Asia faces refinery glut as projects mount up

A plethora of proposals to build new crude distillation units in Asia threatens to produce a large capacity surplus by the end of the decade. Almost 6 mn bpd of new capacity is currently under consideration, much of it in the rapidly growing markets of China and India ( see Table C ).  

  Table C  Asia: Proposed New Refineries     

2.

Refining in the Americas: not enough firm projects     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2008,33(5):13-14

Countries throughout the Western Hemisphere face shortages of refinery capacity, but too few schemes are making it past the drawing-board. OET' s latest refining survey ( see Table E ) shows a large number of projects but many remain tentative and lack firm locations and completion dates: not to mention planning approval and financial backing.  

  Table E   Western Hemisphere: Proposed new refineries     

3.

Asia's appetite for new refineries undimmed     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2007,32(6):13-14

Asia continues to plan new oil refineries at a faster rate than any other region ( see 'Focus', May 2006 ). The largest increases are taking place in India and China ( see 'Looking Ahead', December 2006 ), but considerable expansion is planned elsewhere across Asia. Up to 3.2 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity is being planned in other parts of the Asia/Pacific region ( see Table C ), of which nearly 1.1 mn bpd is slated for Indonesia.  

  Table C   Asia/Pacific: Proposed new Refineries     

4.

Non-OPEC production near to decline     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(4):3-6

Last year, the world produced some 82.2 mn bpd of crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL), of which 48.2 mn bpd, or 59%, came from countries outside OPEC. Most of these non-OPEC countries are now mature oil-producers, in long term decline ( see Box ). A few have still to reach peak output, but non-OPEC production as a whole is within a few years of its peak, after which any net increase in world oil supplies will have to come entirely from OPEC.  

  NON-OPEC PRODUCERS     

5.

ORIENTING CONVENTIONAL CORES FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES: A REVIEW OF METHODS     

I. Davison  R. S. Haszeldine 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1984,7(4):461-466

A review of four simple techniques used to re-orient conventional cores back to theri in-situ position in presented. Cores can be oriented by:

• 1. 

  Cutting oriented. cores;
• 2. 

  Using dipmeters;
• 3. 

  Re-orienting in highly deviated holes;
• 4. 

  Using remanent palaeomagnetism.

The accuracy, costs and limitations of the methods are considered.     

6.

FUZZY MODELLING AND THE PREDICTION OF POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY FROM THE COMPOSITIONAL AND TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF SANDSTONE   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

J. H. Fang  H. C. Chen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1997,20(2):185-204

A new method is presented here for predicting porosity and permeability from the compositional and textural characteristics of sandstones. The method employs fuzzy modelling which is a linguistic paradigm based on fuzzy logic, rooted in the theory of fuzzy sets. The essentials of fuzzy modelling are explained using an example in which porosity and permeability values of a sandstone are predicted from five compositional and textural attributes. Fuzzy modelling can be accomplished in five steps:

• (i) 

  Identification of input and output variables. In this paper, the inputs are five compositional and textural parameters, namely: relative amounts of ductile grains, rigid grains and detrital matrix, to gether with grain size, and the Trask sorting coefficient. The output is either porosity or permeability.
• (ii) 

  Fuzzy clustering of output values.
• (iii) 

  Formation of membership grades of input data.
• (iv) 

  Generation of fuzzy rules; and
• (v) 

  Prediction via fuzzy inference.

Compared to statistical modelling (i. e. multiple regression analysis), fuzzy modelling is not only assumption-free but is also tolerant of outliers. Fuzzy modelling is capable of making both linguistic and numeric predictions based on qualitative knowledge and/ or quantitative data. Thus, fuzzy modelling is not only appropriate for the problem discussed here, but is also desirable for many geological problems characterized by non-numerical knowledge and imprecise information.     

7.

GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL SAMPLES FROM THE IRANIAN SECTOR OF THE PERSIAN GULF     

A. R. Rabbani 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2008,31(3):303-316

High-resolution (biomarker) geochemistry combined with other geochemical data has been used to investigate the genetic relationships of 14 crude oil samples from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, and to provide information on the lithologies, palaeo-depositional environments and probable ages of the respective source rocks. Oil samples from the Resalat, Salman, Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields in the SE of the Gulf, and the Foroozan, Bahregansar, Hendijan, Abouzar, Doroud and Nowrouz fields in the NW of the Gulf were investigated.
Results indicate that the studied oils belong to three genetic groups:

• (i)  

  Group 1 oils (Resalat and Salman fields) were sourced from Jurassic or older, shaly source rocks deposited in a relatively oxic environment;
• (ii)  

  Group 2 oils (Nowrouz, Doroud and Foroozan oilfields) originated from Jurassic or older carbonate-rich source rocks deposited in an anoxic environment;
• (iii)  

  Group 3 oils, which, according to biomarker parameters, were probably sourced from Middle Cretaceous calcareous shales. Two subgroups are recognised: subgroup 3A oils were sampled from oilfields located in the NW of the Gulf (Hendijan, Bahregansar and Abouzar), and subgroup 3B oils came from the south (Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields).

     

8.

CONTROLS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMMULITE FACIES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LATE YPRESIAN EL GARIA FORMATION (KESRA PLATEAU, CENTRAL TUNISIA)     

S. Jorry  E. Davaud  B. Caline 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(3):283-306

Eocene nummulite deposits along the southern Tethys margin locally constitute important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. In order to understand the heterogeneity of these complex reservoirs, we have carried out a detailed field study of the nummulite limestones which crop out at the Kesra Plateau in Central Tunisia. The main contributions of this paper can be summarised as follows:

• (1) 

  Various species of Nummulites and planktonic foraminifera were identified in late Ypresian carbonates in the Kesra area and provided accurate biostratigraphic ages. Nummulitic limestones occur in the Chouabine and El Garia Formations representing deposition over a period of about 2Ma.

       
  
  

9.

ANALYSIS OF RESERVES DISCOVERED IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION     

D. G. Quirk  R. Ruthrauff 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2006,29(2):125-146

Mathematical theory and empirical data show that discovery sizes from mature plays have lognormal distributions. This allows a simple transformation to be used that converts lognormal trends to straight lines from which valuable statistical data on exploration potential is derived.
After correcting for the unreliable nature of data from non-commercial accumulations and then discounting the extreme high ends and low ends (P1), discovery size distributions from a variety of mature plays outside the Middle East show certain common properties that help constrain reserves ranges in individual prospects and new play fairways. These are:

• •

  P99 is 0.3MM brl or less in non-DHI oil plays and 4BCF or less in gas plays at normal depths;

       
  
  

10.

The 1A/1M Cat Cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery. Equipment Manufacture     

V. M. Kapustin  A. I. Lugovskoi  K. V. Baklashov  G. P. Strelikov  Yu. N. Lebedev  M. B. Vikhorev  G. G. Musienko  Ya. P. Lozhkin 《Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils》2002,38(1):21-26

The 1A/1M cat cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery OJSC (Tyumen' Oil Company) was exhaustively revamped. This cat cracker, designed by Grozgiproneftekhim in 1960, was started up in 1967. According to the plan, its capacity would be 750,000 tons/year. After more than 30 years, refinery specialists knew how to increase the output of the cat cracker to 900,000 tons/year, ensuring high enough takeoff (43% in feedstock) and good quality (research octane number of 87—95) of the naphtha cut.     

11.

Modeling of the crude oil (or petroleum products) vapor displacement during rail tanks loading     

Vladimir Pshenin  Konstantin Zaynetdinov 《Petroleum Science and Technology》2013,31(24):2435-2440

Abstract

Crude oil rail loadings are objects of considerable hydrocarbon emissions. A mathematical model of the process of oil vapor displacement during the loading of rail tanks is proposed in this article. This model makes it possible to determine approximately the parameters of hydrocarbon emission with a minimum of controlled parameters required during VRU operation (“Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling…” 2008 2008. Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling temperature excursions in carbon Beds. 2nd ed. London: Published by Energy Institute. [Google Scholar]). The developed model has not tight coupling with the operations of rail tanks loading. The model can be applied with some corrections to calculate emissions during filling operations of any transport tanks. Obtained results allow to receive quantitative estimations of parameters of hydrocarbon emission with minimal vapor recovery units (VRU) availability of monitoring systems.     

12.

