夹芯墙板覆面冷弯薄壁型钢承重复合墙体受剪试验

为满足多层冷弯薄壁型钢房屋建筑的抗震及防火要求,同时兼顾施工便捷性,提出了夹心墙板覆面的新型冷弯薄壁型钢复合墙体,并完成了11片足尺模型水平加载试验。试验表明： 1） 复合墙体的受剪破坏主要由墙板周边的螺钉连接失效引起,即螺钉将墙板撕裂或螺钉剪断引起,墙板与自攻螺钉之间的连接力学性能成为影响复合墙体受剪性能的主要因素;增大墙板厚度或者采用玻镁板代替石膏板可提高复合墙体抗剪性能,而龙骨立柱的截面尺寸对复合墙体受剪性能影响不明显; 2） 同侧墙板层数的增加对复合墙体受剪承载力及刚度虽有明显提高,但未达到线性叠加程度;夹心墙板的使用有利于墙体蒙皮效应的发挥,相应的墙体受剪性能优于墙体同侧双层墙板覆面时的受剪性能; 3） 蒸压加气混凝土（ALC）板周边与自攻螺钉的连接区域在较低水平荷载作用下出现板材开裂现象,故不宜采取ALC板参与墙体受力的连接方式。研究给出了新型冷弯薄壁型钢复合墙体的受剪承载力及抗剪刚度设计指标,供工程设计参考。     

Fire performance of cold-formed steel wall panels and prediction of their fire resistance rating

Recent research at the Queensland University of Technology has investigated the structural and thermal behaviour of load bearing Light gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall systems made of 1.15 mm G500 steel studs and varying plasterboard and insulation configurations (cavity and external insulation) using full scale fire tests. Suitable finite element models of LSF walls were then developed and validated by comparing with test results. In this study, the validated finite element models of LSF wall panels subject to standard fire conditions were used in a detailed parametric study to investigate the effects of important parameters such as steel grade and thickness, plasterboard screw spacing, plasterboard lateral restraint, insulation materials and load ratio on their performance under standard fire conditions. Suitable equations were proposed to predict the time–temperature profiles of LSF wall studs with eight different plasterboard-insulation configurations, and used in the finite element analyses. Finite element parametric studies produced extensive fire performance data for the LSF wall panels in the form of load ratio versus time and critical hot flange (failure) temperature curves for eight wall configurations. This data demonstrated the superior fire performance of externally insulated LSF wall panels made of different steel grades and thicknesses. It also led to the development of a set of equations to predict the important relationship between the load ratio and the critical hot flange temperature of LSF wall studs. Finally this paper proposes a simplified method to predict the fire resistance rating of LSF walls based on the two proposed set of equations for the load ratio–hot flange temperature and the time–temperature relationships.     

An experimental study of loaded full-scale cold-formed thin-walled steel structural panels under fire conditions

This paper presents the results of eight tests on loaded full-scale cold-formed thin-walled steel structural panels, two tests at ambient temperature and six exposed to the standard fire condition on one side. The test panels used two types of lipped channels, 100×54×15×1.2 mm or 100×54×15×2 mm, each channel having two service holes, one near the top and one near the bottom. Three different load levels, being 0.2, 0.4 and 0.7 times the load carrying capacity of the same panel tested at ambient temperature, were applied during the six fire tests. At ambient temperature, failure was local buckling around the top service hole. Under fire condition, the main failure mode was overall flexural–torsional buckling about the major axis, with the lateral deformations of the test panels being mainly caused by thermal bowing due to temperature gradients. The interior insulation in some tests was burnt through and this had noticeable influence on temperature developments in the test steel channels. In two fire tests using the thinner channels, the test panels failed before 30 min that is considered to be the minimum standard fire rating of this type of construction.     

Design of steel sheathed cold-formed steel framed shear walls

A method for the design of steel sheathed cold-formed steel framed shear walls has been developed for inclusion in the American Iron and Steel Institute's North American standards for lateral design using a comprehensive database of single-storey shear wall tests carried out in Canada and in the United States. The wall configurations differed in terms of wall aspect ratio, framing and sheathing thickness, screw fastener schedule and framing reinforcement. The Equivalent Energy Elastic–Plastic (EEEP) analysis approach was used to derive key design information from the test data, including: nominal shear resistance, a resistance factor, an over-strength factor for capacity based seismic design and ‘test-based’ seismic force modification factors for ductility and over-strength.     

Structural analysis and design of sandwich panels with cold-formed steel facings

Superior structural efficiency, ease of erection, mass-production capabilities and thermal-insulation qualities are making sandwich panels with flat or thin-walled cold-formed steel facings and rigid foamed insulating core increasingly popular as enclosures for system buildings. In this paper the structural behavior — including flexural stresses, deflections, vibration and thermal stresses — is presented, summarizing more than two decades of research. Methods used are analytical (boundary-value approaches), numerical (finite-strip, finite-layer, finite-prism approaches) and experimental (full-scale testing). Key equations are formulated, and results by different methods are compared. Design guidelines are also suggested.     

