电站直接空冷凝汽器积灰的计算分析及监测

目前对直接空冷凝汽器积灰现象所做研究不多,且多数忽略了流道截面尺寸及空气流量的变化进行研究,近期发现此结论与凝汽器清洗前后现场监测数据不符.积灰不仅影响换热系数,对管外空气的流量的影响亦不容忽视,在考虑到积灰后流道截面尺寸及管外空气流量变化的条件下,对积灰凝汽器管外空气流动与换热进行了综合计算及分析.结果表明:直接空冷凝汽器积灰后,换热系数有所升高,冷却空气量明显减少,冷却空气流量的减少是导致凝汽器性能降低的根本原因;夏季凝汽器积灰对机组背压影响较大,需严防凝汽器积灰;积灰后出口空气温度升高,实时监测出口空气温度可以作为监测凝汽器局部积灰的一种有效手段.     

直接空冷凝汽器管外积灰特性研究

分析积灰对凝汽器换热性能的影响,给出积灰后凝汽器传热系数和压力的计算模型,并根据某电厂600MW机组夏季工况的实际数据,得出传热系数、凝汽器压力随积灰厚度的变化关系。定义了管外壁清洁系数,以此量化了空冷凝汽器脏污程度。基于管外壁清洁系数的计算模型,得到了空冷岛的最佳清洗周期。结果表明:积灰对直接空冷凝汽器换热性能有重要影响。凝汽器积灰厚会导致凝汽器换热热系数降低,凝汽器压力升高;环境温度对空冷凝汽器最佳清洗周期的影响显著,最佳清洗周期随环境温度的升高而减小。     

直接空冷凝汽器压力特性的耦合计算与分析方法

传统的空冷凝汽器特性计算方法中认为汽轮机低压缸排汽焓保持不变,但实际上空冷凝汽器压力的变化也会反向影响排汽焓,进一步对凝汽器压力产生耦合影响。基于空冷凝汽器背压与排汽焓的耦合分析,提出了一种基于迭代算法的空冷凝汽器模型与分析方法。通过对某600MW机组空冷凝汽器的计算分析,得出其在不同汽轮机负荷、环境温度工况下凝汽器压力的变化特性曲线,定量分析了汽轮机负荷和环境温度变化对凝汽器压力影响的对应关系,对空冷机组的安全经济运行具有一定的参考价值。     

新型翅片管束提高自然通风直接空冷系统效率

自然通风直接空冷系统凝汽器单元"Λ"型布局和传统翅片结构使得冷却空气流过翅片管束时发生严重转向,从而显著影响空冷凝汽器的流动传热性能。提出了一种新型翅片管束,其翅片通道与基管椭圆长轴方向呈一定夹角,使翅片通道方向与塔浮升力方向平行。通过CFD数值模拟和实验验证,获得了采用新型倾斜翅片管束的自然通风空冷凝汽器的空气流场和温度场,计算得到了不同环境风速下空冷凝汽器总换热量的变化规律,并与现有翅片管束的空冷凝汽器性能进行了对比。研究结果表明,采用倾斜翅片空冷凝汽器可以显著改善自然通风直接空冷系统热力性能,降低机组背压,提高空冷机组运行的经济性。     

国产超临界直接空冷机组冷端性能特性的研究

空冷岛运行优化中,需要将汽轮机、空冷凝汽器及空冷岛风机的特性综合起来进行分析。在综合直接空冷机组冷端各个组成部分,包括空冷凝汽器、低压缸至空冷凝汽器之间排汽管道及空冷岛风机特性的基础上,建立汽轮机排汽背压与空冷岛风机转速的特性关系,为空冷岛运行优化计算创造了条件。     

直接空冷机组冷端传热特性研究

以直接空冷机组冷端系统传热特性为研究对象,充分考虑排汽管道压损、水蒸气压差对排汽压力的影响,建立直接空冷机组冷端换热数学模型,并对影响空冷凝汽器传热的因素进行研究分析。研究结果对直接空冷机组冷端系统保持最佳运行状态,保障凝汽器的安全和经济运行具有重要的指导作用。     

