Contact of surfaces and contact characteristics of offset surfaces

Based on differential geometry, the contact problems of two surfaces are discussed in this paper. The relationship between the contact status of two surfaces and that of offset surfaces are also analyzed. For a 5-axis NC machining, some research such as optimization of cutter location and calculation of the geometrical cusp height are important. The research results indicate that the relative normal curvature is an important geometrical invariant for describing the contact state of two surfaces. For point contact two surfaces, the calculation equation for the second order remained error is given. For line contact two surfaces, the condition of the second order line contact is that the principal directions and curvatures of the two surfaces are the same along the contact curve. If two surfaces keep the second order line contact, their two offset surfaces will also keep the second order line contact, and their third order remained errors are also uniform with that of the two offset surfaces.     

Calculating frictional force with considering material microstructure and potential on contact surfaces

A method based on the energy dissipation mechanism of an Independent Oscillator model is used to calculate the frictional force and the friction coefficient of interfacial friction. The friction work is calculated with considering the potential change of contact surfaces during sliding. The potential change can be gained by a universal adhesive energy function. The relationships between frictional force and parameters of a tribo-system, such as surface energy and microstructure of interfacial material, are set up. The calculation results of the known experimental data denote that the frictional force is nearly proportional to the surface energy of the material, nearly inversely proportional to the scaling length, and independent of the lattice constant. The results agree with that of adhesion friction equations. They also agree with the experimental results performed with an atomic-force microscope under the ultra high vacuum condition. __________ Translated from Tribology, 2006, 26(2): 159–162 [译自: 摩擦学学报]     

Geometrical nonlinear deformation model and its experimental study on bimorph giant magnetostrictive thin film

The geometrical nonlinearity of a giant magnetostrictive thin film (GMF) can be clearly detected under the magnetostriction effect. Thus, using geometrical linear elastic theory to describe the strain, stress, and constitutive relationship of GMF is inaccurate. According to nonlinear elastic theory, a nonlinear deformation model of the bimorph GMF is established based on assumptions that the magnetostriction effect is equivalent to the effect of body force loaded on theGMF.With Taylor seriesmethod, the numerical solution is deduced. Experiments on TbDyFe/Polyimide (PI)/SmFe and TbDyFe/Cu/SmFe are then conducted to verify the proposed model, respectively. Results indicate that the nonlinear deflection curve model is in good conformity with the experimental data. __________ Translated from Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2007, 47(1): 34–38 [译自: 大连理工大学学报]     

Fuzzy force control of constrained robot manipulators based on impedance model in an unknown environment

To precisely implement the force control of robot manipulators in an unknown environment, a control strategy based on fuzzy prediction of the reference trajectory in the impedance model is developed. The force tracking experiments are executed in an open-architecture control system with different tracking velocities, different desired forces, different contact stiffnesses and different surface figurations. The corresponding force control results are compared and analyzed. The influences of unknown parameters of the environment on the contact force are analyzed based on experimental data, and the tunings of predictive scale factors are illustrated. The experimental results show that the desired trajectory in the impedance model is predicted exactly and rapidly in the cases that the contact surface is unknown, the contact stiffness changes, and the fuzzy force control algorithm has high adaptability to the unknown environment. Translated from Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2005, 26(8): 766–769 [译自: 东北大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Novel drive mechanism for in-tube micro robots

The volume of an in-tube micro robot is small and its interior space is very limited. However, conventional transmission methods are unfit to drive in-tube micro robots. A novel micro drive mechanism called the micro-elastic-meshing-wheel is presented in this paper. It can be used for transmitting power and locomotion between two shafts, which are upright and cross in a micro space. The mechanical model of the novel drive mechanism is built, and the maximal transmission force is deduced. Then, sufficient experiments are carried out to test maximal transmission force produced by the novel drive mechanism. The calculation and experiment results show that the novel drive mechanism can transmit sufficient power to in-tube micro robots. __________ Translated from Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 34(7): 45–49 [译自: 华南理工大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Interfacial potential barrier theory of friction and wear