胜利炼油厂制氢装置原料“油改气”试验     

尹长学  程玉春  迟元龙  王全方 《齐鲁石油化工》2002,30(2):85-88

考察了应用Z409/Z405G轻油蒸汽转化催化剂进行原料油改天然气制氢的可行性,并为炼油厂提供操作依据。试验结果表明,应用Z409/Z405G催化剂可顺利实现原料油改气,并保证装置产氢量稳中有升。     

13.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,24(7):1-31

• Features
• North America Must Participate in Global LNG Market
• Gary L. Hunt
• Gas Prices
  • FERC's Latest Gas‐Price Forecast Shows New Supplies, LNG
  • Steve Harvey
• Emergency Planning
  • New Orleans Energy Systems Recovery a Huge Success
  • Clinton A. Vince, Presley R. Reed, and Meredith M. Jolivert
• Distribution
  • Community Choice Aggregation Is a New Solution for Energy Markets
  • Howard V. Golub and Paul Fenn
• Electric Transmission and Distribution
  • Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure Management Must Enter a New Age
  • Stephen Chapel

• Columns
• Energy Regulation and the Environment
  • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: No Subsidy Left Behind
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

14.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(1):1-32

• Features
• Room for Fixed Billing in the World of Conservation?
• Bruce Chapman, David Glyer, and Michael O'Sheasy
• Tariffs and Rate Structures
  • Abundant Ratemaking Tariff Alternatives Available for Today's High Natural Gas Prices
  • Catherine M. Elder
• Tariffs and Volatility
  • Impact of Volatile Fuel Prices on Electric Costs: Stakeholder Tactics
  • H. Edwin Overcast
• Tariffs—Renewable Energy
  • Tariffs Can Be Structured to Encourage Photovoltaic Energy
  • Ryan Wiser, Andrew Mills, Galen Barbose, and William Golove
• Market-Based Pricing—Intelligent Grid
  • Intelligent Grid Technology for Distributed Energy Resources Lightened LDCs' Load
  • Ron Ambrosio

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • When the Going Gets Tough…
  • James J. Hoecker
• Energy and the Environment
  • New Source Review Is Still Anything but Routine
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

15.

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY FROM A FLUVIAL RESERVOIR IN THE GULF OF THAILAND     

S. Y. Zheng  P. W. M. Corbett  A. Emery 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(1):49-64

One problem with the inversion of transient well test data is that it can yield a non-unique solution. The uncertainty resulting from this type of approach can only be resolved by considering information from another source such as geology. Geological information will help to define the interpretation model which will ensure the correct analysis of the well test data. The results of well test analyses are of little value to reservoir characterisation and modelling unless they can be explained from a geological point of view. This last step is what we refer to here as geological interpretation. Other sources of information which can help with well test analyses come from seismic surveys and petrophysics. Modern well test interpretation therefore consists of two major steps: analysis of the well test data; and interpretation of the results. In detail, this should include the following:

• (1) 

  definition of an interpretation model — this requires the integration of geological, seismic and petrophysical data with transient pressure data

       
  
  

16.

DETERMINATION OF FAULT SLIP COMPONENTS USING SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL CONTOURS: METHODS AND EXAMPLES     

S-S. Xu  L. G. Velasquillo-Martinez  J. M. Grajales-Nishimura  G. Murillo-Muñetón  J. García-Hernandez  A. F. Nieto-Samaniego 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2004,27(3):277-298

Problems with measuring fault slip in the subsurface can sometimes be overcome by using subsurface structural contour maps constructed from well logs and seismic information. These maps are useful for estimating fault slip since fault motion commonly causes the dislocation of structural contours. The dislocation of a contour is defined here as the distance in the direction of fault strike between two contours which have the same value on both sides of a fault. This dislocation can be estimated for tilted beds and folded beds as follows:

• (i) 

  If a dip-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_c) of contours can be estimated from the vertical component (S_v) of the fault slip and the dip (β) of the bedding according to the following relationship: S_c= S_v/tan β. Since S_c and β can be measured from a contour map, the vertical component of fault slip can be obtained from this equation.

  If a strike-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_cs) of contours is equal to the strike-slip of the fault (S_c), that is, S_cs= S_s.

       
  
  

17.

减压蒸馏塔分段抽真空新工艺实现工业化     

张世文 《炼油技术与工程》2000,30(3)

介绍了金陵石油化工公司炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置采用一台减压炉、减压塔分段抽真空的新工艺及该工艺的工业化情况。该工艺在 2 .8Mt/a装置上历时 4年的生产运行中 ,实现了高真空、达到了增加总拔出率约 1.6%的预期目的 ,取得了年增效益千万元的良好效果。同时指出下段减压塔结构对深拔油质和量存在的影响。     

18.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2009,25(9):1-32

• Features
• Wind Energy Lost Velocity but Looks to Stimulus Package to Rebound
• Jeffery R. Atkin
• Market Crash—Drilling Activity
  • Disappearing Rigs
  • George A. Lippman and John E. Uxer Jr.
  • Market Decline—Employee Benefits Effect
    • Market Collapse Places Fiduciaries at Risk but With Resources
    • Kerri J. Atencio
    • Financial Meltdown Strategies
      • Appeals Court Affirms Safe Harbor for Forward Contracts in Bankruptcy
      • Anthony Michael Sabino

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Age of Infrastructure
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Being Reasonable While Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under the CAA
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

19.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2010,26(11):1-32

• Features
• Black Swans, Fat Tails, and Extreme Values Visit Energy Risk
• R. Kenneth Skinner
• Finance
  • Black Swan Regardless, Utilities Not Hedging Interest Rates Long Term
  • Robert E. Willett
  • Alternative Energy Sources—Opportunities
    • Community Generation Programs Offer Advantages to Utilities
    • Michael McDonald
    • Management Science
      • Energy Supply Management Can Be Successfully Outsourced
      • Milton B. Whitfield

• Columns
• Electric Regulation
  • Transmission Expansion Policy Initiative Well Under Way, Not Without Controversy
  • Nicholas Bowden
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Let the Tough Choices Begin: Affordable or Green?
    • Jonathan A. Lesser
    • FERC Regulation
      • LaFleur Would Bring Ability and IOU Background to FERC
      • Steven W. Snarr

     

20.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(3):1-32

• Features
• Smart Grid Economics: Three Stories Bring up Issues
• Stephen Chapel
• Smart Grid
  • Smart Grid Opens New Doors but Needs Correct Environment
  • Paul Fenn
  • Smart Grid—Europe
    • European Smart Grid Faces Different Hurdles From United States'
    • Rolf Adam and Walter Wintersteller
    • Smart Grid
      • Smart Grid Brings in New Technology, New and Old Challenges
      • Jeffrey S. Katz
      • Smart Grid—Smart Meters
        • Smart Meter Infrastructure Is Keystone of Smart Grid
        • Matthew Spaur

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Coming Postpartisan National Energy Policy
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Comparing the Benefits and the Costs of Energy Development
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

Refining in the Americas: not enough firm projects

Countries throughout the Western Hemisphere face shortages of refinery capacity, but too few schemes are making it past the drawing-board. OET' s latest refining survey ( see Table E ) shows a large number of projects but many remain tentative and lack firm locations and completion dates: not to mention planning approval and financial backing.  

  Table E   Western Hemisphere: Proposed new refineries     

3.

Asia's appetite for new refineries undimmed     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2007,32(6):13-14

Asia continues to plan new oil refineries at a faster rate than any other region ( see 'Focus', May 2006 ). The largest increases are taking place in India and China ( see 'Looking Ahead', December 2006 ), but considerable expansion is planned elsewhere across Asia. Up to 3.2 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity is being planned in other parts of the Asia/Pacific region ( see Table C ), of which nearly 1.1 mn bpd is slated for Indonesia.  

  Table C   Asia/Pacific: Proposed new Refineries     

4.

Non-OPEC production near to decline     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(4):3-6

Last year, the world produced some 82.2 mn bpd of crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL), of which 48.2 mn bpd, or 59%, came from countries outside OPEC. Most of these non-OPEC countries are now mature oil-producers, in long term decline ( see Box ). A few have still to reach peak output, but non-OPEC production as a whole is within a few years of its peak, after which any net increase in world oil supplies will have to come entirely from OPEC.  

  NON-OPEC PRODUCERS     

5.

ORIENTING CONVENTIONAL CORES FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES: A REVIEW OF METHODS     

I. Davison  R. S. Haszeldine 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1984,7(4):461-466

A review of four simple techniques used to re-orient conventional cores back to theri in-situ position in presented. Cores can be oriented by:

• 1. 

  Cutting oriented. cores;
• 2. 

  Using dipmeters;
• 3. 

  Re-orienting in highly deviated holes;
• 4. 

  Using remanent palaeomagnetism.

The accuracy, costs and limitations of the methods are considered.     

6.

FUZZY MODELLING AND THE PREDICTION OF POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY FROM THE COMPOSITIONAL AND TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF SANDSTONE   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

J. H. Fang  H. C. Chen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1997,20(2):185-204

A new method is presented here for predicting porosity and permeability from the compositional and textural characteristics of sandstones. The method employs fuzzy modelling which is a linguistic paradigm based on fuzzy logic, rooted in the theory of fuzzy sets. The essentials of fuzzy modelling are explained using an example in which porosity and permeability values of a sandstone are predicted from five compositional and textural attributes. Fuzzy modelling can be accomplished in five steps:

• (i) 

  Identification of input and output variables. In this paper, the inputs are five compositional and textural parameters, namely: relative amounts of ductile grains, rigid grains and detrital matrix, to gether with grain size, and the Trask sorting coefficient. The output is either porosity or permeability.
• (ii) 

  Fuzzy clustering of output values.
• (iii) 

  Formation of membership grades of input data.
• (iv) 

  Generation of fuzzy rules; and
• (v) 

  Prediction via fuzzy inference.

