Continuous acetic acid production by a packed bed bioreactor employing charcoal pellets derived from waste mushroom medium

A packed bed bioreactor using charcoal pellets produced from waste mushroom medium by thermal carbonization was developed and applied to continuous acetic acid production. The pellets were characterized by their high specific surface area (200 m2/g) with numerous micropores (2-10 microm). The continuous acetic acid fermentation started up smoothly after seeding and was successfully operated for about 180 d under various retention times. The maximum acetic acid productivity was about 3.9 g/l/h using normal aeration and 6.5 g/l/h using air enriched with 40% O2. The pellets are expected to prove useful as a new packing material for bioreactor in terms of their bacterial affinity, high specific surface area with appropriate pore sizes for bacteria, as well as the operational stability of the system and the low production cost.     

混合微生物发酵生产啤酒醋及饮料开发

以大麦芽为主要原料,进行啤酒醋发酵,调配制备麦香啤酒醋饮料。优化后的啤酒醋发酵工艺条件为：麦芽糖化后接种啤酒酵母进行酒精发酵,24 h后接种生香酵母,继续发酵4 d,啤酒酵母和生香酵母的添加比例为4∶1;醋酸发酵阶段醋酸菌接种量为10%,30 ℃条件下发酵,发酵结束时啤酒醋酸度为（3.21±0.09） g/100 mL,乙醇含量＜0.05%vol。开发麦香啤酒醋饮料,最佳配方为啤酒醋12%,麦芽汁70%,白砂糖3%,橙色素0.04‰,最终产品的酸度为（0.38±0.07） g/100 mL,糖度为（84.32±0.05） g/L,酸糖比为1∶22。感官评定表明,该方法制备的麦香啤酒醋饮料色泽金黄、澄清透明、酸甜爽口,醋香和麦芽香气浓郁。     

甘蔗醋及果醋饮料的生产工艺研究

以甘蔗汁为原料,探索了液态发酵甘蔗果醋的生产工艺条件和甘蔗果醋饮料研制方法。通过单因素和正交试验,优化了工艺条件和配方。结果表明,酒精发酵的工艺参数为温度30 ℃、初始pH值为4.5、接种量12%、发酵时间6 d。醋酸发酵最佳工艺条件为酒精度8%vol、糖度7 °Bx、pH值为5.0、接种量10%。在控制温度32 ℃、转速150 r/min条件下发酵7 d得到平均酸度约6.37 g/100 mL、残糖4.2 g/100 mL甘蔗果醋。甘蔗果醋饮料最佳配方为甘蔗原醋15%、鲜甘蔗汁40%、蔗糖2%、柠檬酸0.14%、DL-苹果酸0.05%。     

Performance of a partially packed charcoal pellet bioreactor for acetic acid fermentation

The performance of a partially packed charcoal pellet bioreactor was compared to that of a fully packed bioreactor for aerobic acetic acid production. In the fully packed charcoal pellet bioreactor, it was considered that the shortening of an actual retention time of the culture broth limited the bioreactor performance under high dilution rate and high aeration conditions. By reducing the filling ratio of charcoal pellets to 44%, which increased the actual retention time of the culture broth, the maximum productivity increased from 3.9 g/l/h in the fully packed bed bioreactor to 5.7 g/l/h in the partially packed bioreactor without affecting the operational stability.     

草莓果醋加工工艺初探

以草莓为原料,通过破碎、榨汁、酒精发酵、醋酸发酵等生产工艺发酵制成草莓果醋。对其生产工艺进行了探讨,经5d酒精发酵和醋酸发酵,制得的果醋总酸度为5．87g／100mL,糖度为1．76g／100mL,风味纯正,并带有水果的香气。     

纤维素酶辅助水解杜仲叶醋的发酵条件

杜仲叶含有多种生理活性成分。研究了纤维素酶辅助水解杜仲叶醋的主要发酵条件。结果表明,杜仲叶粉加水得到杜仲叶浆(1:5料液比),再添加0.8%的纤维素酶在45℃下振荡酶解4h后,得到的杜仲叶浆中总可溶性糖含量最高可达36.93g/L;对水解后的杜仲叶浆进行补糖(204g/L)、接种酵母菌进行酒精发酵,可得到酒精含量为10%～11%(V/V)的杜仲叶浆;再用蒸馏水调整杜仲叶浆中的酒精含量至4%(V/V),然后接种醋酸菌进行醋酸发酵,最后得到总酸(以乙酸计)为40～45g/L、酒精≤0.5%的杜仲叶醋。感官评价结果表杜仲叶醋中加入0.05%柠檬酸,0.015%苹果酸,4.5%葡萄糖配成的杜仲醋饮品风味更好。      