An interfacial potential barrier theory to calculate friction and wear is proposed by considering the micro interaction of frictional surfaces. The theory suggests that the performance of friction and wear depends on the magnitude and distribution of the interfacial potential barrier on contact surfaces. The calculation methods of the interfacial potential barrier and standard interfacial potential barrier are then studied and the formulas to calculate the friction force, friction coefficient, and quantity of adhesion wear are derived based on the theory. With its independence and stability, the standard interfacial potential barrier can be used as an index to describe the frictional performance of materials. The calculation results of the friction force with some existing experimental data are consistent with the experimental results performed with an ultra high vacuum atomic-force microscope, which proves that the theory and method are feasible. __________ Translated from Tribology, 2007, 27(1): 54–59 [译自: 摩擦学学报]     

Modular structure of a self-reconfigurable robot

This paper proposes a novel, hermaphroditic, and lattice self-reconfigurable modular robot. Each module is composed of a center body—a cubic part and six sides that can rotate independently. There are two holes and two extensible pegs on each side. The rotary motion of each side and the extensible motion of the pegs are generated by a motor connected to a reducer, using a cone-shaped gear, belt, clutch, etc. The structure of the module is compact, and has space to extend further. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2005, 39(6): 877–879 [译自: 上海交通大学学报]     

Elongation distribution between tension leveler and temper mill for pickling line 2030 in Baosteel

Research into plate elongation distribution between the tension leveler and temper mill for pickling line 2030 at Baosteel is conducted. The study, which involved performance testing of mechanics, is designed at different elongation distributions and analyzed from many aspects. Finally, the optimal elongation of the tension leveler and temper mill is given. __________ Translated from Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2005, 27(5): 609–612 [译自: 北京科技大学学报]     

The contact behavior of elastic/plastic non-Gaussian rough surfaces

A three-dimensional contact analysis was conducted to investigate the contact behavior of elastic--perfectly plastic solids with non-Gaussian rough surfaces. The effect of skewness, kurtosis and hardness on contact statistics and the effect of skewness and kurtosis on subsurface stress are studied. Non-Gaussian rough surfaces are generated by the computer with skewness, Sk, of −0.3, 0.0 and 0.3, and kurtosis, K, of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. Contact pressures and subsurface stresses are obtained by contact analysis of a semi-infinite solid based on the use of influence functions and patch solutions. Variation of fractional elastic/plastic contact area, maximum contact pressure and interplanar separation as a function of applied load were studied at different values of skewness and kurtosis. Contact pressure profiles, von Mises stresses, tensile and shear stress contours as a function of friction coefficient were also calculated for surfaces with different skewness and kurtosis. In this study, it is observed that surfaces with Sk = 0.3 and K = 4 in the six surfaces considered have a minimum contact area and maximum interplanar separation, which may provide low friction and stiction. The critical material hardness is defined as the hardness at which severe level of plastic asperity deformation corresponding to the Greenwood and Williamson’s cut-off A _plastic/A _real = 0.02 occurs for a given surface and load condition. The critical material hardness of surfaces with Sk = 0.3 and K = 4 is higher than that of other surfaces considered.     

Modeling and analysis of magnetic dipoles in weak magnetic field

The magnetic leakage field distribution resulting from linear defects of a tube sample in the geomagnetic field is modeled according to the magnetic dipole theory. The formula to compute the normal component of the weak magnetic field is deduced based on the spatial distribution of the magnetic dipole. The shape and characteristics of the zero line (an important criterion for magnetic memory testing) of the normal field is analyzed under different longitudinal magnetizations. Results show that the characteristics of the zero line should be considered when the metal magnetic memory testing method is used to find and locate the defect. __________ Translated from Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2007, 27(147): 395–398 [译自: 北京理工大学学报]     

Blind identification of threshold auto-regressive model for machine fault diagnosis