Compared to statistical modelling (i. e. multiple regression analysis), fuzzy modelling is not only assumption-free but is also tolerant of outliers. Fuzzy modelling is capable of making both linguistic and numeric predictions based on qualitative knowledge and/ or quantitative data. Thus, fuzzy modelling is not only appropriate for the problem discussed here, but is also desirable for many geological problems characterized by non-numerical knowledge and imprecise information.     

7.

GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL SAMPLES FROM THE IRANIAN SECTOR OF THE PERSIAN GULF     

A. R. Rabbani 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2008,31(3):303-316

High-resolution (biomarker) geochemistry combined with other geochemical data has been used to investigate the genetic relationships of 14 crude oil samples from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, and to provide information on the lithologies, palaeo-depositional environments and probable ages of the respective source rocks. Oil samples from the Resalat, Salman, Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields in the SE of the Gulf, and the Foroozan, Bahregansar, Hendijan, Abouzar, Doroud and Nowrouz fields in the NW of the Gulf were investigated.
Results indicate that the studied oils belong to three genetic groups:

• (i)  

  Group 1 oils (Resalat and Salman fields) were sourced from Jurassic or older, shaly source rocks deposited in a relatively oxic environment;
• (ii)  

  Group 2 oils (Nowrouz, Doroud and Foroozan oilfields) originated from Jurassic or older carbonate-rich source rocks deposited in an anoxic environment;
• (iii)  

  Group 3 oils, which, according to biomarker parameters, were probably sourced from Middle Cretaceous calcareous shales. Two subgroups are recognised: subgroup 3A oils were sampled from oilfields located in the NW of the Gulf (Hendijan, Bahregansar and Abouzar), and subgroup 3B oils came from the south (Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields).

     

8.

CONTROLS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMMULITE FACIES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LATE YPRESIAN EL GARIA FORMATION (KESRA PLATEAU, CENTRAL TUNISIA)     

S. Jorry  E. Davaud  B. Caline 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(3):283-306

Eocene nummulite deposits along the southern Tethys margin locally constitute important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. In order to understand the heterogeneity of these complex reservoirs, we have carried out a detailed field study of the nummulite limestones which crop out at the Kesra Plateau in Central Tunisia. The main contributions of this paper can be summarised as follows:

• (1) 

  Various species of Nummulites and planktonic foraminifera were identified in late Ypresian carbonates in the Kesra area and provided accurate biostratigraphic ages. Nummulitic limestones occur in the Chouabine and El Garia Formations representing deposition over a period of about 2Ma.

       
  
  

9.

ANALYSIS OF RESERVES DISCOVERED IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION     

D. G. Quirk  R. Ruthrauff 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2006,29(2):125-146

Mathematical theory and empirical data show that discovery sizes from mature plays have lognormal distributions. This allows a simple transformation to be used that converts lognormal trends to straight lines from which valuable statistical data on exploration potential is derived.
After correcting for the unreliable nature of data from non-commercial accumulations and then discounting the extreme high ends and low ends (P1), discovery size distributions from a variety of mature plays outside the Middle East show certain common properties that help constrain reserves ranges in individual prospects and new play fairways. These are:

• •

  P99 is 0.3MM brl or less in non-DHI oil plays and 4BCF or less in gas plays at normal depths;

       
  
  

10.

The 1A/1M Cat Cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery. Equipment Manufacture     

V. M. Kapustin  A. I. Lugovskoi  K. V. Baklashov  G. P. Strelikov  Yu. N. Lebedev  M. B. Vikhorev  G. G. Musienko  Ya. P. Lozhkin 《Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils》2002,38(1):21-26

The 1A/1M cat cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery OJSC (Tyumen' Oil Company) was exhaustively revamped. This cat cracker, designed by Grozgiproneftekhim in 1960, was started up in 1967. According to the plan, its capacity would be 750,000 tons/year. After more than 30 years, refinery specialists knew how to increase the output of the cat cracker to 900,000 tons/year, ensuring high enough takeoff (43% in feedstock) and good quality (research octane number of 87—95) of the naphtha cut.     

11.

Modeling of the crude oil (or petroleum products) vapor displacement during rail tanks loading     

Vladimir Pshenin  Konstantin Zaynetdinov 《Petroleum Science and Technology》2013,31(24):2435-2440

Abstract

Crude oil rail loadings are objects of considerable hydrocarbon emissions. A mathematical model of the process of oil vapor displacement during the loading of rail tanks is proposed in this article. This model makes it possible to determine approximately the parameters of hydrocarbon emission with a minimum of controlled parameters required during VRU operation (“Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling…” 2008 2008. Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling temperature excursions in carbon Beds. 2nd ed. London: Published by Energy Institute. [Google Scholar]). The developed model has not tight coupling with the operations of rail tanks loading. The model can be applied with some corrections to calculate emissions during filling operations of any transport tanks. Obtained results allow to receive quantitative estimations of parameters of hydrocarbon emission with minimal vapor recovery units (VRU) availability of monitoring systems.     

12.

胜利炼油厂制氢装置原料“油改气”试验     

尹长学  程玉春  迟元龙  王全方 《齐鲁石油化工》2002,30(2):85-88

考察了应用Z409/Z405G轻油蒸汽转化催化剂进行原料油改天然气制氢的可行性,并为炼油厂提供操作依据。试验结果表明,应用Z409/Z405G催化剂可顺利实现原料油改气,并保证装置产氢量稳中有升。     

13.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,24(7):1-31

• Features
• North America Must Participate in Global LNG Market
• Gary L. Hunt
• Gas Prices
  • FERC's Latest Gas‐Price Forecast Shows New Supplies, LNG
  • Steve Harvey
• Emergency Planning
  • New Orleans Energy Systems Recovery a Huge Success
  • Clinton A. Vince, Presley R. Reed, and Meredith M. Jolivert
• Distribution
  • Community Choice Aggregation Is a New Solution for Energy Markets
  • Howard V. Golub and Paul Fenn
• Electric Transmission and Distribution
  • Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure Management Must Enter a New Age
  • Stephen Chapel

• Columns
• Energy Regulation and the Environment
  • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: No Subsidy Left Behind
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

14.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(1):1-32

• Features
• Room for Fixed Billing in the World of Conservation?
• Bruce Chapman, David Glyer, and Michael O'Sheasy
• Tariffs and Rate Structures
  • Abundant Ratemaking Tariff Alternatives Available for Today's High Natural Gas Prices
  • Catherine M. Elder
• Tariffs and Volatility
  • Impact of Volatile Fuel Prices on Electric Costs: Stakeholder Tactics
  • H. Edwin Overcast
• Tariffs—Renewable Energy
  • Tariffs Can Be Structured to Encourage Photovoltaic Energy
  • Ryan Wiser, Andrew Mills, Galen Barbose, and William Golove
• Market-Based Pricing—Intelligent Grid
  • Intelligent Grid Technology for Distributed Energy Resources Lightened LDCs' Load
  • Ron Ambrosio

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • When the Going Gets Tough…
  • James J. Hoecker
• Energy and the Environment
  • New Source Review Is Still Anything but Routine
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

15.

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY FROM A FLUVIAL RESERVOIR IN THE GULF OF THAILAND     

S. Y. Zheng  P. W. M. Corbett  A. Emery 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(1):49-64

One problem with the inversion of transient well test data is that it can yield a non-unique solution. The uncertainty resulting from this type of approach can only be resolved by considering information from another source such as geology. Geological information will help to define the interpretation model which will ensure the correct analysis of the well test data. The results of well test analyses are of little value to reservoir characterisation and modelling unless they can be explained from a geological point of view. This last step is what we refer to here as geological interpretation. Other sources of information which can help with well test analyses come from seismic surveys and petrophysics. Modern well test interpretation therefore consists of two major steps: analysis of the well test data; and interpretation of the results. In detail, this should include the following:

• (1) 

  definition of an interpretation model — this requires the integration of geological, seismic and petrophysical data with transient pressure data

       
  
  

16.

