Experimental study on curved composite beams subjected to combined flexure and torsion

There are situations in which a composite steel–concrete beam is subjected to torsion, such as members that are curved in plan or straight edge beams. The concrete slab and steel beam contribute to the torsional strength and stiffness of a composite steel–concrete beam, but this composite action is usually ignored in design codes of practice, which leads to conservative designs. Therefore, this paper investigates the ultimate strength of curved in place composite steel–concrete beams. Eight curved in plan composite steel–concrete beams have been tested under a single applied load at mid-span. Partial shear connection has also been considered in these tests. The composite steel–concrete beams have been designed with different span/radius of curvature ratios. This paper further supports the view that, in the presence of flexure, there will be an increase in the torsional moment capacity, but the flexural moment capacity does not greatly increase in the presence of torsion. A model has also been presented to represent the bending–torsion interaction for curved in plan composite steel–concrete beams with full and partial shear connection.     

无黏结预应力型钢混凝土框架梁静力性能试验研究及有限元模拟

为研究无黏结预应力型钢混凝土(UPSRC)框架梁的静力性能,对4榀UPSRC框架梁试件进行了竖向静载试验,主要的变化参数为框架梁中普通钢筋用量、型钢用量以及框架柱尺寸。对其裂缝发展、破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线、普通钢筋及型钢应变、无黏结筋应力变化等进行了分析。结果表明：UPSRC框架梁整体呈“梁铰”破坏机制,梁端及跨中出现塑性铰,截面转动能力强;达到极限荷载时,跨中及梁端受拉钢筋均屈服,部分受压钢筋屈服,型钢受拉翼缘基本屈服,受压翼缘则处于弹性工作状态;极限荷载后,UPSRC框架梁仍有较高的承载能力;无黏结筋应力增量与跨中挠度呈良好线性关系,且已有规范计算方法低估了UPSRC构件达到极限状态时无黏结筋的应力增量值;与型钢用量及框架柱截面尺寸相比,改变普通钢筋直径对UPSRC框架梁的极限荷载以及裂缝宽度的影响最为显著。利用ABAQUS有限元软件对试验进行了数值模拟。经分析发现,该模型可较好地模拟竖向荷载作用下UPSRC框架梁的力学性能。     

钢-混凝土组合梁抗火性能试验研究

对两种组合梁形式:主梁式试件(压型钢板肋平行于钢梁)和次梁式试件(压型钢板肋垂直于钢梁)分别进行了抗火试验。试验中量测了试验炉火升温过程,试件的温度和跨中挠度。通过对试验结果的分析发现:由于混凝土板有明显的阻热作用,组合梁中的混凝土板升温较慢,钢梁升温较快,导致钢梁截面温度分布不均匀;由于高温和外力共同作用下,在梁端发生混凝土抗剪破坏,而栓钉由于受到混凝土的保护,温度较低,栓钉仍能正常发挥抗剪连接作用;跨中挠度达到梁跨的1/30后,变形快速增大,随之在跨中形成一条横向贯穿混凝土楼板的主压溃裂缝,产生塑性铰并形成机构,使简支组合梁产生不适于继续承载的变形,达到破坏。     

矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁负弯矩区受力性能试验研究

矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁由混凝土板和矩形钢管混凝土桁架组成,在竖向荷载作用下,其正弯矩区可充分发挥混凝土板和桁架的组合作用,但负弯矩区的力学性能较为薄弱且受拉混凝土板容易开裂。针对这一问题,提出了在负弯矩区混凝土板施加预应力以及布置局部释放剪切作用的剪力钉相结合的组合桁梁结构形式。采用跨中施加反向集中荷载模拟连续梁支点反力的方法,对2榀承受负弯矩的矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁进行了静力加载试验,对其荷载-位移关系、裂缝发展规律、混凝土板应变分布、桁梁荷载-应变关系、钢与混凝土界面滑移及承载力进行了分析。还根据组合桁梁的简化力学模型对不同加载阶段的结构特征荷载进行了讨论。结果表明：采用局部释放剪切作用的剪力钉和混凝土板施加预应力的组合桁梁结构形式可有效提高其抗裂性能,但对受弯承载力影响较小;在加载过程中混凝土板的开裂和杆件的屈服导致结构塑性变形增大,最终节点处焊缝撕裂,组合桁梁丧失承载力;由简化力学模型计算得到的结构特征内力与实测值吻合较好,可为矩形钢管混凝土组合桁梁负弯矩区的设计和计算提供参考。     