火棘果醋生产工艺研究

以火棘为主要原料,经过原料清洗、打浆除渣、成分调整、酒精发酵、巴氏灭菌、醋酸发酵、罐装杀菌得到火棘果醋。酒精发酵正交L9(34)试验表明：初始糖度18%、初始pH6、温度28℃、接种量0.6% 是最佳的组合,发酵时间3d;醋酸发酵L9(34)正交试验结果表明：初始酒精度7%、初始pH7、温度32℃、接种量12%是较好的工艺,获得的火棘果醋醋酸含量达6.026g/100ml。     

龙眼果醋发酵前后主要营养品质差异研究

通过接种酵母和醋酸菌对龙眼汁进行发酵,比较发酵液随发酵时间基本参数的变化,确定制备龙眼果醋时的联合发酵时间,研究龙眼果醋发酵前后的主要营养品质差异。结果表明,酵母30℃静置发酵48 h,龙眼汁中总糖降至0.4 g/100 mL,酒精度达11.5%;醋酸30℃浅盘静置发酵60 h,同步发酵组(同时接种酵母和醋酸菌,发酵60 h)和适度发酵组(酵母发酵24 h,醋酸发酵60 h)中,乙酸含量分别达28.09和29.59 g/L。与龙眼汁相比,其总酚含量分别下降了14.75%和27.60%,抗坏血酸和抗氧化能力显著提高(P<0.05);色差分析显示龙眼果醋呈诱人的亮黄色,感观评价表明,同步发酵与适度发酵所得龙眼果醋总体结受度评分较高,较优的龙眼果醋浅盘发酵工艺。     

New vinegar production from onions

The possibility of producing a new type of vinegar from worthless onions, which fail to meet the quality standards required for marketing, was investigated. Several kinds of onion were initially tested as raw material for vinegar production, and vinegar was successfully produced from the juice of a red onion, the cultivar Kurenai, by batch culture using yeast and Acetobacter aceti. Nutritional analysis revealed that the potassium content of onion vinegar was extremely high, while the amount of sodium was lower than that in conventional vinegars. It was also shown that the total amino acid and total organic acid contents of the onion vinegar were respectively 1.6-6.9 times and 3.5-11.5 times those in other kinds of vinegars.     

Characterization of membrane bioreactor for dry wine production

Characteristics of yeast growth and ethanol fermentation were examined in membrane bioreactor using a grape juice. After inoculation, batch fermentation was carried out for 24 h. When yeast growth reached the stationary phase, continuous fermentation was initiated. In continuous fermentation, a linear relationship was observed between cell concentration and dilution rate. In single-vessel membrane bioreactor, the cell concentrations of 18.7 g/l and 76.9 g/l (15 and 60 times higher than that of the batch fermentation, respectively) were observed at dilution rates of 0.1 h(-1) and 0.3 h(-1), respectively. The residual sugar concentration was higher than 10 g/l at the dilution rate of 0.1 h(-1), 0.2 h(-1) or 0.3 h(-1), therefore the single-vessel membrane bioreactor was not suitable for producing dry wine (sugar concentration: 4 g/l or less). In the double-vessel membrane bioreactor, it is most suitable to set the recycle ratio at 0.15 for keeping the sugar concentration below 4 g/l. The productivity of dry wine in the double-vessel membrane bioreactor was 28 times higher than that in the batch fermentation.     

