Optimized Energy‐Saving Speed Profile in Linear‐Motor Railway System

The most striking characteristic of linear‐motor railway system is that the structure consists of a primary and secondary linear induction motor (LIM). The primary side of the LIM is installed in a rolling stock, and the secondary side of LIM is installed on the track. The magnetic attractive vertical force produced by the LIM increases the running resistance since this force is in the same direction as the gravitational force due to which rolling stocks gain weight virtually from the track side of view. In addition, the efficiency of the LIM has different characteristics of efficiency compared with the rotary motor. Previous studies have focused on the design method of LIM to improve motor efficiency and decrease energy consumption. However, it is a well‐known fact that this kind of approach requires hardware renewal which requests large amount of investments. The purpose of this study is to analyze these characteristics of LIM effects and design the optimal speed profile to minimize the energy consumption as a linear‐motor railway system. This smart and economic energy‐saving approach is based on the optimization of speed profiles of the linear‐motor railway system using dynamic programming.     

基于GPS与轨道信息的地图匹配列车定位算法

本文提出了基于GPS和轨道固有信息的地图匹配列车定位算法,通过静态采集线路经纬度信息建立公里标与经纬度对应关系数据库,然后给出了由GPS实时获得的经纬度确定列车将要经过的下一整点公里标的搜索算法.在整公里标之间,利用轨道投影定位算法将CPS实测数据投影到真实的轨道上,得到列车精确位置的估计.针对曲线区段的定位,还提出了一种基于GPS方位角和轨道信息的同向切线定位法.现场试验表明,该算法提高了列车定位精度,达到了预期效果.     

中低速磁浮列车动力学特性测试方法初探

磁浮列车由于没有轮对,其运行中的动力学特性无法通过国内的现有试验设备进行测试。为此,利用磁浮车的磁悬浮的支撑系统,采取外加气隙信号进行激扰的方式,也可以取得相应的效果。这种试验方式还可以对悬浮控制系统的参数调整和试验,提供一个检测平台。同时还可以得到二次系、悬浮支撑系和轨道系的固有频率,以及车体摇摆的阻尼系数,从而找到合理的固有频率分配的关系。     

基于滑差率分析的轮轨材料摩擦磨损特性研究

随着列车速度的提高和轴重的加大,轮轨的失效往往影响了铁路的正常运行,甚至存在着安全隐患。目前对于影响轮轨磨损性能的研究仅限于轮轨材料、接触应力、轴重、车速等因数,尚未对滑差率的影响进行研究。提出基于滑差率分析的重载轮轨间的磨损行为故障研究,利用GPM-30型滚动接触摩擦磨损试验机,采用双轮对接接触方式,建立轮轨间隙曲线与轮对横移量之间的面积模型,通过改变滑差率来研究其轮轨摩擦磨损性能的变化规律。对磨损后试样表面的扫描电镜观察,分别阐述了不同滑差率下车轮试样表面以及钢轨试样表面的磨损形貌特性,试验验证了不同滑差率对轮轨磨损性能的影响因素。     

Evaluation of Automatic Train Operation Design for Energy Saving Based on the Measured Efficiency of a Linear‐Motor Train

Recently, interest in energy savings in railway systems has been increasing because of its environment‐friendly aspects, for example, CO₂ emissions. In this paper, the authors propose a scheduling and control system for automatic train operation (ATO) that saves energy. This research in ATO concentrates on the optimization of speed profiles to save energy. The differences in this system from previous work are substantiative experiments on the track and a design that explicitly considers the following energy‐saving operations. First, coasting is installed in speed profiles and maximum speed is decreased by jerk regulation. Second, power‐limiting braking is used in the braking section and regenerative energy is increased. To achieve this braking efficiency, notch operations are updated. Finally, second‐order scheduling is achieved by high speed control using ATO. For the experiments on the track, the efficiency of a linear‐motor train was measured in a pre‐experiment and used to perform accurate numerical calculations. In conclusion, the numerical study shows an energy efficiency increase by 7.3% and the plan for further experiments is determined.     