楼板对钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁空间组合体抗震性能影响研究

楼板在地震作用下对钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁组合体抗震性能的影响是建立地震作用下节点计算模型的基础,也是准确评价组合结构体系抗震性能的关键问题之一。为此,完成了3个钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁(RCS)空间组合体试件在考虑不同楼板宽度情况下的抗震性能试验,分析整个受力过程中楼板受力性态对组合构件受力特征、破坏模式等抗震性能的影响。各试验模型在加载过程中均产生梁铰破坏,并表现出较好的延性和耗能能力,最终因节点区钢梁屈曲、扁钢箍开裂和柱端混凝土压碎而丧失承载力。分析表明,楼板裂缝以横向裂缝为主,随着楼板宽度增加,次生斜裂缝增多,板底混凝土压碎区域增大;混凝土楼板与钢梁组合体对节点核心区的约束作用较明显地改善了空间组合体受力性能。对楼板混凝土和板内纵筋在受力过程中的应变进行分析,结果表明,随着楼板宽度的增加,楼板对RCS空间组合体刚度、承载力的贡献值有限。对现浇板受拉有效翼缘宽度进行分析,结果表明考虑钢-混凝土组合梁翼缘有效宽度对梁端受弯承载力、惯性矩影响较大。     

钢-混凝土组合梁在负弯矩作用下抗剪性能的试验研究

通过3根钢-混凝土组合梁在负弯矩作用下的试验,研究了其变形发展及破坏过程,得到了组合梁的跨中剪力-挠度曲线、交界面滑移曲线和沿截面高度分布的应变变化曲线,分析了剪切连接程度、截面尺寸、剪跨比、材料强度、钢筋配置等因素对组合梁承载力和延性的影响。对钢梁进行了塑性分析,得出在负弯矩作用下钢-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力的提高不是由于钢梁腹板的硬化效应所致,而是由于混凝土翼板的贡献,并提出了考虑混凝土翼板影响的组合梁在负弯矩作用下抗剪承载力计算公式。将计算结果与实测结果进行了比较,二者吻合良好。     

考虑收缩徐变影响的两跨钢-混凝土连续组合梁长期性能预测方法

为量化混凝土翼板收缩徐变对多跨钢-混凝土连续组合梁长期性能的影响,提出相应的预测方法,基于现有两跨连续组合梁长期试验结果对典型的组合梁设计方法进行适用性评述; 在此基础上,基于龄期调整的有效模量法并考虑混凝土的收缩徐变、开裂及组合梁界面相对滑移的综合影响,提出两跨连续组合梁长期中支座弯矩与跨中挠度的计算公式,并采用长期试验结果验证预测方法的可靠性; 进一步对比不同混凝土翼板类型(收缩徐变分布模型)对组合梁长期性能的影响。结果表明:采用龄期调整的有效模量法模拟混凝土徐变特征,考虑收缩产生的附加弯矩,采用折减刚度考虑混凝土开裂与界面滑移的影响,提出的两跨连续组合梁长期性能计算公式,可有效预测组合梁长期中支座弯矩分布与跨中挠度,计算结果与试验结果最大相差25.3%; 混凝土的收缩变形对组合梁长期性能影响显著,当不考虑混凝土收缩变形时,组合梁中支座弯矩与跨中挠度仅分别为试验值的41.1%和60.6%; 组合梁长期性能设计时,应根据楼板类型采用不同的收缩徐变模型,针对钢筋混凝土楼板采用均匀收缩、均匀徐变模型,针对组合楼板采用非均匀收缩、非均匀徐变模型。     

Numerical analysis on mechanical behavior of steel-concrete composite beams under fire

This paper investigated the fire behavior of steel-concrete composite beams (SCB) and partially encased steel-concrete composite beams (PEB) through numerical analysis. The numerical models established by the software ABAQUS were verified against experimental results. Parametric studies were performed to study the influences of load ratio, strength of concrete and steel, width of concrete slab, size of steel beam, fire protection layer, and degree of shear connection on the fire behavior of SCB and PEB. The analysis results show that the deformation stages of SCB and PEB under fire both go through four stages: elastic, elastic–plastic, plastic small deformation, and plastic large deformation. The web of SCB experiences a tension–compression–tension process under fire, and the bottom flange of PEB may even change from tension to compression at a lower load ratio. The failure mode of PEB, whether the concrete is crushed, depends on the load ratio. When SCB fails, the concrete is crushed and only the bottom flange of the steel beam yields. Under various parameters, the fire resistance of SCB is about 22 min, while the fire resistance of PEB is 82–93 min under a load of 0.4. When the load ratio increases from 0.2 to 0.6, the fire resistance of SCB decreases by 8 min, while that of PEB decreases by 110 min. To meet class I fire resistance rating under a normal service load ratio of 0.4, additional measures for PEB are still required, and at least 15 mm of fire protection layer is required for the steel beam of SCB. Finally, considering the temperature internal fore, a coefficient related to the fire time was introduced to modify the formula of ultimate flexural capacity of SCB and PEB, which showed good accuracy.     