多菌混合发酵鲜枣果醋的工艺研究

采用一株分离得到的植物乳杆菌与酵母协同完成酒精发酵,再接种醋酸菌发酵制作鲜枣发酵醋,减少了枣醋的尖酸感,增加了柔和度,改善了枣醋的风味口感,提高了枣醋的品质。研究得出多菌混合最佳酒精发酵工艺：酵母接种量为2.0%,乳酸菌最佳接种量为2.0%,发酵pH为4.5,发酵温度为28 ℃,初糖为15%,产酒精度为8.4%vol;产乳酸2.13 g/L。最佳醋酸发酵工艺：接种量为12%,发酵温度为34 ℃,搅拌转速 200 r/min,总酸含量达到5.7 g/100 mL。     

Continuous baker's yeast production using orange peel as promoting support in the bioreactor

Improvements in maximum growth rate and productivity in biomass production using orange peel as promoter were observed in batch aerobic fermentation. Daily biomass productivity and biomass yield up to 14.9 g (dry weight) L^?1 and 0.22 g (dry weight) g^?1 utilized sugar respectively in batch aerobic fermentation by the presence of orange peel as promoter were reported. A novel bioreactor for continuous aerobic fermentation of molasses is described and its suitability for baker's yeast production using orange peel as promoter is investigated. The continuous bioreactor was operated for 12 days, stored for 20 days at 10 °C and operated again for another 13 days without any diminution of biomass productivity. Daily biomass productivity, yield and conversion up to 11.2 g (dry weight) L^?1, 0.16 g (dry weight) produced g^?1 utilized sugar and 90.4% respectively were recorded. The possibility of using such a system for industrial continuous baker's yeast production is discussed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

菠萝皮渣果醋高效发酵工艺

以菠萝皮渣为主要原料、果酒酵母和沪酿1.01 醋酸菌粉为菌种,采用半固态发酵和二次补糖工艺,对菠萝皮渣酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺进行研究,以确定最优酿造工艺参数和实现菠萝皮渣果醋的高效生产。结果表明：菠萝皮渣酒精发酵条件为酵母添加量0.3%、发酵温度22℃、糖度16°Brix、pH3.5、发酵时间6d;醋酸发 酵最佳工艺条件为添加的葡萄糖质量分数2%、初始乙醇体积分数8%、发酵温度29℃、醋酸菌粉添加量0.09%、发酵时间3～4d,得到总酸量(以醋酸计)达6.78g/100g 的菠萝果醋半固态混合物,醋酸转化率为82.5%。经浸泡、过滤和陈酿1～2 个月后,所得菠萝果醋成品总酸含量(以醋酸计)为3.672g/100mL,色泽金黄,清亮透明,既有酸香,又有菠萝果香,口味柔和爽口。半固态果醋发酵法与液态果醋发酵法相比,能明显提高总酸产量和缩短发酵时间。     

Continuous Fermentation of Worcestershire Sauce by Trickle Bed Bioreactor Using Comb-Shaped Ceramic Carriers

A two-step fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae OC-2 (wine yeast) was studied. The first step, to multiply and immobilize yeast cells, was carried out by batch method (7 days) in a trickle bed bioreac-tor. In a second step, the substrate was continuously fermented by immobilized and free yeast cells in the same bioreactor. Continuous fermentation resulted in retention of 3% (W/V) of ethanol, 50 mg/L of isoamyl alcohol and 6 mg/L of β-phenethyl alcohol (the major aromatic components of fermented Worcestershire sauce). Maximum ethanol productivity was retained at 4.1–4.2 g/L/hr under continuous operation with immobilized yeasts, 3.2-fold higher than with the batch system.     

麸醋生产工艺的探索

老法麸醋生产工艺较为复杂,且质量较难控制,为简化麸醋生产工艺,提高产出率,该文采用酶法液化、糖化制得糖液.然后在糖液中添加安琪酒精酵母,培养好酵母后,固态酒精发酵,酒化后添加醋化剂进行醋酸发酵.此生产工艺各阶段主发酵的目的较为明确,效果较好,醋醅产酸量达到了4.65g/100mL.     