A blind identification method was developed for the threshold auto-regressive (TAR) model. The method had good identification accuracy and rapid convergence, especially for higher order systems. The proposed method was then combined with the hidden Markov model (HMM) to determine the auto-regressive (AR) coefficients for each interval used for feature extraction, with the HMM as a classifier. The fault diagnoses during the speed-up and speed-down processes for rotating machinery have been successfully completed. The result of the experiment shows that the proposed method is practical and effective. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2005, 45(8): 1 036–1 039 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Combustion and emissions of the diesel engine using bio-diesel fuel

The combustion and heat release of engines using diesel fuel and bio-diesel fuel have been investigated. The results illustrate that the combustion happens in advance and the ignition delay period is shortened. The initial heat release peak declines a little, the corresponding crankshaft angle changes in advance, and the combustion duration is prolonged. The economic performance and emission features of diesel engines using diesel fuel and bio-diesel fuel are compared. The results also show that the specific fuel consumption of bio-diesel increases by about 12%. The emissions, such as CO, HC, and particulate matter decrease remarkably whereas NO _x increases a little. __________ Translated from Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 27(3): 216–219 [译自: 江苏大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Method of internal 3D flow field numerical simulation for hydrodynamic torque converter

To enhance the performance of a hydrodynamic torque converter and thoroughly understand the trait of inside flow, a numerical simulation method of internal 3D flow for the three-element centrifugal hydrodynamic torque converter was systematically researched and expatiated in this paper. First, the internal flow field of each impeller was calculated. The curves that illustrate the relationships between the pressure differences of the inlet and outlet versus flux were drawn. Second, the concurrent working point of each impeller was approximately estimated. Finally, a calculation was performed considering the influence on each impeller. The flow field of a working point was solved by multiple calculations and the actual working condition was gradually determined. The pressure and velocity distributions of the flow field were proposed. The performance parameters of the hydrodynamic torque converter were predicted. The calculation method, and the proposed pressure and velocity distribution of the flow field, have practical significance for the design and improvement of a hydrodynamic torque converter. __________ Translated from Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2006, 36(2): 199–203[译自: 吉林大学学报(工学版)]     

Output tracking control of mobile manipulators based on dynamical sliding-mode control

A dynamical sliding-mode controller is devised to track the output of mobile manipulators. During the investigation, firstly a reduced dynamic model considering the dynamics of the driving motor is developed for mobile manipulators. Then, the system is decomposed into four lower-dimensional subsystems by means of diffeomorphism and nonlinear input transformation. Moreover, a design method of the dynamical sliding-mode controller that is applied to the output tracking of mobile manipulators is proposed. The simulation results indicate that the dynamical sliding-mode controller can not only track the given trajectory correctly but also reduce the chattering of sliding-mode control system considerably. __________ Translated from Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 34(6): 29–33 [译自: 华南理工大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Application of AZ4903 to production of stator windings

To satisfy the needs of the high deep-width ratio and thickness of a planar micromotor’s stator windings, a process method to produce an electromagnetic planar micromotor with AZ4903 is proposed. Optimum relationships, such as the desired rotation speed vs. thickness of the coating process, and the temperature vs. time of pre-baking, are obtained. The appropriate time of lithography and development are also achieved. The thickness of the produced windings is 40 μm with ideal perpendicularity. Finally, stators and rotors are fabricated. The rotation speed and pull-out torque of the micromotor are tested. The experiment proved that the micromotor worked with a steady speed and a low ripple of pull-out torque. __________ Translated from J Tsinghua Univ (Sci & Tech) 2005, 45(8): 1062–1065 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Analysis and experiment on structure parameters for an energy reclaiming suspension