Inelastic performance of cold-formed steel strap braced walls

The inelastic performance of sixteen 2.44 m×2.44 m cold-formed steel strap braced walls was evaluated experimentally. The performance was affected by the holddown detail, which in many cases did not allow the test specimens to reach or maintain a yield capacity and severely diminished the overall system ductility. “Test-based” R_d×R_o values of 3.65, 2.11 and 1.72 indicate the low ductility levels, which were not adequate to warrant the use of a seismic response modification coefficient of R=4.0 in design. Capacity design of the SFRS elements must account for the overstrength of the strap material.     

Seismic characteristics of K-braced cold-formed steel shear walls

Detailed investigation of the lateral performance of K-braced cold-formed steel structures and their response modification coefficients, R factor, are presented in this paper. A total of 12 full-scale 2.4 × 2.4 m specimens of different configurations are considered, and the responses investigated under a standard cyclic loading regime. Of particular interest are the specimens' maximum lateral load capacity and deformation behavior as well as a rational estimation of the seismic response modification factor. The study also looks at the failure modes of the system and investigates the main factors contributing to the ductile response of the CFS walls in order to suggest improvements so that the shear steel walls respond plastically with a significant drift and without any risk of brittle failure, such as connection failure or stud buckling. A discussion on the calculated response factors in comparison to those suggested in the relevant codes of practice is also presented.     

Detailing recommendations for 1.83 m wide cold-formed steel shear walls with steel sheathing

The paper presents an experimental investigation on 1.83 m wide, 2.44 m high cold-formed steel (CFS) stud framed shear walls using steel sheet sheathing. Four wall configurations were studied through monotonic and cyclic tests. The test results indicated that besides the sheet buckling and screw pull out, the buckling of interior studs might occur for the 1.83 m CFS walls. To prevent the failure in the studs, special detailing was developed in this research. It was discovered that the special detailing could increase both the shear strength and the ductility of the shear walls. The research also found that the codified nominal shear strengths can be conservatively used for walls with an aspect ratio of 3:2. Based on the test results, the nominal seismic shear strength for 1.83 m wide CFS shear walls was established for design purposes.     

Experimental analysis on cold-formed steel beams subjected to fire

The great majority of the studies in this area emphasise further the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel members by means of analytical approximation and purely numerical methods. In addition, they generally only take into account the structural behaviour of members with just one profile. On the contrary, this paper reports a series of flexural tests under fire conditions focused on cold-formed galvanised steel beams consisting on compound cold-formed steel profiles which are often used in floors and roofs of warehouses and industrial buildings. The main objective of this research was to assess the failure modes, the critical temperature and the critical time of the studied beams. Other important goals of this research work were also to investigate the influence of the cross-sections, the axial restraint to the thermal elongation of the beam and the rotational stiffness of the beam supports. Finally, the results showed above all that the critical temperature of a cold-formed steel beam might be strongly affected by the axial restraint to the thermal elongation of the beam.     

Study on fire behavior of cold-formed steel quadruple-limbbuilt-up box-section column

冷弯薄壁型钢四肢拼合截面柱是一种常用的拼合柱，主要用于多层冷弯薄壁型钢结构建筑结构中承受集中荷载。对8根拼合箱形截面柱进行了高温下整体稳定试验研究，主要考虑了不同的温度纵向分布模式和螺钉布置方式对其抗火性能的影响。试验中测得了炉温、柱温、轴向荷载、轴向位移和侧向位移等，并且得到了钢柱在高温破坏后的残余变形。根据试验结果可以判断钢柱在高温下首先发生整体屈曲，再发生局部屈曲，最后在二者相互作用下失去承载能力。试验结果表明：当螺钉间距小于300 mm时，构件截面的协同变形能力良好，单肢构件间未出现分离的现象，且随着螺钉间距减小，钢柱失效的临界温度有较大的提升；在拼合柱端部设置抗剪螺钉群对其抗火性能的提升不明显；当构件由全长受火变为上半部分受火时，构件侧移最大点位置会由中部区域向上移动靠近柱端，且达到耐火极限时，钢柱失效的临界温度升高。基于ABAQUS建立了有限元模型，模型中考虑了材料与几何非线性以及高温下螺钉的抗剪刚度。有限元模拟结果与试验结果对比发现，该有限元模型不仅可以很好地模拟该类构件高温下的变形，也可准确地预测其耐火极限与临界温度。     