Behavior of steel-concrete composite cantilever box beams under negative moment

Four steel-concrete composite cantilever beam specimens were tested to investigate their mechanical behavior under negative moment induced by concentrated loads at the ends of the beams. The failure modes, serviceability and ultimate bearing capacities of the composite beams with full shear connection were studied. The crack initiation and propagation were investigated with consideration of two types of shear connectors. Three kinds of longitudinal reinforcement ratios were also examined. The experimental results indicate that an increase in the reinforcement ratio is beneficial to the bearing capacity of the composite beams to some extent and that the shear stud connector is superior to the steel block connector with regards to the serviceability of the beams. Two numerical models, which were based on a concrete material model and an elasto-plastic material model, were employed to simulate the behavior of steel-concrete composite beams. The numerical calculation results show that the combination of the two models can be used to predict the longitudinal cracking load and ultimate bearing capacity of composite cantilever beams. Based on the experimental and numerical results, it was found that the ultimate bearing capacity of a steel-concrete composite beam under negative moment can be significantly affected by longitudinal cracks in the concrete slabs. An equation to predict the longitudinal cracking load of a composite cantilever beam under negative moment by concentrated load was proposed and found to have good accuracy.     

爆炸荷载作用下钢-混凝土组合梁的动力响应及破坏形态分析

本文利用LS-DYNA软件对同冲量不同超压峰值不同时间的三种荷载工况下钢-混凝土组合梁的动力响应及破坏模式进行了研究对比,并对梁的变形过程、关键位置点的位移、速度、支座剪力和跨中弯矩进行了详细的分析。结果表明,在爆炸冲击波下,开始阶段混凝土板对钢梁有很好的保护作用,但混凝土易于破碎,钢-混凝土组合梁容易丧失共同工作的能力,剪切破坏是钢-混凝土组合梁的一种重要破坏形式。     

Improving strength and ductility of continuous composite plate girder bridges

The ultimate load carrying capacity of continuous composite plate girder bridges is usually limited by the local buckling failure of steel girders at interior supports. This paper presents a simple reinforcement method which changes the failure mechanism of the continuous girder from local buckling to formation of plastic hinges at the interior supports and mid-span. Such a change in failure mechanism greatly improves the strength and ductility of the superstructure. In this method the compressive portion of the web near the interior support is braced against local buckling by bolting pairs of stiff bracing elements on opposite sides of the web. The bracing elements prevent local buckling failure of the support section and create a section which can rotate inelastically at plastic moment allowing the second hinge to form at mid-span. The bracing elements may be plates or longitudinal stiffeners which should be designed to remain elastic while the section undergoes plastic deformation. The behavior of plate girders which are reinforced by such bracing elements is studied using nonlinear finite element analyses.     

Behavior of steel-concrete composite cantilever beams with web openings under negative moment

The effect of web openings on the mechanical behavior of composite beams under negative moment was studied through monotonically loading tests. Nonlinear finite element method based analysis was also conducted for cantilever composite beams. The test and the finite element analysis results indicated that the initial cracking loads of composite beams with web opening are lower than that without web opening. The first crack initiated from the concrete slab on the top of the opening. The beams with web opening failed due to shear failure of concrete slab upon the opening. It was also found that the load carrying capacity of beam decreases with the increase of the moment-to-shear ratio at the central line of the opening and the mechanical behavior of beam can be improved significantly by applying stiffening steel plates around the opening. To quantify the reduction of load carrying capacity, a method for calculating the load carrying capacity of beams with web openings under negative moment was derived with consideration of the interaction between moment and shear. Good consistency was obtained between the proposed method, the finite element method and the test results.     