并网双馈异步风电机组模糊自适应控制

介绍了双馈感应风力发电系统运行的基本原理。在变风速下,根据最大功率跟踪控制原理,利用发电机输出功率误差和发电机的转速误差,提出用模糊控制器代替风速测速仪来跟踪发电机的最佳转速,保证在额定风速下,使风机运行在最佳叶尖速比,风能利用率最佳,避免了湍流塔影等因素对风速测量的影响。同时,在外环功率PI调节器中,引入模糊控制来提高在额定风速下双馈感应发电机功率解耦的快速跟踪。最后,通过对整个风电系统包括风力机、双馈感应电机(含网侧及转子侧变换器)、控制器(含网侧及转子侧控制器)进行建模及仿真来验证模糊控制策略的可行性。     

高速列车分布式 super-twisting 滑模控制研究

针对不确定因素及外界干扰下高速列车分布式协同控制问题,提出基于super-twisting滑模一致性算法的高速列车速度跟踪控制策略。首先,考虑列车受到的外部干扰、基本阻力及车厢间耦合作用力,构建高速列车多智能体模型;其次,利用相邻车厢的位移和速度信息设计一致性滑模函数,引入super-twisting算法削弱控制输入抖振;最后,设计分布式二阶滑模控制律,并采用Lyapunov理论验证算法稳定性。以高速列车实际参数进行仿真研究,并加入外界干扰,利用本文方法、普通一致性、PID一致性及滑模一致性方法进行仿真。结果表明,相较于其他3种方法,所提算法能使车厢单元快速、精准跟踪目标速度曲线,速度误差在(-0.8～1.1)×10^-3 m/s内,同时使相邻车厢距离保持在安全范围内,且控制输入较平滑,对外部干扰有较好的鲁棒性。     

车轮滚动时的轴向滑动摩擦系数

通过实验介绍了车轮滚动时的轴向滑动系数的测定方法,得出车轮滚动前进时,如果同时存在着轴向滑动（即不同时滚动）时滑动摩擦系数的0．85倍（对接触表面粗糙度）,与滚子速度无关。     

Methods of determining the interference current in rails of double subway track circuits

This article is devoted to solving the problem of determination of rates of electric rolling stock conductive interference on the mechanisms of subway track circuits using the example of SUE Petersburg Subway System. This allows us to investigate the electromagnetic compatibility of rolling stock and train traffic control devices, first of all, track circuits. These problems are solved using the electromagnetic compatibility theory. Some features of the interference that appear during track circuit operation are described in this paper, including separation of interference to danger and interrupting. The investigation has shown that the requirements for the interference current that is generated by the rolling stock should be standardized for investigating the electromagnetic compatibility of electric rolling stock with a frequency motor and track circuit equipment. The main information from the standards based on the research is given. The rates of danger and interrupting interference on the rolling stock currents are given. Also the rates of interference currents in the audio frequency track circuits and the track circuits with the frequency of 50 Hz, and the rates of interference currents in the rails for specified asymmetry coefficient are given.     

摆式高速列车及其倾摆动力与控制

阐明了摆式列车能在既有铁路线上提高曲线通过速度,从而可以有效地提高平均车速,提高运输效率和乘客舒适度。简要介绍了主动倾摆式列车的工作原理、液压和机电驱动装置、信息传感及控制系统的构成。     

基于RBF神经网络PID控制的列车ATO系统优化

针对在复杂环境下列车高速运行时,现有的Fuzzy-PID控制算法自适应性差在受到外界因素的干扰时会导致列车追踪误差较大的问题,提出了一种基于径向基(RBF)神经网络PID控制的列车速度控制算法。首先,在构建列车优化模型时,充分考虑列车经过电分相时必须处于惰行工况的特点,并且依据电分相和限速条件的特点将列车行驶过程中的区段进行了划分,简化了求解过程;然后使用RBF神经网络PID控制器对目标速度曲线进行追踪仿真,同时与现有的Fuzzy-PID控制器进行比较。实验结果表明,基于RBF神经网络PID控制算法能够实时有效的追踪目标速度曲线且追踪误差较小。     