冷弯型钢骨架墙体受剪承载力计算方法研究

为了获得冷弯型钢骨架墙体最大受剪承载力实用计算公式,提出了墙体在水平力作用下的两种可能破坏模式,即边立柱在抗拔连接件处的净截面破坏和墙体周边或墙板拼缝处大多数自攻螺钉连接破坏。根据墙体破坏模式提出了相应的最大受剪承载力计算模型,并结合试验数据和有限元结果,得到了单面覆石膏板墙体、单面覆OSB板墙体和单面覆带肋钢板墙体最大受剪承载力实用计算公式,公式计算结果同试验、有限元分析结果吻合较好。最后,给出了冷弯型钢骨架墙体受剪承载力实用计算公式应用算例,以供设计参考。     

冷弯薄壁四肢拼合箱形截面柱抗火性能研究

冷弯薄壁型钢四肢拼合截面柱是一种常用的拼合柱,主要用于多层冷弯薄壁型钢结构建筑结构中承受集中荷载。对8根拼合箱形截面柱进行了高温下整体稳定试验研究,主要考虑了不同的温度纵向分布模式和螺钉布置方式对其抗火性能的影响。试验中测得了炉温、柱温、轴向荷载、轴向位移和侧向位移等,并且得到了钢柱在高温破坏后的残余变形。根据试验结果可以判断钢柱在高温下首先发生整体屈曲,再发生局部屈曲,最后在二者相互作用下失去承载能力。试验结果表明：当螺钉间距小于300 mm时,构件截面的协同变形能力良好,单肢构件间未出现分离的现象,且随着螺钉间距减小,钢柱失效的临界温度有较大的提升;在拼合柱端部设置抗剪螺钉群对其抗火性能的提升不明显;当构件由全长受火变为上半部分受火时,构件侧移最大点位置会由中部区域向上移动靠近柱端,且达到耐火极限时,钢柱失效的临界温度升高。基于ABAQUS建立了有限元模型,模型中考虑了材料与几何非线性以及高温下螺钉的抗剪刚度。有限元模拟结果与试验结果对比发现,该有限元模型不仅可以很好地模拟该类构件高温下的变形,也可准确地预测其耐火极限与临界温度。     

An analysis of the structural behaviour of axially loaded full-scale cold-formed thin-walled steel structural panels tested under fire conditions

This paper presents a theoretical analysis to predict lateral deflections and failure times of six full-scale cold-formed thin-walled steel structural panels, tested under in-plane loads and exposed to fire attack on one side. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of thermal bowing deflection and to check the relative merits of using either ENV 1993-1-2 or a modified version of ENV 1993-1-3 to perform design calculations for axially loaded steel studs under non-uniform temperature distributions. In general, the design of steel studs should also consider the effect of shift of neutral axes in both principal directions of the cross-section at elevated temperatures. However, such calculations can be rather time-consuming. Therefore, a secondary objective of this study is to assess how to effectively and accurately deal with this aspect in routine design calculations. It can be seen that thermal bowing deflections will have substantial effect on the fire resistance of steel structural panels exposed to fire on one side. However, for design calculations, it is not necessary to consider the effect of increasing thermal bowing deflections due to axial compression and reducing elastic modulus of steel at elevated temperatures. Both ENV 1993-1-2 and ENV 1993-1-3 may be used in design calculations of the ultimate load of this type of construction. It appears that ENV 1993-1-3 gives slightly better agreement with test results, but ENV 1993-1-2 is easier to implement because it does not require additional calculations of effective areas of thin-walled cross-sections at non-uniform elevated temperatures. The effect of shift of the minor axis is very small on the prediction of panel failure times and can be ignored to simplify routine design. Neutral axis shift of the major axis has some effect and may change the panel failure position from at the mid-height to the support. However, ignoring this neutral axis shift seems to give the best agreement to test results in term of panel failure location and panel failure times.     

腹板加劲冷弯薄壁型钢立柱组合墙体轴压性能试验研究

为研究截面形式、腹板开孔和面板材料等因素对组合墙体轴压性能的影响,对墙柱形式为复杂卷边槽钢(S1截面)、腹板V形加劲复杂卷边槽钢(S2截面)和Σ形复杂卷边槽钢(S3截面),覆面板为定向刨花板(OSB)和石膏板的10片冷弯薄壁型钢立柱组合墙体进行了轴压性能试验。试验结果表明,S1截面、S2截面、S3截面的组合墙体上覆OSB板或石膏板时承载力之比分别为1∶1.36∶1.50和1∶1.34∶1.60;腹板加劲墙柱的主要失稳模式为畸变屈曲;与相同条件下无孔立柱组合墙体相比,腹板加劲有孔立柱组合墙体承载力下降约12.0%,非加劲墙体承载力下降1.6%。基于单根轴压构件的直接强度法开展了考虑墙板约束作用的组合墙体(有孔和无孔)轴压承载力计算方法研究,计算值与试验值的对比分析表明：以现有直接强度法为基础提出的墙体承载力计算方法对腹板非加劲立柱组合墙体的承载力预测较为准确,对腹板加劲立柱组合墙体承载力的预测偏不安全;考虑局部与畸变相关屈曲作用提出的承载力计算方法对腹板加劲立柱组合墙体承载力的预测值与试验值吻合良好。     