DETERMINATION OF FAULT SLIP COMPONENTS USING SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL CONTOURS: METHODS AND EXAMPLES     

S-S. Xu  L. G. Velasquillo-Martinez  J. M. Grajales-Nishimura  G. Murillo-Muñetón  J. García-Hernandez  A. F. Nieto-Samaniego 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2004,27(3):277-298

Problems with measuring fault slip in the subsurface can sometimes be overcome by using subsurface structural contour maps constructed from well logs and seismic information. These maps are useful for estimating fault slip since fault motion commonly causes the dislocation of structural contours. The dislocation of a contour is defined here as the distance in the direction of fault strike between two contours which have the same value on both sides of a fault. This dislocation can be estimated for tilted beds and folded beds as follows:

• (i) 

  If a dip-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_c) of contours can be estimated from the vertical component (S_v) of the fault slip and the dip (β) of the bedding according to the following relationship: S_c= S_v/tan β. Since S_c and β can be measured from a contour map, the vertical component of fault slip can be obtained from this equation.

  If a strike-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_cs) of contours is equal to the strike-slip of the fault (S_c), that is, S_cs= S_s.

       
  
  

17.

减压蒸馏塔分段抽真空新工艺实现工业化     

张世文 《炼油技术与工程》2000,30(3)

介绍了金陵石油化工公司炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置采用一台减压炉、减压塔分段抽真空的新工艺及该工艺的工业化情况。该工艺在 2 .8Mt/a装置上历时 4年的生产运行中 ,实现了高真空、达到了增加总拔出率约 1.6%的预期目的 ,取得了年增效益千万元的良好效果。同时指出下段减压塔结构对深拔油质和量存在的影响。     

18.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2009,25(9):1-32

• Features
• Wind Energy Lost Velocity but Looks to Stimulus Package to Rebound
• Jeffery R. Atkin
• Market Crash—Drilling Activity
  • Disappearing Rigs
  • George A. Lippman and John E. Uxer Jr.
  • Market Decline—Employee Benefits Effect
    • Market Collapse Places Fiduciaries at Risk but With Resources
    • Kerri J. Atencio
    • Financial Meltdown Strategies
      • Appeals Court Affirms Safe Harbor for Forward Contracts in Bankruptcy
      • Anthony Michael Sabino

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Age of Infrastructure
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Being Reasonable While Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under the CAA
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

19.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2010,26(11):1-32

• Features
• Black Swans, Fat Tails, and Extreme Values Visit Energy Risk
• R. Kenneth Skinner
• Finance
  • Black Swan Regardless, Utilities Not Hedging Interest Rates Long Term
  • Robert E. Willett
  • Alternative Energy Sources—Opportunities
    • Community Generation Programs Offer Advantages to Utilities
    • Michael McDonald
    • Management Science
      • Energy Supply Management Can Be Successfully Outsourced
      • Milton B. Whitfield

• Columns
• Electric Regulation
  • Transmission Expansion Policy Initiative Well Under Way, Not Without Controversy
  • Nicholas Bowden
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Let the Tough Choices Begin: Affordable or Green?
    • Jonathan A. Lesser
    • FERC Regulation
      • LaFleur Would Bring Ability and IOU Background to FERC
      • Steven W. Snarr

     

20.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(3):1-32

• Features
• Smart Grid Economics: Three Stories Bring up Issues
• Stephen Chapel
• Smart Grid
  • Smart Grid Opens New Doors but Needs Correct Environment
  • Paul Fenn
  • Smart Grid—Europe
    • European Smart Grid Faces Different Hurdles From United States'
    • Rolf Adam and Walter Wintersteller
    • Smart Grid
      • Smart Grid Brings in New Technology, New and Old Challenges
      • Jeffrey S. Katz
      • Smart Grid—Smart Meters
        • Smart Meter Infrastructure Is Keystone of Smart Grid
        • Matthew Spaur

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Coming Postpartisan National Energy Policy
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Comparing the Benefits and the Costs of Energy Development
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

Asia's appetite for new refineries undimmed

Asia continues to plan new oil refineries at a faster rate than any other region ( see 'Focus', May 2006 ). The largest increases are taking place in India and China ( see 'Looking Ahead', December 2006 ), but considerable expansion is planned elsewhere across Asia. Up to 3.2 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity is being planned in other parts of the Asia/Pacific region ( see Table C ), of which nearly 1.1 mn bpd is slated for Indonesia.  

  Table C   Asia/Pacific: Proposed new Refineries     

4.

Non-OPEC production near to decline     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(4):3-6

Last year, the world produced some 82.2 mn bpd of crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL), of which 48.2 mn bpd, or 59%, came from countries outside OPEC. Most of these non-OPEC countries are now mature oil-producers, in long term decline ( see Box ). A few have still to reach peak output, but non-OPEC production as a whole is within a few years of its peak, after which any net increase in world oil supplies will have to come entirely from OPEC.  

  NON-OPEC PRODUCERS     

5.

ORIENTING CONVENTIONAL CORES FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES: A REVIEW OF METHODS     

I. Davison  R. S. Haszeldine 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1984,7(4):461-466

A review of four simple techniques used to re-orient conventional cores back to theri in-situ position in presented. Cores can be oriented by:

• 1. 

  Cutting oriented. cores;
• 2. 

  Using dipmeters;
• 3. 

  Re-orienting in highly deviated holes;
• 4. 

  Using remanent palaeomagnetism.

The accuracy, costs and limitations of the methods are considered.     

6.

FUZZY MODELLING AND THE PREDICTION OF POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY FROM THE COMPOSITIONAL AND TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF SANDSTONE   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

J. H. Fang  H. C. Chen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1997,20(2):185-204

A new method is presented here for predicting porosity and permeability from the compositional and textural characteristics of sandstones. The method employs fuzzy modelling which is a linguistic paradigm based on fuzzy logic, rooted in the theory of fuzzy sets. The essentials of fuzzy modelling are explained using an example in which porosity and permeability values of a sandstone are predicted from five compositional and textural attributes. Fuzzy modelling can be accomplished in five steps:

• (i) 

  Identification of input and output variables. In this paper, the inputs are five compositional and textural parameters, namely: relative amounts of ductile grains, rigid grains and detrital matrix, to gether with grain size, and the Trask sorting coefficient. The output is either porosity or permeability.
• (ii) 

  Fuzzy clustering of output values.
• (iii) 

  Formation of membership grades of input data.
• (iv) 

  Generation of fuzzy rules; and
• (v) 

  Prediction via fuzzy inference.

Compared to statistical modelling (i. e. multiple regression analysis), fuzzy modelling is not only assumption-free but is also tolerant of outliers. Fuzzy modelling is capable of making both linguistic and numeric predictions based on qualitative knowledge and/ or quantitative data. Thus, fuzzy modelling is not only appropriate for the problem discussed here, but is also desirable for many geological problems characterized by non-numerical knowledge and imprecise information.     

7.

GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL SAMPLES FROM THE IRANIAN SECTOR OF THE PERSIAN GULF     

A. R. Rabbani 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2008,31(3):303-316

High-resolution (biomarker) geochemistry combined with other geochemical data has been used to investigate the genetic relationships of 14 crude oil samples from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, and to provide information on the lithologies, palaeo-depositional environments and probable ages of the respective source rocks. Oil samples from the Resalat, Salman, Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields in the SE of the Gulf, and the Foroozan, Bahregansar, Hendijan, Abouzar, Doroud and Nowrouz fields in the NW of the Gulf were investigated.
Results indicate that the studied oils belong to three genetic groups:

• (i)  

  Group 1 oils (Resalat and Salman fields) were sourced from Jurassic or older, shaly source rocks deposited in a relatively oxic environment;
• (ii)  

  Group 2 oils (Nowrouz, Doroud and Foroozan oilfields) originated from Jurassic or older carbonate-rich source rocks deposited in an anoxic environment;
• (iii)  

  Group 3 oils, which, according to biomarker parameters, were probably sourced from Middle Cretaceous calcareous shales. Two subgroups are recognised: subgroup 3A oils were sampled from oilfields located in the NW of the Gulf (Hendijan, Bahregansar and Abouzar), and subgroup 3B oils came from the south (Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields).

     

8.

CONTROLS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMMULITE FACIES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LATE YPRESIAN EL GARIA FORMATION (KESRA PLATEAU, CENTRAL TUNISIA)     

S. Jorry  E. Davaud  B. Caline 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(3):283-306

Eocene nummulite deposits along the southern Tethys margin locally constitute important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. In order to understand the heterogeneity of these complex reservoirs, we have carried out a detailed field study of the nummulite limestones which crop out at the Kesra Plateau in Central Tunisia. The main contributions of this paper can be summarised as follows:

• (1) 

  Various species of Nummulites and planktonic foraminifera were identified in late Ypresian carbonates in the Kesra area and provided accurate biostratigraphic ages. Nummulitic limestones occur in the Chouabine and El Garia Formations representing deposition over a period of about 2Ma.

       
  
  

9.