Continuous production of wine vinegar in bubble column reactors of up to 60-litre capacity

This paper describes the development of a continuous acetic acid fermentation process for the production of wine vinegar in bubble column reactors of up to 60 l capacity. To determine appropriate fermentation conditions a study of the influence of residual ethanol concentration, inlet flow rate and aeration was carried out using a 6-l laboratory reactor, white table wine as fermentation medium, a temperature of 30 °C and an air flow rate of 0.125 min^-1 (vvm). The concentration of acetic acid obtained in the continuous wine vinegar production ranged from 91 g/l at 28.6 ml/h to 28 g/l at 154.1 ml/h by increasing the inlet flow rate. As expected, the biomass decreased as well, from 208 mg/l to 106 mg/l. The maximum acetification rate was observed in the range 85-110 ml/h, corresponding to a value of about 1.1 g/l/h. A further increase in the flow rate produced a slight decrease in the acetification rate. Best yields, between 94.5 and 94.7%, were obtained in the flow rate range of 60-75 ml/h. The acetification rate was improved only by about 10% by increasing the aeration from 0.125 to 0.250 min^-1. The continuous wine vinegar production was scaled up from the laboratory fermentor to a 60-l pilot acetator. During the steady state (residential time >6), with an inlet flow rate of 950 ml/h, temperature of 30 °C and aeration of 0.250 min^-1, the following parameters were obtained: acetic acid concentration 72 g/l, overall productivity 1.41 g/l/h and yield 94.2%.     

保健型枸杞红枣醋饮的研制

研究了保健型枸杞红枣醋饮的制作工艺。对酒精发酵阶段和醋酸发酵阶段工艺参数进行优化。酒精发酵阶段最佳因素组合为:初始糖含量15%,利用AC酵母发酵,发酵温度26℃;醋酸发酵阶段最佳工艺组合为初始酒度7%,接种量为0.6%,发酵温度32℃,摇床转速为150r/min;采用壳聚糖对果醋的澄清效果较理想,最佳使用量为0.1%;发酵醪中枣汁含量35%,低聚木糖的添加量为1.0g/L,蜂蜜添加量为0.6%时果醋的感官质量最佳。     

葡萄枸杞复合果醋发酵工艺的研究

以葡萄和枸杞为主要原料,先经酒精发酵,再进行醋酸发酵酿造复合果醋,对酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺进行研究,确定最适工艺参数。结果表明,酒精发酵的最佳工艺条件为酵母添加量6%、初始pH值为4.0、发酵温度28 ℃,发酵时间6 d。在此优化条件下,酒精度达到8.28%vol。醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为醋酸菌接种量为4%,发酵温度32 ℃,发酵时间6 d。经该工艺制得的葡萄枸杞复合果醋风味纯正,具有特殊的水果香味,果醋中总酸（以醋酸计）为4.27 g/100 mL,还原糖（以葡萄糖计）为2.5 g/L,是一种营养价值较高的保健饮品。     

桤叶唐棣-蓝莓复合果醋的研制

以桤叶唐棣、蓝莓为主要原料,对桤叶唐棣蓝莓复合果醋的生产工艺进行了研究。通过单因素试验分析,确定桤叶唐棣和蓝莓适宜质量比为1∶2;通过正交试验分析,得到酒精发酵的最佳条件为初始糖度18%,酵母接种量0.10%,发酵温度28 ℃,发酵时间6 d,在此条件下酒精度可达9.4%vol;由响应面试验确定醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为初始酒精度7%vol,发酵温度30 ℃,醋酸菌接种量为12%,此条件下发酵所得的复合果醋中总酸含量可达5.33 g/100 mL。     

生料与熟料发酵生产食醋的分析研究

结合电子鼻和电子舌技术,分析生料与熟料发酵生产食醋及其风味品质。结果表明,糖化和酒精发酵阶段,熟料工艺产酒精速度较快,发酵结束时生料发酵醪液的总酸[（1.29±0.06） g/100 mL]和还原糖[（0.37±0.06） g/100 mL]含量均显著高于熟料发酵醪液的总酸[（0.57±0.07） g/100 mL]和还原糖[（0.08±0.04） g/100 mL]（P＜0.05）。醋酸发酵阶段,生、熟料醋汁的总酸和还原糖含量并无显著区别（P＞0.05）,不挥发酸含量在生料发酵[（1.48±0.05） g/100 mL]中显著高于熟料发酵醋汁[（1.31±0.01） g/100 mL]（P＜0.05）。食醋风味物质差异,主要表现在氮氧化合物和硫化物;晒制过程对食醋风味影响明显,但晒制后两种食醋产品的风味差异逐渐缩小。发酵过程中和晒制前后的食醋在苦味、涩味、酸味回味、鲜味和咸味方面均差异明显。