最大。对比亚麻籽油在储存过程中SERS和普通拉曼光谱在同一位置的特征峰相对强度的变化,发现两者反映的脂肪酸结构变化信息一致,且SERS更为灵敏。     

Characterization of Croatian Honeys by Right-Angle Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

The potential of right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy and selected chemical parameters for discrimination of botanical origin of Croatian honey types (n = 55) previously classified by physicochemical and melissopalynological analyses was evaluated. Systematic step-by-step fluorescence analysis included the measurement of complete excitation-emission matrix (EEM) in the range of excitation wavelengths from 260 to 400 nm, and emission wavelengths from 300 to 600 nm, followed by fluorescence intensity measurement at detected peaks of different excitation/emission wavelengths, and emission spectra recordings at selected specific excitation wavelengths of honey solutions in 50 mmol L^?1 phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and methanol. A total of five different sets of emission spectral data for buffer and two for methanolic honey solutions were considered for chemometric analysis of original and normalized emission spectra including principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Additionally, chemical analysis of buffer and methanolic honey solutions included determination of protein, total polyphenol and reactive amino group content. Results showed that right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy of honey solutions has great potential for honey botanical origin discrimination, either by visual comparison of excitation-emission spectra landscapes, or even better, by normalized emission fluorescence spectra recordings at 260 and 280 nm of excitation. Moreover, increased honey discrimination was achieved in conjunction with chemometrics of fluorescence spectras. In addition, two rapid markers/indicators of honey authentication were found. Chestnut honey could be clearly discriminated from the other honey types by simple measurement of fluorescence intensity at 390/470 nm, while sage honeys by measurement of reactive amino group content.     

Rapid Determination of Bitterness in Beer Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Two fluorescence spectroscopic methods with the aim to develop a fast quantitative determination of bitterness in beer were tested. The first method was based on autofluorescence of the diluted and degassed beer samples without any further processing. A total of 21 dark and light beer samples were analyzed and multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models to bitterness in form of international bitter units (IBU) were performed. A prediction error in the form of Root Mean Square Error of Cross‐Validation (RMSECV) of 2.77 IBU was obtained using six PLS components. Focusing only on the light beer samples the RMSECV was reduced to 1.81 IBU. The second method developed was based on addition of europium to induce delayed fluorescence signals in the beer samples. PLS models yielded an RMSECV of 2.65 IBU for all beers, while a model on the light beer samples gave an RMSECV of 1.75 IBU. The obtained prediction errors were compared to the errors given in the literature for the traditional extraction method of determining IBU.     

基于傅里叶变换中红外光谱识别正常食用植物油和精炼潲水油模型分析

潲水油回流餐桌等食品安全问题越来越受到社会关注,探寻准确、快速、高效的潲水油鉴别新方法成为食用油安全性检测的新要求。用傅里叶变换中红外光谱技术（Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy,FT-MIR）对精炼潲水油（refining hogwash oils,RHOs）和4 种不同正常食用植物油（菜籽油、大豆油、花生油和玉米油）进行快速检测,结合偏最小二乘判别法（PLS-DA）建立了RHOs和4 种不同正常食用植物油的判别模型。结果表明,在全光谱范围（4 000～450 cm–1）内,经二阶求导（Savitzky-Golay,5 点）后,RHOs和4 种不同正常食用植物油FT-MIR有显著差异。PLS-DA模型对22 个未知样品预测发现,判别模型的整体正确判别率均为100%。此结果表明FT-MIR结合化学计量学方法可以作为RHOs和4 种不同正常食用植物油（菜籽油、大豆油、花生油和玉米油）区分的一种有效技术手段。     