基于BP神经网络的直接空冷凝汽器换热性能预测

通过对直接空冷凝汽器传热系数计算过程的分析,以直接空冷机组负荷、排汽压力、凝结水温度、排汽温度、空气入口温度、空气出口温度为输入参数,以直接空冷凝汽器的传热系数和迎面风速为输出参数,将理论模型与实际运行数据相结合,采用BP神经网络方法建立了一种新的直接空冷凝汽器换热性能的预测模型.结果表明:该BP神经网络模型预测得到的参数精度较高,可用于直接空冷凝汽器换热性能的在线监测.     

1000MW直接空冷机组汽机变工况与风机的节能运行

以汽轮机变工况为基础,综合考虑多种因素,结合1000MW空冷机组热力系统运行参数,应用弗留格尔公式计算了不同机组负荷下汽轮机排汽量的变化情况以及机组的背压对汽轮机功率的影响特性。根据空冷凝汽器的变工况分析,确定了不同环境温度时汽轮机排汽背压与空冷风机所消耗功率的对应关系。通过优化分析,计算了机组运行的最佳背压。编程开发了计算机应用软件,并进一步根据风机的运行原理实现了机组的不同运行状态下通过采集当时的运行参数给出最经济风机运行转速的功能,实现了对机组运行人员的在线指导。该软件在宁夏灵武发电厂4号机得到实际应用,结果表明该系统应用效果良好,具有重要的实际意义。     

直接空冷机组存在的问题及其对策初探

直接空冷机组具有明显的节水效果,但也存在诸如汽轮机的运行背压高且变幅大、直接空冷凝汽器的冷却性能受环境、风和砂尘的影响大、直接空冷凝汽器冬季运行时容易发生冻结、凝结水溶氧超标以及热污染等运行方面的问题,针对这些现象及原因进行了分析,并提出对策。     

空冷火电机组相邻空冷岛连通设计与冷端优化

针对330 MW亚临界直接空冷燃煤火力发电机组,建立实时运行工况的供电煤耗、汽轮机理想内功率和凝汽器端差的变背压计算模型,定量分析相邻两台空冷凝汽器连通设计对机组效率的影响规律,优化机组背压。结果表明,本研究提出的变背压模型能较好地用于预测机组整体效率和综合供电煤耗的变化。随空冷岛散热面积均匀增加,背压降低、机组出力增加、综合供电煤耗降低的边际效应逐渐变弱。综合考虑投资成本、收益和设备可靠性,将相邻两台机组空冷凝汽器的乏汽分配管道、凝结水管道和抽真空管道互连互通,利用临机空冷岛1排或2排空冷散热器组为本机的乏汽散热最优,静态投资回收期约为3 a。     

基于互连思想的直接空冷机组运行优化技术研究

将不同机组间的空冷凝汽器单元或者不同机组空冷凝汽器进行互连,充分利用停运或低负荷机组的空冷散热面积,提高运行机组的散热面积和散热能力。通过对直接空冷单元互连和直接空冷凝汽器互连两种设计方案的分析表明,运行机组的运行背压获得较大幅度的下降,同时显著提高了运行机组在夏季高温条件下的带负荷能力和节能运行水平。随着环境温度或机组运行负荷的降低,通过互连改造后运行机组背压降低的幅度逐渐减小。     

1000MW直接空冷机组变工况特性

以1 000MW直接空冷机组为例,基于η-NTU法,建立了直接空冷机组变工况数学模型。在模型中考虑了排汽管道压降及机组对环境散热量等因素,编程计算做出了凝汽器排汽压力与环境温度、迎面风速、排汽流量间的特性曲线。得出迎面风速为2.2m/s左右时,排汽压力波动范围接近额定值,机组的运行良好。为同类1 000MW空冷机组在变工况下选择合适的运行值和提高经济性提供了参考。     