ANALYSIS OF RESERVES DISCOVERED IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION     

D. G. Quirk  R. Ruthrauff 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2006,29(2):125-146

Mathematical theory and empirical data show that discovery sizes from mature plays have lognormal distributions. This allows a simple transformation to be used that converts lognormal trends to straight lines from which valuable statistical data on exploration potential is derived.
After correcting for the unreliable nature of data from non-commercial accumulations and then discounting the extreme high ends and low ends (P1), discovery size distributions from a variety of mature plays outside the Middle East show certain common properties that help constrain reserves ranges in individual prospects and new play fairways. These are:

• •

  P99 is 0.3MM brl or less in non-DHI oil plays and 4BCF or less in gas plays at normal depths;

       
  
  

10.

The 1A/1M Cat Cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery. Equipment Manufacture     

V. M. Kapustin  A. I. Lugovskoi  K. V. Baklashov  G. P. Strelikov  Yu. N. Lebedev  M. B. Vikhorev  G. G. Musienko  Ya. P. Lozhkin 《Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils》2002,38(1):21-26

The 1A/1M cat cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery OJSC (Tyumen' Oil Company) was exhaustively revamped. This cat cracker, designed by Grozgiproneftekhim in 1960, was started up in 1967. According to the plan, its capacity would be 750,000 tons/year. After more than 30 years, refinery specialists knew how to increase the output of the cat cracker to 900,000 tons/year, ensuring high enough takeoff (43% in feedstock) and good quality (research octane number of 87—95) of the naphtha cut.     

11.

Modeling of the crude oil (or petroleum products) vapor displacement during rail tanks loading     

Vladimir Pshenin  Konstantin Zaynetdinov 《Petroleum Science and Technology》2013,31(24):2435-2440

Abstract

Crude oil rail loadings are objects of considerable hydrocarbon emissions. A mathematical model of the process of oil vapor displacement during the loading of rail tanks is proposed in this article. This model makes it possible to determine approximately the parameters of hydrocarbon emission with a minimum of controlled parameters required during VRU operation (“Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling…” 2008 2008. Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling temperature excursions in carbon Beds. 2nd ed. London: Published by Energy Institute. [Google Scholar]). The developed model has not tight coupling with the operations of rail tanks loading. The model can be applied with some corrections to calculate emissions during filling operations of any transport tanks. Obtained results allow to receive quantitative estimations of parameters of hydrocarbon emission with minimal vapor recovery units (VRU) availability of monitoring systems.     

12.

胜利炼油厂制氢装置原料“油改气”试验     

尹长学  程玉春  迟元龙  王全方 《齐鲁石油化工》2002,30(2):85-88

考察了应用Z409/Z405G轻油蒸汽转化催化剂进行原料油改天然气制氢的可行性,并为炼油厂提供操作依据。试验结果表明,应用Z409/Z405G催化剂可顺利实现原料油改气,并保证装置产氢量稳中有升。     

13.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,24(7):1-31

• Features
• North America Must Participate in Global LNG Market
• Gary L. Hunt
• Gas Prices
  • FERC's Latest Gas‐Price Forecast Shows New Supplies, LNG
  • Steve Harvey
• Emergency Planning
  • New Orleans Energy Systems Recovery a Huge Success
  • Clinton A. Vince, Presley R. Reed, and Meredith M. Jolivert
• Distribution
  • Community Choice Aggregation Is a New Solution for Energy Markets
  • Howard V. Golub and Paul Fenn
• Electric Transmission and Distribution
  • Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure Management Must Enter a New Age
  • Stephen Chapel

• Columns
• Energy Regulation and the Environment
  • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: No Subsidy Left Behind
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

14.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(1):1-32

• Features
• Room for Fixed Billing in the World of Conservation?
• Bruce Chapman, David Glyer, and Michael O'Sheasy
• Tariffs and Rate Structures
  • Abundant Ratemaking Tariff Alternatives Available for Today's High Natural Gas Prices
  • Catherine M. Elder
• Tariffs and Volatility
  • Impact of Volatile Fuel Prices on Electric Costs: Stakeholder Tactics
  • H. Edwin Overcast
• Tariffs—Renewable Energy
  • Tariffs Can Be Structured to Encourage Photovoltaic Energy
  • Ryan Wiser, Andrew Mills, Galen Barbose, and William Golove
• Market-Based Pricing—Intelligent Grid
  • Intelligent Grid Technology for Distributed Energy Resources Lightened LDCs' Load
  • Ron Ambrosio

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • When the Going Gets Tough…
  • James J. Hoecker
• Energy and the Environment
  • New Source Review Is Still Anything but Routine
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

15.

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY FROM A FLUVIAL RESERVOIR IN THE GULF OF THAILAND     

S. Y. Zheng  P. W. M. Corbett  A. Emery 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(1):49-64

One problem with the inversion of transient well test data is that it can yield a non-unique solution. The uncertainty resulting from this type of approach can only be resolved by considering information from another source such as geology. Geological information will help to define the interpretation model which will ensure the correct analysis of the well test data. The results of well test analyses are of little value to reservoir characterisation and modelling unless they can be explained from a geological point of view. This last step is what we refer to here as geological interpretation. Other sources of information which can help with well test analyses come from seismic surveys and petrophysics. Modern well test interpretation therefore consists of two major steps: analysis of the well test data; and interpretation of the results. In detail, this should include the following:

• (1) 

  definition of an interpretation model — this requires the integration of geological, seismic and petrophysical data with transient pressure data

       
  
  

16.

DETERMINATION OF FAULT SLIP COMPONENTS USING SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL CONTOURS: METHODS AND EXAMPLES     

S-S. Xu  L. G. Velasquillo-Martinez  J. M. Grajales-Nishimura  G. Murillo-Muñetón  J. García-Hernandez  A. F. Nieto-Samaniego 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2004,27(3):277-298

Problems with measuring fault slip in the subsurface can sometimes be overcome by using subsurface structural contour maps constructed from well logs and seismic information. These maps are useful for estimating fault slip since fault motion commonly causes the dislocation of structural contours. The dislocation of a contour is defined here as the distance in the direction of fault strike between two contours which have the same value on both sides of a fault. This dislocation can be estimated for tilted beds and folded beds as follows:

• (i) 

  If a dip-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_c) of contours can be estimated from the vertical component (S_v) of the fault slip and the dip (β) of the bedding according to the following relationship: S_c= S_v/tan β. Since S_c and β can be measured from a contour map, the vertical component of fault slip can be obtained from this equation.

  If a strike-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_cs) of contours is equal to the strike-slip of the fault (S_c), that is, S_cs= S_s.

       
  
  

17.

减压蒸馏塔分段抽真空新工艺实现工业化     

张世文 《炼油技术与工程》2000,30(3)

介绍了金陵石油化工公司炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置采用一台减压炉、减压塔分段抽真空的新工艺及该工艺的工业化情况。该工艺在 2 .8Mt/a装置上历时 4年的生产运行中 ,实现了高真空、达到了增加总拔出率约 1.6%的预期目的 ,取得了年增效益千万元的良好效果。同时指出下段减压塔结构对深拔油质和量存在的影响。     

18.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2009,25(9):1-32

• Features
• Wind Energy Lost Velocity but Looks to Stimulus Package to Rebound
• Jeffery R. Atkin
• Market Crash—Drilling Activity
  • Disappearing Rigs
  • George A. Lippman and John E. Uxer Jr.
  • Market Decline—Employee Benefits Effect
    • Market Collapse Places Fiduciaries at Risk but With Resources
    • Kerri J. Atencio
    • Financial Meltdown Strategies
      • Appeals Court Affirms Safe Harbor for Forward Contracts in Bankruptcy
      • Anthony Michael Sabino

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Age of Infrastructure
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Being Reasonable While Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under the CAA
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

19.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2010,26(11):1-32

• Features
• Black Swans, Fat Tails, and Extreme Values Visit Energy Risk
• R. Kenneth Skinner
• Finance
  • Black Swan Regardless, Utilities Not Hedging Interest Rates Long Term
  • Robert E. Willett
  • Alternative Energy Sources—Opportunities
    • Community Generation Programs Offer Advantages to Utilities
    • Michael McDonald
    • Management Science
      • Energy Supply Management Can Be Successfully Outsourced
      • Milton B. Whitfield

• Columns
• Electric Regulation
  • Transmission Expansion Policy Initiative Well Under Way, Not Without Controversy
  • Nicholas Bowden
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Let the Tough Choices Begin: Affordable or Green?
    • Jonathan A. Lesser
    • FERC Regulation
      • LaFleur Would Bring Ability and IOU Background to FERC
      • Steven W. Snarr

     

20.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(3):1-32

• Features
• Smart Grid Economics: Three Stories Bring up Issues
• Stephen Chapel
• Smart Grid
  • Smart Grid Opens New Doors but Needs Correct Environment
  • Paul Fenn
  • Smart Grid—Europe
    • European Smart Grid Faces Different Hurdles From United States'
    • Rolf Adam and Walter Wintersteller
    • Smart Grid
      • Smart Grid Brings in New Technology, New and Old Challenges
      • Jeffrey S. Katz
      • Smart Grid—Smart Meters
        • Smart Meter Infrastructure Is Keystone of Smart Grid
        • Matthew Spaur

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Coming Postpartisan National Energy Policy
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Comparing the Benefits and the Costs of Energy Development
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

Non-OPEC production near to decline

Last year, the world produced some 82.2 mn bpd of crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL), of which 48.2 mn bpd, or 59%, came from countries outside OPEC. Most of these non-OPEC countries are now mature oil-producers, in long term decline ( see Box ). A few have still to reach peak output, but non-OPEC production as a whole is within a few years of its peak, after which any net increase in world oil supplies will have to come entirely from OPEC.  