食用氢化油的用途

对食用氢化油在糖果、焙烤食品、煎炸食品、冷饮，仿乳制品、预制产品中的应用进行了综述，并对不同用途的氢油的制备方法作了简单介绍。     

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱的食用油质量安全检测技术研究进展

为了进一步拓展傅里叶变换红外（Fourier transform infrared,FTIR）光谱技术在食用油分析和检测中的应 用范围,本文综述了近年来FTIR光谱技术在食用油品质分析和安全检测方面的研究进展。其中品质分析包括理化 指标（过氧化值、反式脂肪酸含量、游离脂肪酸含量、水分体积分数、碘值、羰基值及多指标分析和检测）和氧化 稳定性;安全检测即食用油真伪鉴别。通过对光谱采集、光谱范围选择、数据处理及基底效应消除等方面进行分析 和探讨,以期为FTIR光谱技术在食用油质量安全检测方面的进一步应用提供参考。     

TRFES结合化学计量学在山茶油产地识别中的应用研究

本文采用时间分辨荧光发射谱(TRFES)结合化学计量学建立了一种准确、快速的山茶油产地识别方法。收集浙江、江西和湖南的山茶油样品共180个,采集它们的TRFES并从稳态荧光发射和荧光衰减维度对荧光信号的特点进行了对比;利用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)对训练集样品数据进行降维和特征优化;最终选取了两个因子的因子得分作为人工神经网络(ANN)的输入并建立山茶油产地识别模型。结果表明,相较于稳态荧光发射,荧光衰减受荧光分子浓度影响较小。因此TRFES被认为指纹性极强,有利于山茶油产地识别。山茶油产地识别模型的验证相关系数为98.7%,预测相关系数为96.1%,表明该模型稳健、准确,适合山茶油产地识别。最终表明,TRFES结合化学计量学分析可以完成对山茶油产地的准确、快速识别。     

不同油脂及抗氧化剂对韧性饼干氧化变质的影响

本文研究了不同油脂及抗氧化剂对于韧性饼干在65℃下氧化变质的影响。通过测定该饼干在65℃保存下酸价、过氧化值、水分含量以及感官评分四项指标的变化,确定饼干氧化变质的速度。试验发现饼干中添加黄油时四项指标变化最为缓慢,65℃下可保存54 d;添加豆油时四项指标变化相对较快,65℃下可保存48 d。看来饱和脂肪酸含量高的油脂的氧化速度较慢,制作出的饼干变质慢,保质期长;不饱和脂肪酸含量高的油脂的氧化速度较快,制作出的饼干变质快,保质期短。所有抗氧化剂都具有抗氧化效果:合成抗氧化剂中TBHQ的效果最好,天然抗氧化剂中茶多酚的效果最好;当0.010%TBHQ结合0.020%茶多酚复配使用时,抗氧化效果最明显,氧化变质最慢,饼干在65℃的储藏下可保存60 d。因此,不同油脂及抗氧化剂对饼干的氧化变质都有影响。该研究为延长饼干的保质期提供参考。     

Discriminant Analysis of Selected Edible Fats and Oils and Those in Biscuit Formulation Using FTIR Spectroscopy

Recently, lard adulteration has highlighted the importance of checking raw materials and food products in order to assure their authenticity. Discriminant analysis (DA) using selected frequency regions (3,050?C2,800, 1,800?C1,600, and 1,500?C650 cm^?1) was exploited for the classification of lard and other commercial vegetable oils and animal fats. As a result, the Cooman plot showed that all vegetable fats/oils and animal fats, including lard, are clustered in a distinct group. DA was also employed to assign real food samples, in particular biscuit, into one of two groups. In addition, DA is a very useful means for Halal screening technique in order to enhance the Halal authentication process.     

Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidative Stability of Cold-pressed Edible Seed Oils

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the fatty acid (FA) compositions and oxidative stabilities of cold-pressed cranberry, carrot, hemp, and caraway seed oils. The cold-pressed cranberry and hemp seed oils exhibited higher α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) contents with levels of 22 and 19 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. Cold-pressed carrot seed oil contained about 82% oleic acid and had the lowest total saturated fatty acids among all tested oils. Cold-pressed caraway seed oil had the greatest oxidative stability with an OSI value of 150 hours. In addition, cold-pressed carrot seed oil had the lightest color while hemp seed oil was the darkest among all the oils tested.     