基于RBF神经网络PID控制的列车ATO系统优化

针对在复杂环境下列车高速运行时,现有的Fuzzy-PID控制算法自适应性差在受到外界因素的干扰时会导致列车追踪误差较大的问题,提出了一种基于径向基(RBF)神经网络PID控制的列车速度控制算法。首先,在构建列车优化模型时,充分考虑列车经过电分相时必须处于惰行工况的特点,并且依据电分相和限速条件的特点将列车行驶过程中的区段进行了划分,简化了求解过程;然后使用RBF神经网络PID控制器对目标速度曲线进行追踪仿真,同时与现有的Fuzzy-PID控制器进行比较。实验结果表明,基于RBF神经网络PID控制算法能够实时有效的追踪目标速度曲线且追踪误差较小。     

THE SUPERCONDUCTING PADDLEWHEEL AS AN INTEGRATED PROPULSION LEVITATION MACHINE FOR HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION

ABSTRACT

The rotary superconducting motor, RSM, is shown to provide economical propulsion as well as levitation on a thinner aluminum track than “conventional” repulsion magnetic suspension.

With the RSM, thrust and braking are provided by controlling the relative speed of rotation of the motor essentially independent of lift at all forward speeds.

Using thin-plate theory, the lift and drag forces on the rotary superconducting motor are evaluated as a function of the forward speed of the vehicle as well as the relative speed of rotation of the motor. Although significant power is dissipated in the track through eddy current losses, evaluation of the energy consumption of the RSM over a route profile of 750 km with 5 intermediate stops shows this propulsion levitation system to have an energy consumption of 0.76 MJ/seat-km - significantly lower than other means of propelling and levitating high speed ground transportation.     

Industrial technologies,mobility, and energy efficiency of electric traction of rail transport

An electrified main railway line is a transport complex containing rolling stock (locomotive and carriages) and railway infrastructure (railway track, power supply facilities, signaling system, interlocking and sectioning systems, and other stationary objects). Being in conditions of a developing market, the main precondition for efficiency and competitiveness of Russian Railways is the mobility enhancement. The main factors and industrial technologies are considered, with it being planned to enhance the mobility of Russian Railway transport on their basis. Paramount importance in this strategy is given to augmentation of the service speed and increasing the productivity of electrical locomotives and dynamic charge capacities of the track structure and power supply quality of the rapid–transit and high-speed lines. Special technical specifications are developed on the basis of the proposals; they were approved for design and construction of the Moscow–Kazan–Yekaterinburg railway section with a maximum speed of 400 km/h.     

基于Maxwell的混合悬浮电磁铁电磁特性研究

悬浮电磁铁是悬浮控制系统中的执行元件,用于提供完成悬浮所需要的电磁力,其电磁特性直接影响着磁浮列车的性能.针对中低速磁浮列车用混合悬浮电磁铁的电磁场特性进行了有限元分析.用Ansoft 软件中的Maxwell 2D模块对悬浮电磁铁进行二维建模分析,得出电磁力随电流、气隙变化的规律;其次分析了电磁铁发生偏移、滚动等情况时的电磁场及电磁力变化规律,与非混合情况比较,并得出结论.     

Modeling and optimizing energy‐efficient manual driving on high‐speed lines

This paper presents a simulation‐based model for manual driving strategies that will minimize energy consumption for high‐speed trains. Specific characteristics of both high‐speed lines (HSLs) and manual driving strategies are considered in order to obtain achievable designs that can be tested on commercial services. The proposed design model calculates a list of efficient high‐level commands to be systematically executed by the driver on an HSL along the trip. The design is based on a detailed simulation model of the train's motion (taking into account track and train characteristics and operational constraints), combined with a genetic algorithm to select the best driving. Continuous control solution by mathematical optimization is avoided, as it is not an appropriate reference for manual driving in HSL. The validation of the simulation model is focused on running resistance, tractive/braking efficiencies, and consumption of auxiliary equipment, and shows differences between real measurements and simulated results which are lower than 2% both in run time and energy consumption. Finally, a real case is presented in which the proposed model was used to design efficient driving strategies that were subsequently implemented on commercial services along the Spanish HSL Madrid–Barcelona in both directions, measuring average energy savings of 23 and 18%, respectively, when the efficient driving strategies were compared with measured standard manual driving. The future scope will be the application of this model to online recalculation of driving commands. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Features of traction electric equipment of prospective electric rolling stock