  NON-OPEC PRODUCERS     

5.

ORIENTING CONVENTIONAL CORES FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES: A REVIEW OF METHODS     

I. Davison  R. S. Haszeldine 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1984,7(4):461-466

A review of four simple techniques used to re-orient conventional cores back to theri in-situ position in presented. Cores can be oriented by:

• 1. 

  Cutting oriented. cores;
• 2. 

  Using dipmeters;
• 3. 

  Re-orienting in highly deviated holes;
• 4. 

  Using remanent palaeomagnetism.

The accuracy, costs and limitations of the methods are considered.     

6.

FUZZY MODELLING AND THE PREDICTION OF POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY FROM THE COMPOSITIONAL AND TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF SANDSTONE   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

J. H. Fang  H. C. Chen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》1997,20(2):185-204

A new method is presented here for predicting porosity and permeability from the compositional and textural characteristics of sandstones. The method employs fuzzy modelling which is a linguistic paradigm based on fuzzy logic, rooted in the theory of fuzzy sets. The essentials of fuzzy modelling are explained using an example in which porosity and permeability values of a sandstone are predicted from five compositional and textural attributes. Fuzzy modelling can be accomplished in five steps:

• (i) 

  Identification of input and output variables. In this paper, the inputs are five compositional and textural parameters, namely: relative amounts of ductile grains, rigid grains and detrital matrix, to gether with grain size, and the Trask sorting coefficient. The output is either porosity or permeability.
• (ii) 

  Fuzzy clustering of output values.
• (iii) 

  Formation of membership grades of input data.
• (iv) 

  Generation of fuzzy rules; and
• (v) 

  Prediction via fuzzy inference.

Compared to statistical modelling (i. e. multiple regression analysis), fuzzy modelling is not only assumption-free but is also tolerant of outliers. Fuzzy modelling is capable of making both linguistic and numeric predictions based on qualitative knowledge and/ or quantitative data. Thus, fuzzy modelling is not only appropriate for the problem discussed here, but is also desirable for many geological problems characterized by non-numerical knowledge and imprecise information.     

7.

GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL SAMPLES FROM THE IRANIAN SECTOR OF THE PERSIAN GULF     

A. R. Rabbani 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2008,31(3):303-316

High-resolution (biomarker) geochemistry combined with other geochemical data has been used to investigate the genetic relationships of 14 crude oil samples from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, and to provide information on the lithologies, palaeo-depositional environments and probable ages of the respective source rocks. Oil samples from the Resalat, Salman, Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields in the SE of the Gulf, and the Foroozan, Bahregansar, Hendijan, Abouzar, Doroud and Nowrouz fields in the NW of the Gulf were investigated.
Results indicate that the studied oils belong to three genetic groups:

• (i)  

  Group 1 oils (Resalat and Salman fields) were sourced from Jurassic or older, shaly source rocks deposited in a relatively oxic environment;
• (ii)  

  Group 2 oils (Nowrouz, Doroud and Foroozan oilfields) originated from Jurassic or older carbonate-rich source rocks deposited in an anoxic environment;
• (iii)  

  Group 3 oils, which, according to biomarker parameters, were probably sourced from Middle Cretaceous calcareous shales. Two subgroups are recognised: subgroup 3A oils were sampled from oilfields located in the NW of the Gulf (Hendijan, Bahregansar and Abouzar), and subgroup 3B oils came from the south (Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields).

     

8.

CONTROLS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMMULITE FACIES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LATE YPRESIAN EL GARIA FORMATION (KESRA PLATEAU, CENTRAL TUNISIA)     

S. Jorry  E. Davaud  B. Caline 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(3):283-306

Eocene nummulite deposits along the southern Tethys margin locally constitute important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. In order to understand the heterogeneity of these complex reservoirs, we have carried out a detailed field study of the nummulite limestones which crop out at the Kesra Plateau in Central Tunisia. The main contributions of this paper can be summarised as follows:

• (1) 

  Various species of Nummulites and planktonic foraminifera were identified in late Ypresian carbonates in the Kesra area and provided accurate biostratigraphic ages. Nummulitic limestones occur in the Chouabine and El Garia Formations representing deposition over a period of about 2Ma.

       
  
  

9.

ANALYSIS OF RESERVES DISCOVERED IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION     

D. G. Quirk  R. Ruthrauff 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2006,29(2):125-146

Mathematical theory and empirical data show that discovery sizes from mature plays have lognormal distributions. This allows a simple transformation to be used that converts lognormal trends to straight lines from which valuable statistical data on exploration potential is derived.
After correcting for the unreliable nature of data from non-commercial accumulations and then discounting the extreme high ends and low ends (P1), discovery size distributions from a variety of mature plays outside the Middle East show certain common properties that help constrain reserves ranges in individual prospects and new play fairways. These are:

• •

  P99 is 0.3MM brl or less in non-DHI oil plays and 4BCF or less in gas plays at normal depths;

       
  
  

10.

The 1A/1M Cat Cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery. Equipment Manufacture     

V. M. Kapustin  A. I. Lugovskoi  K. V. Baklashov  G. P. Strelikov  Yu. N. Lebedev  M. B. Vikhorev  G. G. Musienko  Ya. P. Lozhkin 《Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils》2002,38(1):21-26

The 1A/1M cat cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery OJSC (Tyumen' Oil Company) was exhaustively revamped. This cat cracker, designed by Grozgiproneftekhim in 1960, was started up in 1967. According to the plan, its capacity would be 750,000 tons/year. After more than 30 years, refinery specialists knew how to increase the output of the cat cracker to 900,000 tons/year, ensuring high enough takeoff (43% in feedstock) and good quality (research octane number of 87—95) of the naphtha cut.     

11.

Modeling of the crude oil (or petroleum products) vapor displacement during rail tanks loading     

Vladimir Pshenin  Konstantin Zaynetdinov 《Petroleum Science and Technology》2013,31(24):2435-2440

Abstract

Crude oil rail loadings are objects of considerable hydrocarbon emissions. A mathematical model of the process of oil vapor displacement during the loading of rail tanks is proposed in this article. This model makes it possible to determine approximately the parameters of hydrocarbon emission with a minimum of controlled parameters required during VRU operation (“Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling…” 2008 2008. Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling temperature excursions in carbon Beds. 2nd ed. London: Published by Energy Institute. [Google Scholar]). The developed model has not tight coupling with the operations of rail tanks loading. The model can be applied with some corrections to calculate emissions during filling operations of any transport tanks. Obtained results allow to receive quantitative estimations of parameters of hydrocarbon emission with minimal vapor recovery units (VRU) availability of monitoring systems.     

12.

胜利炼油厂制氢装置原料“油改气”试验     

尹长学  程玉春  迟元龙  王全方 《齐鲁石油化工》2002,30(2):85-88

考察了应用Z409/Z405G轻油蒸汽转化催化剂进行原料油改天然气制氢的可行性,并为炼油厂提供操作依据。试验结果表明,应用Z409/Z405G催化剂可顺利实现原料油改气,并保证装置产氢量稳中有升。     

13.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,24(7):1-31

• Features
• North America Must Participate in Global LNG Market
• Gary L. Hunt
• Gas Prices
  • FERC's Latest Gas‐Price Forecast Shows New Supplies, LNG
  • Steve Harvey
• Emergency Planning
  • New Orleans Energy Systems Recovery a Huge Success
  • Clinton A. Vince, Presley R. Reed, and Meredith M. Jolivert
• Distribution
  • Community Choice Aggregation Is a New Solution for Energy Markets
  • Howard V. Golub and Paul Fenn
• Electric Transmission and Distribution
  • Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure Management Must Enter a New Age
  • Stephen Chapel

• Columns
• Energy Regulation and the Environment
  • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: No Subsidy Left Behind
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

14.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(1):1-32

• Features
• Room for Fixed Billing in the World of Conservation?
• Bruce Chapman, David Glyer, and Michael O'Sheasy
• Tariffs and Rate Structures
  • Abundant Ratemaking Tariff Alternatives Available for Today's High Natural Gas Prices
  • Catherine M. Elder
• Tariffs and Volatility
  • Impact of Volatile Fuel Prices on Electric Costs: Stakeholder Tactics
  • H. Edwin Overcast
• Tariffs—Renewable Energy
  • Tariffs Can Be Structured to Encourage Photovoltaic Energy
  • Ryan Wiser, Andrew Mills, Galen Barbose, and William Golove
• Market-Based Pricing—Intelligent Grid
  • Intelligent Grid Technology for Distributed Energy Resources Lightened LDCs' Load
  • Ron Ambrosio

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • When the Going Gets Tough…
  • James J. Hoecker
• Energy and the Environment
  • New Source Review Is Still Anything but Routine
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

15.