基于紫外光谱的食用油酸值检测

为实现食用油酸值的快速准确检测,利用游离脂肪酸与邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾快速反应生成邻苯二甲酰亚胺以及邻苯二甲酰亚胺在紫外光谱290 nm波长处有特征吸收峰的原理,建立食用油酸值检测模型,不同酸值的验证样品及盲样对模型进行验证,并与滴定法进行比较分析。结果表明：模型预测酸值与滴定法所得酸值结果非常相近,决定系数（R2）均大于0.99,表明模型预测效果好且不受油脂种类的影响;模型预测酸值相对误差范围为0.22%～6.87%,相对标准偏差为1.34%,说明该模型具有较高的准确度和精确度。因此,利用紫外光谱对食用油酸值检测的方法是可行的。     

食用油脂气相色谱指纹图谱分析

为了对近年来国内外市场的食用油脂进行营养评价,对掺假油脂进行科学的定性定量检测,采用毛细管气相色谱法对米糠油、茶籽油、棕榈油、花生油、大豆油、棉籽油、菜籽油、反复油炸菜籽油、泔水油、劣质动物油等进行分析。建立了各类油脂的色谱指纹图谱,得出了油脂的指纹图谱相似度,各油脂其脂肪酸C10∶0、C14∶0、C16∶0、C16∶1、C17∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1、C18∶2、C18∶3、C20∶0、C20∶1、C22∶0、22∶1含量及比例特性明显,可以利用油脂脂肪酸特点及指纹图谱相似度进行油脂的掺伪甄别检测。     

食品安全管理体系HACCP及其在食用植物油生产中的应用

主要研究了HACCP体系的原则和实施步骤，着重讨论了危害分析和关键控制点，并以食用植物油的生产为例说明了如何进行危害分析和关键控制点的确定，可为油脂企业制定HACCP计划提供借鉴。     

Comparison of Oxidative Stability among Edible Oils under Continuous Frying Conditions

The stability of camellia oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 1:7:1) after frying potatoes was compared with palm oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 4:4:1) and peanut oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 2:4:4). Oil samples were evaluated for acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, tocopherols content, and fatty acids composition. There was the least change in fatty acid composition in camellia oil among the three edible oils. The α-tocopherol was more vulnerable to heat degradation than γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol was completely degraded before the whole frying process was done for palm and peanut oils. The oxidative stabilities of the three edible oils were in the order of camellia oil > palm oil > peanut oil. The oxidative stability was mainly determined by the calculated oxidizability value related to fatty acid composition, and when calculated oxidizability values were similar, the tocopherol contents of edible oils would be a key factor in affecting their oxidative stabilities.     

Simultaneous Determination of Danofloxacin and Flumequine in Milk Based on Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Tools

The aim of this paper was to develop a rapid screening method to determine danofloxacin (DANO) and flumequine (FLU) in milk by fluorescence spectroscopy combined with three different chemometric tools. In this study, 2-D fluorescence data and multivariate calibration based on a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) regression were combined to simultaneously qualify and quantify DANO and FLU concentrations in commercial ultra-high-temperature (UHT) sterilized and pasteurized milk. Calibration sets based on the UHT whole milk from brand A were built and performed using a partial least squares (PLS) regression after deproteinization. Prediction sets based on 13 types of milk were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), principal PLS-DA, and PLS regression models. The multivariate calibration models were better able to determine the DANO and FLU concentrations than the univariate models, and these models could be applied to other types of milk. In contrast to the PLS-DA, which had good sensitivity and specificity, the PCA yielded less satisfactory results. In the quantitative analysis, the recoveries of the two analytes were reasonable and the root mean square error of prediction was within the acceptable range. The relative standard deviations of the predicted DANO and FLU concentrations on the various testing days were 9.2 and 6.2 %, respectively, demonstrating that the analytical method had a good reproducibility.