电站凝汽器非设计工况汽相流动与换热特性的数值预测

采用数值模拟方法计算与比较了一台300MW汽轮机对分式凝汽器在半负荷工况时冷却水管全部工作和一半冷却水管投入工作两种运行方式下的汽相流动与传热特性。计算结果表明，两种运行方式下的汽相流动与传热特性有明显差别。在一半冷却水管运行方式下，虽然管束传热系数较高，但由于冷却面积减半，而且汽阻显著增大，因而凝汽器总体传热效果较冷却水管全部运行时的差，使得抽气口处未凝结蒸汽量上升，空气泵负荷增大。     

Performance prediction of an improved air-cooled steam condenser with deflector under strong wind

For an air-cooled steam condenser (ACSC), environmental wind can cause a large flow rate reduction in the axial fans mainly near the windward side of the air-cooled platform due to cross-flow effects, resulting in a heat transfer reduction. This leads to an increase of turbine back pressure, and occasional turbine trips occur under extremely gusty conditions. A new method is proposed in this paper to remove the strong wind effect by adding deflecting plates under the air-cooled platform, which contributes to forming a uniform air mass flow rate in the axial fans by leading enough cooling air to the fans in the upwind region. Numerical simulation is made of the thermal-flow characteristics and heat transfer performance of the improved ACSC with deflectors. A heat exchanger model is used for simulating the flow and heat transfer in the ACSC, in which the heat exchanger is simplified to a porous medium and all flow losses are taken into account by a viscous and an inertial loss coefficient. A fan model is used for reaching the flow condition at the heat exchanger inlet with the actual performance curves of the fan. It is found that the improved ACSC with deflector shows a significant enhancement in both the cooling air mass flow rate and the heat rejection rate compared with the conventional ACSC. The higher the wind speed is, the larger the heat transfer enhancement of the improved ACSC is. The effect of the plate inclination is also investigated, and the inclination angle of 45° is found to be the optimum value for the arrangement of the deflector.     

不可凝气体对大扁管空冷凝汽器性能的影响分析

为了研究不可凝气体(non-condensable gases, NCG)对火电与光热发电机组上广泛使用的大扁管空冷凝汽器性能的影响,以工程机组凝汽器上普遍应用的通流面积220 mm×20 mm的大扁管为研究对象,针对汽轮机典型工况下的实际蒸汽流量,基于Lee相变方程、VOF方法以及组分扩散模型,对蒸汽与NCG混合气体管内两相流凝结换热进行数学建模与数值计算。结果表明：由于大扁管的狭窄通流几何结构与高蒸汽流量,NCG对管内蒸汽凝结的抑制效果要远低于预期;当入口空气质量分数按2%增加时,凝结管凝结换热系数仅下降2%左右,这与NCG导致低流量圆管凝结性能急剧下降的结论不同;空气正常泄漏不会导致空冷凝汽器性能下降而影响发电机组效率。     

Effect of Cooling Water Flow Path on the Flow and Heat Transfer in a 660 MW Power Plant Condenser

The effect of the cooling water flow path on the flow and heat transfer in a double tube-pass condenser for a 660 MW power plant unit was numerically investigated based on a porous medium model. The results were used to analyze the streamline, velocity, air mass fraction and heat transfer coefficient distributions. The simulations indicate that the cooling water flow path is important in large condensers. For the original tube arrangement, the heat transfer with the lower-upper cooling water flow path is better than that with the upper-lower cooling water flow path. The reason is that the steam cannot flow into the internal of upper tube bundle and the air fractions are higher in the upper tube bundle with the upper-lower cooling water flow path. An improvement tube arrangement was developed for the upper-lower cooling water flow path which reduced the back pressure by 0.47 kPa compared to the original scheme. Thus, the results show that the tube arrangements should differ for different cooling water flow paths and the condenser heat transfer can be improved for the upper-lower cooling water flow path by modifying the tube arrangement.     