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY FROM A FLUVIAL RESERVOIR IN THE GULF OF THAILAND     

S. Y. Zheng  P. W. M. Corbett  A. Emery 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2003,26(1):49-64

One problem with the inversion of transient well test data is that it can yield a non-unique solution. The uncertainty resulting from this type of approach can only be resolved by considering information from another source such as geology. Geological information will help to define the interpretation model which will ensure the correct analysis of the well test data. The results of well test analyses are of little value to reservoir characterisation and modelling unless they can be explained from a geological point of view. This last step is what we refer to here as geological interpretation. Other sources of information which can help with well test analyses come from seismic surveys and petrophysics. Modern well test interpretation therefore consists of two major steps: analysis of the well test data; and interpretation of the results. In detail, this should include the following:

• (1) 

  definition of an interpretation model — this requires the integration of geological, seismic and petrophysical data with transient pressure data

       
  
  

16.

DETERMINATION OF FAULT SLIP COMPONENTS USING SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL CONTOURS: METHODS AND EXAMPLES     

S-S. Xu  L. G. Velasquillo-Martinez  J. M. Grajales-Nishimura  G. Murillo-Muñetón  J. García-Hernandez  A. F. Nieto-Samaniego 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2004,27(3):277-298

Problems with measuring fault slip in the subsurface can sometimes be overcome by using subsurface structural contour maps constructed from well logs and seismic information. These maps are useful for estimating fault slip since fault motion commonly causes the dislocation of structural contours. The dislocation of a contour is defined here as the distance in the direction of fault strike between two contours which have the same value on both sides of a fault. This dislocation can be estimated for tilted beds and folded beds as follows:

• (i) 

  If a dip-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_c) of contours can be estimated from the vertical component (S_v) of the fault slip and the dip (β) of the bedding according to the following relationship: S_c= S_v/tan β. Since S_c and β can be measured from a contour map, the vertical component of fault slip can be obtained from this equation.

  If a strike-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_cs) of contours is equal to the strike-slip of the fault (S_c), that is, S_cs= S_s.

       
  
  

17.

减压蒸馏塔分段抽真空新工艺实现工业化     

张世文 《炼油技术与工程》2000,30(3)

介绍了金陵石油化工公司炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置采用一台减压炉、减压塔分段抽真空的新工艺及该工艺的工业化情况。该工艺在 2 .8Mt/a装置上历时 4年的生产运行中 ,实现了高真空、达到了增加总拔出率约 1.6%的预期目的 ,取得了年增效益千万元的良好效果。同时指出下段减压塔结构对深拔油质和量存在的影响。     

18.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2009,25(9):1-32

• Features
• Wind Energy Lost Velocity but Looks to Stimulus Package to Rebound
• Jeffery R. Atkin
• Market Crash—Drilling Activity
  • Disappearing Rigs
  • George A. Lippman and John E. Uxer Jr.
  • Market Decline—Employee Benefits Effect
    • Market Collapse Places Fiduciaries at Risk but With Resources
    • Kerri J. Atencio
    • Financial Meltdown Strategies
      • Appeals Court Affirms Safe Harbor for Forward Contracts in Bankruptcy
      • Anthony Michael Sabino

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Age of Infrastructure
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Being Reasonable While Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under the CAA
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

19.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2010,26(11):1-32

• Features
• Black Swans, Fat Tails, and Extreme Values Visit Energy Risk
• R. Kenneth Skinner
• Finance
  • Black Swan Regardless, Utilities Not Hedging Interest Rates Long Term
  • Robert E. Willett
  • Alternative Energy Sources—Opportunities
    • Community Generation Programs Offer Advantages to Utilities
    • Michael McDonald
    • Management Science
      • Energy Supply Management Can Be Successfully Outsourced
      • Milton B. Whitfield

• Columns
• Electric Regulation
  • Transmission Expansion Policy Initiative Well Under Way, Not Without Controversy
  • Nicholas Bowden
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Let the Tough Choices Begin: Affordable or Green?
    • Jonathan A. Lesser
    • FERC Regulation
      • LaFleur Would Bring Ability and IOU Background to FERC
      • Steven W. Snarr

     

20.

Table of Contents     

《Natural Gas \u0026amp; Electricity》2008,25(3):1-32

• Features
• Smart Grid Economics: Three Stories Bring up Issues
• Stephen Chapel
• Smart Grid
  • Smart Grid Opens New Doors but Needs Correct Environment
  • Paul Fenn
  • Smart Grid—Europe
    • European Smart Grid Faces Different Hurdles From United States'
    • Rolf Adam and Walter Wintersteller
    • Smart Grid
      • Smart Grid Brings in New Technology, New and Old Challenges
      • Jeffrey S. Katz
      • Smart Grid—Smart Meters
        • Smart Meter Infrastructure Is Keystone of Smart Grid
        • Matthew Spaur

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Coming Postpartisan National Energy Policy
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Comparing the Benefits and the Costs of Energy Development
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

ORIENTING CONVENTIONAL CORES FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES: A REVIEW OF METHODS

A review of four simple techniques used to re-orient conventional cores back to theri in-situ position in presented. Cores can be oriented by:

• 1. 

  Cutting oriented. cores;
• 2. 

  Using dipmeters;
• 3. 

  Re-orienting in highly deviated holes;
• 4. 

  Using remanent palaeomagnetism.

The accuracy, costs and limitations of the methods are considered.     

FUZZY MODELLING AND THE PREDICTION OF POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY FROM THE COMPOSITIONAL AND TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF SANDSTONE

A new method is presented here for predicting porosity and permeability from the compositional and textural characteristics of sandstones. The method employs fuzzy modelling which is a linguistic paradigm based on fuzzy logic, rooted in the theory of fuzzy sets. The essentials of fuzzy modelling are explained using an example in which porosity and permeability values of a sandstone are predicted from five compositional and textural attributes. Fuzzy modelling can be accomplished in five steps:

• (i) 

  Identification of input and output variables. In this paper, the inputs are five compositional and textural parameters, namely: relative amounts of ductile grains, rigid grains and detrital matrix, to gether with grain size, and the Trask sorting coefficient. The output is either porosity or permeability.
• (ii) 

  Fuzzy clustering of output values.
• (iii) 

  Formation of membership grades of input data.
• (iv) 

  Generation of fuzzy rules; and
• (v) 

  Prediction via fuzzy inference.

Compared to statistical modelling (i. e. multiple regression analysis), fuzzy modelling is not only assumption-free but is also tolerant of outliers. Fuzzy modelling is capable of making both linguistic and numeric predictions based on qualitative knowledge and/ or quantitative data. Thus, fuzzy modelling is not only appropriate for the problem discussed here, but is also desirable for many geological problems characterized by non-numerical knowledge and imprecise information.     

GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL SAMPLES FROM THE IRANIAN SECTOR OF THE PERSIAN GULF

High-resolution (biomarker) geochemistry combined with other geochemical data has been used to investigate the genetic relationships of 14 crude oil samples from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, and to provide information on the lithologies, palaeo-depositional environments and probable ages of the respective source rocks. Oil samples from the Resalat, Salman, Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields in the SE of the Gulf, and the Foroozan, Bahregansar, Hendijan, Abouzar, Doroud and Nowrouz fields in the NW of the Gulf were investigated.
Results indicate that the studied oils belong to three genetic groups:

• (i)  

  Group 1 oils (Resalat and Salman fields) were sourced from Jurassic or older, shaly source rocks deposited in a relatively oxic environment;
• (ii)  

  Group 2 oils (Nowrouz, Doroud and Foroozan oilfields) originated from Jurassic or older carbonate-rich source rocks deposited in an anoxic environment;
• (iii)  

  Group 3 oils, which, according to biomarker parameters, were probably sourced from Middle Cretaceous calcareous shales. Two subgroups are recognised: subgroup 3A oils were sampled from oilfields located in the NW of the Gulf (Hendijan, Bahregansar and Abouzar), and subgroup 3B oils came from the south (Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields).

     

CONTROLS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMMULITE FACIES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LATE YPRESIAN EL GARIA FORMATION (KESRA PLATEAU, CENTRAL TUNISIA)

Eocene nummulite deposits along the southern Tethys margin locally constitute important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. In order to understand the heterogeneity of these complex reservoirs, we have carried out a detailed field study of the nummulite limestones which crop out at the Kesra Plateau in Central Tunisia. The main contributions of this paper can be summarised as follows:

• (1) 

  Various species of Nummulites and planktonic foraminifera were identified in late Ypresian carbonates in the Kesra area and provided accurate biostratigraphic ages. Nummulitic limestones occur in the Chouabine and El Garia Formations representing deposition over a period of about 2Ma.