On the main railways in Russia, two types of current in the contact wire are used: dc voltage of 3 kV and ac voltage of 25 kV with a frequency of 50 Hz. Therefore, prospective electric rolling stock should have double the power. Improving the capacity and structural speed of locomotives is based on the use of asynchronous traction motors (ATDs) with a squirrel-cage rotor allowing increasing the tractive force and the weight of the train and the capacity and speed of cargo delivery, increasing reliability and reducing life cycle costs, and increasing service life. Electrical equipment for such rolling stock should be used when working from either contact system, dc or ac. In this article, the scheme of power circuits is considered using the example of a module of a traction drive in one bogie of dual-system electric locomotives. It is proposed to use the secondary winding of the traction transformer as a choke of the input filter when powered from a dc contact system. Regulation of operation modes of asynchronous traction motors is carried out from static semiconductor converters with a two-tier structure. Input transducers provide the exchange of electric energy between the contact system and the intermediate link of dc voltage, and the output converters regulate the traction motors by changing the magnitude and frequency of voltage on the stator windings of ATD depending on the speed of the locomotive and its operating mode. 4QS input converters and output converters are autonomous voltage inverters of the intermediate ac: in the case of single-phase input and output, they are three-phase. The basic ratios are given to determine voltages and currents of 4QS converters, to determine the variable component of a rectified current 4QS converter, and to formulate requirements for a resonant L₂C₂ filter configured for a frequency of 100 Hz. Expressions are given for determining the ratio of the input power of the converter, as well as recommendations for determining the basic parameters of electrical equipment.     

基于UKF的车辆轨道振动响应优化估计

随着高速重载铁路的发展,轮轨之间的相互作用加强,在轨道不平顺激励下车辆轨道的振动响应也随之加剧.提出一种在车辆轨道耦合模型基础上利用UKF(Unscented Kalman Filtering,无迹卡尔曼滤波)算法和车辆测量模型对车辆轨道振动响应进行最优估计的算法.通过在运营车辆的车体、转向架、轴箱上加装加速度传感器、陀螺仪,构建车辆测量模型,利用UKF滤波算法和车辆测量模型对车辆轨道耦合模型输出的轨道振动响应进行非线性滤波,获得最优估计.仿真结果表明,经过UKF滤波算法后的轨道振动响应噪声减小,尤其是轮对加速度、轮轨力和钢轨加速度,明显优于车辆轨道耦合模型直接输出值.     

高速铁路列车风对折射率结构常数的影响

大气湍流在时间和空间上的运动对无线电波有着重要影响.用折射率结构常数描述湍流是目前最主要的方法.本文通过建立折射率结构常数模型,来研究大气湍流对高速铁路的无线通信的影响.通过运用空气动力学基本原理,引入列车风并推导出一种适用于高速铁路下的折射率结构常数模型.该模型输入的主要参数有列车风、温度和湿度.通过理论推导和仿真分析得出了列车风对折射率结构常数的影响主要有列车边界层的厚度、距列车侧壁的距离、列车高度和列车车速.分析模型可以知道,车速、温度、湿度对其影响较大,其次是列车边界层的厚度、距列车侧壁的距离,列车高度.并为研究高速铁路下的电波的传播提供了理论参考.     

交流变频调速系统在棒材热连轧机上的应用

分析了棒材轧钢厂精轧机上交流变频调速系统主传动的特点,详细阐述了交流变频调速技术应用于热连轧主传动控制系统时电动机、逆变器容量、整流单元容量、制动方式及制动单元和制动电阻容量的选择方法。概述了交流变频调速控制系统应用于热连轧机主传动系统调试时应注意的问题及其解决方法。