Performance of Evaporative Condensers

Experimental investigation is conducted to study the performance of evaporative condensers/coolers. The analysis includes development of correlations for the external heat transfer coefficient and the system efficiency. The evaporative condenser includes two finned-tube heat exchangers. The system is designed to allow for operation of a single condenser, two condensers in parallel, and two condensers in series. The analysis is performed as a function of the water-to-air mass flow rate ratio (L/G) and the steam temperature. Also, comparison is made between the performance of the evaporative condenser and same device as an air-cooled condenser. Analysis of the collected data shows that the system efficiency increases at lower L/G ratios and higher steam temperatures. The system efficiency for various configurations for the evaporative condenser varies between 97% and 99%. Lower efficiencies are obtained for the air-cooled condenser, with values between 88% and 92%. The highest efficiency is found for the two condensers in series, followed by two condensers in parallel and then the single condenser. The parallel condenser configuration can handle a larger amount of inlet steam and can provide the required system efficiency and degree of subcooling. The correlation for the system efficiency gives a simple tool for preliminary system design. The correlation developed for the external heat transfer coefficient is found to be consistent with the available literature data.     

用于汽轮机排汽冷却的蒸发式冷凝器模型及性能分析

蒸发式冷凝器兼具传热性能好和节水的优势,在大型动力系统冷却中具有广阔的应用前景。建立了蒸发冷凝器的理论分析模型,提出了蒸发式冷凝器用于冷却小型汽轮机排汽的设计方案;获得了喷淋水温度、空气和蒸汽的焓值在冷凝器内沿程的变化规律,并对喷淋水量、配风量和空气温度等影响冷凝器性能的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果对蒸发式冷凝器在火力发电行业的应用具有参考意义。     

Space characteristics of the thermal performance for air-cooled condensers at ambient winds

Ambient winds may lead to poor fan performance, exhaust air recirculation and mal-distribution of the air across the tube bundles of the air-cooled condensers in a power plant. Investigations of the impacts of the ambient winds on the air-cooled condensers are key area of focus. Based on a representative 2 × 600 MW direct dry cooling power plant, the physical and mathematical models of the air-side fluid and heat flow in the air-cooled condensers at various ambient wind speeds and directions are set up by introducing the radiator model to the fin-tube bundles. The volumetric flow rate, inlet air temperature and heat rejection for different air-cooled condensers as a whole, condenser cells and fin-tube bundles are obtained by using CFD simulation. The results show that the thermo-flow performances for the air-cooled condenser as a whole, condenser cells and heat exchanger bundles vary widely in space. The thermal performances of the air-cooled condensers, condenser cells and fin-tube bundles at the downstream are generally superior to those at the upwind. It is of use for the upwind fan regulations and the A-frame condenser cell geometric optimization to investigate the space characteristics of the thermal performance for the air-cooled condensers in a power plant.     

Effects of Airflow Profile and Condensation Pressure on Performance of Air-Cooled Condensers

Abstract

The effect of airflow profile and condensation pressure on the performance of air-cooled condensers is investigated experimentally. Two large, flattened-tube air-cooled steam condensers are studied. The tube lengths are 10.7 and 5.7?m, with inner dimensions of 216?×?16?mm and aluminum fins on each side of the elongated-slot cross sections. Capacity and pressure drop are measured and discussed here. All tests are performed with a horizontal tube and co-current vapor and condensate flow. Four different profiles of cross-flowing air are tested: uniform air flowing upwards, uniform air flowing downwards, and two profiles of non-uniform air flowing upwards. For the 10.7?m tube, reversing airflow direction from upwards to downwards is found to significantly increase condenser capacity. Also for the 10.7?m tube, a favorable non-uniform air-velocity profile is shown to increase capacity in comparison to a uniform air-velocity profile. Both of these performance increases are shown to be the result of matching regions of maximum heat transfer coefficient on the air and steam sides. For the 5.7?m tube, a non-uniform airflow profile is shown to have no effect on capacity. Reducing condensation pressure is shown to decrease condenser capacity for both condenser tubes.