       
  
  

ANALYSIS OF RESERVES DISCOVERED IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

Mathematical theory and empirical data show that discovery sizes from mature plays have lognormal distributions. This allows a simple transformation to be used that converts lognormal trends to straight lines from which valuable statistical data on exploration potential is derived.
After correcting for the unreliable nature of data from non-commercial accumulations and then discounting the extreme high ends and low ends (P1), discovery size distributions from a variety of mature plays outside the Middle East show certain common properties that help constrain reserves ranges in individual prospects and new play fairways. These are:

• •

  P99 is 0.3MM brl or less in non-DHI oil plays and 4BCF or less in gas plays at normal depths;

       
  
  

The 1A/1M Cat Cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery. Equipment Manufacture

The 1A/1M cat cracker at the Ryazan' Refinery OJSC (Tyumen' Oil Company) was exhaustively revamped. This cat cracker, designed by Grozgiproneftekhim in 1960, was started up in 1967. According to the plan, its capacity would be 750,000 tons/year. After more than 30 years, refinery specialists knew how to increase the output of the cat cracker to 900,000 tons/year, ensuring high enough takeoff (43% in feedstock) and good quality (research octane number of 87—95) of the naphtha cut.     

Modeling of the crude oil (or petroleum products) vapor displacement during rail tanks loading

Abstract

Crude oil rail loadings are objects of considerable hydrocarbon emissions. A mathematical model of the process of oil vapor displacement during the loading of rail tanks is proposed in this article. This model makes it possible to determine approximately the parameters of hydrocarbon emission with a minimum of controlled parameters required during VRU operation (“Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling…” 2008 2008. Vapour recovery units – guidance on preventing and controlling temperature excursions in carbon Beds. 2nd ed. London: Published by Energy Institute. [Google Scholar]). The developed model has not tight coupling with the operations of rail tanks loading. The model can be applied with some corrections to calculate emissions during filling operations of any transport tanks. Obtained results allow to receive quantitative estimations of parameters of hydrocarbon emission with minimal vapor recovery units (VRU) availability of monitoring systems.     

胜利炼油厂制氢装置原料“油改气”试验

考察了应用Z409/Z405G轻油蒸汽转化催化剂进行原料油改天然气制氢的可行性,并为炼油厂提供操作依据。试验结果表明,应用Z409/Z405G催化剂可顺利实现原料油改气,并保证装置产氢量稳中有升。     

Table of Contents

• Features
• North America Must Participate in Global LNG Market
• Gary L. Hunt
• Gas Prices
  • FERC's Latest Gas‐Price Forecast Shows New Supplies, LNG
  • Steve Harvey
• Emergency Planning
  • New Orleans Energy Systems Recovery a Huge Success
  • Clinton A. Vince, Presley R. Reed, and Meredith M. Jolivert
• Distribution
  • Community Choice Aggregation Is a New Solution for Energy Markets
  • Howard V. Golub and Paul Fenn
• Electric Transmission and Distribution
  • Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure Management Must Enter a New Age
  • Stephen Chapel

• Columns
• Energy Regulation and the Environment
  • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: No Subsidy Left Behind
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

Table of Contents

• Features
• Room for Fixed Billing in the World of Conservation?
• Bruce Chapman, David Glyer, and Michael O'Sheasy
• Tariffs and Rate Structures
  • Abundant Ratemaking Tariff Alternatives Available for Today's High Natural Gas Prices
  • Catherine M. Elder
• Tariffs and Volatility
  • Impact of Volatile Fuel Prices on Electric Costs: Stakeholder Tactics
  • H. Edwin Overcast
• Tariffs—Renewable Energy
  • Tariffs Can Be Structured to Encourage Photovoltaic Energy
  • Ryan Wiser, Andrew Mills, Galen Barbose, and William Golove
• Market-Based Pricing—Intelligent Grid
  • Intelligent Grid Technology for Distributed Energy Resources Lightened LDCs' Load
  • Ron Ambrosio

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • When the Going Gets Tough…
  • James J. Hoecker
• Energy and the Environment
  • New Source Review Is Still Anything but Routine
  • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY FROM A FLUVIAL RESERVOIR IN THE GULF OF THAILAND

One problem with the inversion of transient well test data is that it can yield a non-unique solution. The uncertainty resulting from this type of approach can only be resolved by considering information from another source such as geology. Geological information will help to define the interpretation model which will ensure the correct analysis of the well test data. The results of well test analyses are of little value to reservoir characterisation and modelling unless they can be explained from a geological point of view. This last step is what we refer to here as geological interpretation. Other sources of information which can help with well test analyses come from seismic surveys and petrophysics. Modern well test interpretation therefore consists of two major steps: analysis of the well test data; and interpretation of the results. In detail, this should include the following:

• (1) 

  definition of an interpretation model — this requires the integration of geological, seismic and petrophysical data with transient pressure data

       
  
  

DETERMINATION OF FAULT SLIP COMPONENTS USING SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL CONTOURS: METHODS AND EXAMPLES

Problems with measuring fault slip in the subsurface can sometimes be overcome by using subsurface structural contour maps constructed from well logs and seismic information. These maps are useful for estimating fault slip since fault motion commonly causes the dislocation of structural contours. The dislocation of a contour is defined here as the distance in the direction of fault strike between two contours which have the same value on both sides of a fault. This dislocation can be estimated for tilted beds and folded beds as follows:

• (i) 

  If a dip-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_c) of contours can be estimated from the vertical component (S_v) of the fault slip and the dip (β) of the bedding according to the following relationship: S_c= S_v/tan β. Since S_c and β can be measured from a contour map, the vertical component of fault slip can be obtained from this equation.

  If a strike-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (S_cs) of contours is equal to the strike-slip of the fault (S_c), that is, S_cs= S_s.

       
  
  

减压蒸馏塔分段抽真空新工艺实现工业化

介绍了金陵石油化工公司炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置采用一台减压炉、减压塔分段抽真空的新工艺及该工艺的工业化情况。该工艺在 2 .8Mt/a装置上历时 4年的生产运行中 ,实现了高真空、达到了增加总拔出率约 1.6%的预期目的 ,取得了年增效益千万元的良好效果。同时指出下段减压塔结构对深拔油质和量存在的影响。     

Table of Contents

• Features
• Wind Energy Lost Velocity but Looks to Stimulus Package to Rebound
• Jeffery R. Atkin
• Market Crash—Drilling Activity
  • Disappearing Rigs
  • George A. Lippman and John E. Uxer Jr.
  • Market Decline—Employee Benefits Effect
    • Market Collapse Places Fiduciaries at Risk but With Resources
    • Kerri J. Atencio
    • Financial Meltdown Strategies
      • Appeals Court Affirms Safe Harbor for Forward Contracts in Bankruptcy
      • Anthony Michael Sabino

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Age of Infrastructure
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Being Reasonable While Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under the CAA
    • Jonathan A. Lesser

     

Table of Contents

• Features
• Black Swans, Fat Tails, and Extreme Values Visit Energy Risk
• R. Kenneth Skinner
• Finance
  • Black Swan Regardless, Utilities Not Hedging Interest Rates Long Term
  • Robert E. Willett
  • Alternative Energy Sources—Opportunities
    • Community Generation Programs Offer Advantages to Utilities
    • Michael McDonald
    • Management Science
      • Energy Supply Management Can Be Successfully Outsourced
      • Milton B. Whitfield

• Columns
• Electric Regulation
  • Transmission Expansion Policy Initiative Well Under Way, Not Without Controversy
  • Nicholas Bowden
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Let the Tough Choices Begin: Affordable or Green?
    • Jonathan A. Lesser
    • FERC Regulation
      • LaFleur Would Bring Ability and IOU Background to FERC
      • Steven W. Snarr

     

Table of Contents

• Features
• Smart Grid Economics: Three Stories Bring up Issues
• Stephen Chapel
• Smart Grid
  • Smart Grid Opens New Doors but Needs Correct Environment
  • Paul Fenn
  • Smart Grid—Europe
    • European Smart Grid Faces Different Hurdles From United States'
    • Rolf Adam and Walter Wintersteller
    • Smart Grid
      • Smart Grid Brings in New Technology, New and Old Challenges
      • Jeffrey S. Katz
      • Smart Grid—Smart Meters
        • Smart Meter Infrastructure Is Keystone of Smart Grid
        • Matthew Spaur

• Columns
• Federal Regulation and Energy Issues
  • The Coming Postpartisan National Energy Policy
  • James J. Hoecker
  • Energy and the Environment
    • Comparing the Benefits and the Costs of Energy Development
    • Jonathan A. Lesser