高强冷弯型钢骨架墙体抗剪性能试验研究

对550MPaC型冷弯型钢立柱、550MPa带肋钢板和石膏板组成的高强冷弯型钢骨架墙体进行了16块足尺试件(宽2.4m,高3m)的抗剪试验研究。对带肋钢板+石膏板双面板、单面带肋钢板、单面石膏板和双面无板带交叉扁钢拉条支撑4类墙体试件进行了无竖向力水平单调加载、无竖向力水平低周反复加载和有竖向力水平低周反复加载的试验,得到了各类墙体试件的受剪承载力指标和位移延性系数μ等性能指标。试验结果表明:各类墙体单调加载试件抗剪强度均比反复加载试件高;单面石膏板墙体试件与0.8倍的单面带肋钢板墙体试件的承载力指标之和与双面板墙体试件承载力指标接近;双面无板带交叉扁钢拉条支撑墙体试件抗剪强度是双面板墙体试件的60%~67%;双面板墙体试件延性系数在1.731~2.384之间。     

Shear capacity of cold-formed light-gauge steel framed shear-wall panels with fiber cement board sheathing

Being light in weight, cold-formed steel shear wall panels (SWPs) made with light gauge steel are extensively used in residential and office buildings (low to mid-rise), particularly in structures under seismic loadings. Many design practices involve the use of fiber cement board (FCB) as sheathing material both for hollow and infilled walls. FCB is a preferred choice as cladding material due to many advantages it provides such as water resistance, lower cost, withstand temperature variation, resistance to humidity and termite attack, better acoustic insulation, and superior fire resistance properties. In the absence of design guidelines, based on cold-formed light gauge steel shear walls with FCB sheathing, the designers resolve to use the guideline available for gypsum wall board (GWB) and fiberboard (FB) available in American Iron and Steel Institute Lateral Design. As a pioneer study, an experimental program was designed to investigate the behavior of cold-formed light gauge steel shear walls, both hollow and infilled with expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam concrete, with FCB sheathing on both sides under monotonic loading. The tests were performed according to ASTM E564 standard. Results show that the strength of shear walls with FCB sheathing is much higher than GWB and FB sheathing, suggesting that substitute design practices are highly conservative. Test results can help designers choose desired lateral stiffness and load carrying capacity of light gauge steel SWPs more efficiently, by selecting appropriate framing, infill, and sheathing material.     

冷弯薄壁型钢结构住宅组合墙体受剪性能研究

本文采用有限单元法对冷弯薄壁型钢住宅组合墙体的受剪性能进行了分析。在建立有限元模型时,采用了塑性壳单元,考虑了材料非线性和几何非线性影响,自攻螺钉连接采用耦合模型。通过对已有的单面石膏板、单面定向刨花板(OSB板)、一面石膏板另一面定向刨花板(OSB板)三类组合墙体受剪试验结果的分析,验证了本文有限元方法的正确性。采用有限元方法分析了不同墙面板材料、不同钢种、不同墙架柱间距、不同墙体高度、不同螺钉间距等参数对组合墙体承载力的影响,参数分析表明:组合墙体的墙面板材料特性对组合墙体的受剪承载力影响较大,钢材强度对组合墙体的受剪承载力影响较小;随着墙架柱间距缩小、墙体高度减小、边缘自攻螺钉间距加密,组合墙体的受剪承载力明显增加。     

A numerical study on seismic performance of strap-braced cold-formed steel shear walls

This paper presents a non-linear finite element analyses in order to optimize the seismic characteristics of strap-braced cold formed steel shear walls enhanced with brackets in the four interior corners of the wall. The numerical models presented here are verified based on experimental tests considering different structural characteristics including: material nonlinearity, geometrical imperfection, residual stresses and perforations. A comparison between the numerical simulations and the test results shows a good agreement proves that the finite element analysis can be used effectively to predict the ultimate capacity of strap-braced CFS shear panels. A total of 16 models with different variants of bracket length are investigated. Of particular interests were the specimens' maximum lateral load capacity and deformation behavior in addition to a rational estimation of the seismic response modification factor. Preliminary conclusions presented in this paper, refer to the optimum seismic characteristics of strap-braced CFS shear walls and the corresponding dimensions and configuration.