An energy reclaiming suspension is proposed to reclaim vibration energy in the suspension. To study its riding performance and reclaiming energy performance, a hydraulic energy reclaiming device prototype is produced and its mechanical behavior is analyzed and tested according to the hydraulic theory. Theoretical analysis shows that mechanical behavior of the energy reclaiming device is embodied by a viscidity damping parameter and an analogous coulomb damping parameter determined by its structure; their expressions are obtained. Experimental investigation shows that theoretical predictions agree with test results. __________ Translated from Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 27(1): 35–39 [译自: 江苏大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Compressor performance of two-stage turbocharging system

To study the performance of high and low stage compressors and that of the system as a whole, a two-stage turbocharging system was matched, and a special two-stage turbocharging system test bench was built. For each test curve, the speeds of the two stage turbochargers were adjusted to the fixed data, and a compressor performance experiment was performed. The results showed many differences between the corrected mass flow and the actual mass flow of the high pressure (HP) stage compressor. To find out the actual supercharging effect of the two-stage turbocharging system, it is better to adopt the actual mass flow. The two-stage turbocharging system in this paper has much higher efficiency under most operating conditions if the pressure ratio assignment is 1:1. The system can get very high supercharging pressure when the speeds of the two stage turbochargers are rather low, which ensures the system’s security and reliability. __________ Translated from Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2007, 27(6): 496–500 [译自: 北京理工大学学报]     

Effects on mechanical properties in electron beam welding of TC4 alloy by laser shock processing

The surface of TC4 titanium alloy welding line by electron beam welding (EBW) was processed by high power Q-switched and repetition-rate Nd: glass laser. Effects of laser power and spot diameter on residual stress and microhardness of the TC4 alloy welding line by laser shock processing (LSP) have been analyzed. Results show that residual stresses almost do not change as laser power is 45.9 J, spot diameter is ϕ9 mm; While laser power is 45.9 J, spot diameter less than ϕ3 mm, the distribution of residual stress in welding line occurs obvious variation, which residual stress increase obviously with spot diameter decrease. When power density is bigger than 1.8 × 10¹⁰ W/cm², residual stresses of electron beam welding line occur change by LSP, which improve obviously residual stress distribution; while laser power is bigger than 1.2 × 10¹⁰ W/cm², the surface micro-hardness of electron beam welding line occurs change by LSP, which improve obviously micro-hardness distribution. Mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy welding line will be improved by LSP, which provides experimental foundation for further controlling the distributions of residual stress and micro-hardness during laser shock processing. __________ Translated from Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science), 2006, 27(3): 207–210 [译自: 江苏大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Fluid damping clearance in a control valve of injector

A force model of a control valve of injector is set up, and the changes of the fluid damping clearance are investigated on the basis of the results of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the experiments of control valve of injector. Results indicate that a damping clearance of 0.02–0.03 mm between the poppet and the valve guide is the most sufficient to dampen any excessive control valve poppet bouncing. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2006, 40(6): 1031–1034 [译自: 上海交通大学学报]     

Recognition of diamond grains on surface of fine diamond grinding wheel

The accurate evaluation of grinding wheel surface topography, which is necessary for the investigation of the grinding principle, optimism, modeling, and simulation of a grinding process, significantly depends on the accurate recognition of abrasive grains from the measured wheel surface. A detailed analysis of the grain size distribution characteristics and grain profile wavelength of the fine diamond grinding wheel used for ultra-precision grinding is presented. The requirements of the spatial sampling interval and sampling area for instruments to measure the surface topography of a diamond grinding wheel are discussed. To recognize diamond grains, digital filtering is used to eliminate the high frequency disturbance from the measured 3D digital surface of the grinding wheel, the geometric features of diamond grains are then extracted from the filtered 3D digital surface, and a method based on the grain profile frequency characteristics, diamond grain curvature, and distance between two adjacent diamond grains is proposed. A 3D surface profiler based on scanning white light interferometry is used to measure the 3D surface topography of a #3000 mesh resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, and the diamond grains are then recognized from the 3D digital surface. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is reasonable and effective. __________ Translated from Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2007, 47(3): 358–362 [译自: 大连理工大学学报]