预应力平行圆管混凝土空心板柱结构地震后承载力试验研究

建造了一个4层现浇无粘结预应力混凝土空心板柱结构的1/4比例模型,分别进行地震前第3层楼板弹性范围内的荷载试验和地震后第1层楼板极限荷载试验,通过测量楼板挠度、钢筋应力及空心楼板的裂纹发展情况,探求预应力混凝土空心板柱结构地震的损伤破坏,楼板的承载能力的变化情况。试验结果表明,在相同荷载作用下,楼板跨中、平行布管方向预应力暗梁和垂直布管方向预应力暗梁跨中地震后挠度均大于地震前。空心楼板的整体性较好,强烈地震对楼板的刚度响应较小,楼面承载力试验过程仍可划分为三个阶段:弹性阶段,开裂扩展阶段和破坏阶段。地震对垂直布管方向预应力暗梁刚度影响大于平行布管方向预应力暗梁,垂直布管方向预应力暗梁跨中挠度地震后比地震前增大程度明显大于平行布管预应力暗梁。基于前述试验结果,并考虑空心楼板的裂纹发展情况,建立了空心楼板极限荷载状态下的塑性铰线分析模型,计算空心楼板的极限荷载略小于试验结果,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好。     

组合效应对钢节点抗震性能的影响因素分析

钢—混凝土组合梁当前在钢框架结构中已经得到了广泛的应用,但是地震荷载作用下组合节点的设计方法却一直在完善和发展.基于组合节点的数值分析,着重研究钢框架梁柱节点的抗震性能,进行了有限元分析、模型参数分析,研究了不同变量条件下节点抗震性能与梁强度的平衡关系,并针对混凝土板中的配筋率、混凝土板板厚、钢节点类型等因素进行了分析和讨论.分析结果表明,在进行钢框架梁柱节点的抗震设计时,应该考虑混凝土板的组合效应.     

Required and available moment redistribution of continuous steel-concrete composite beams

Based on the ultimate limit state analysis, the required moment redistribution to enable full plastic mechanism for continuous composite beams is derived. The composite beams studied are continuous over the internal support and with a uniform section along the beams which are one of the conventional steel structural forms in Chinese construction practice for buildings and medium span bridges. It is illustrated that the required moment redistribution for the beam increases as the ratio of negative to positive moment resistance reduces, but decreases as the span difference, or the difference of load in the two spans increases. A method to assess the available moment redistribution based on the rotation capacity at the notional plastic hinges of a composite beam is developed. The potential moment redistribution in a continuous composite beam is also assessed when the available rotation capacity at the notional hinge fails to satisfy the required capacity capable of a plastic design. For a continuous composite beam to develop full plastic design, the available moment redistribution for the beam should be greater than or at least equal to the moment redistribution required, hence the full moment redistribution from the hogging region to the sagging region in the beam is capable. The derived available moment redistributions agree with the test results and computer simulations, but in a general lower bound of the strength capacity. An example is given and the results are compared with that based on the moment redistribution proposed in the present Chinese design code for steel-concrete composite beams. The present study provide a design approach to assess the load carrying capacity for a continuous composite beam based on the available moment redistribution capable depending on the rotation capacity or the force ratio etc rather than a fixed value of moment redistribution proposed, so that in most cases, an economic design is capable.     

钢-闭口型压型钢板轻骨料混凝土组合梁受力性能试验研究

完成了8个钢-闭口型压型钢板轻骨料混凝土组合梁试件的静力试验,对组合梁受力性能进行了研究。试验中详细考察了钢-闭口型压型钢板轻骨料混凝土组合梁在不同名义剪跨比、不同栓钉布置形式下的受力过程、裂缝发展、破坏形态和型钢、钢板与混凝土应变发展过程、跨中弯矩与跨中挠度以及型钢与组合板端部滑移发展情况;根据对试验结果与现行规范所建议方法计算结果的对比分析,提出了钢-闭口型压型钢板轻骨料混凝土组合梁的受弯承载能力以及受剪承载能力计算方法。研究结果表明,钢-闭口型压型钢板轻骨料混凝土组合梁试件的破坏形态主要表现为弯曲剪切破坏,组合梁具有较好的承载能力和延性,在80%Pu后,组合梁界面才表现出明显的滑移现象,截面不满足平截面假定。研究还表明,即使组合梁试件按照我国现行规范计算所得连接程度较小时,也具有较高的受弯承载能力。同时,为考察组合梁动力特性,对8个组合梁试件的前三阶自振频率和阻尼比进行了试验测试,测试结果表明组合梁阻尼比较     

洞口形状对腹板开洞钢-混凝土组合梁的受力性能影响分析

通过研究洞口形状对腹板开洞钢-混凝土组合梁受力的影响,选择合适的洞口形状以降低开洞造成的不利影响;在已有试验基础上,利用ANSYS对洞口设置在弯剪区段且洞口形状不同的组合梁进行力学性能分析,研究了洞口形状对承载力、变形能力以及内力重分布和传力机制的影响。结果表明：钢-混凝土组合梁腹板开洞会导致刚度、极限承载力下降;非正方形洞口组合梁因洞口形状不同,极限变形有不同程度增强;洞口形状会影响洞口处混凝土、钢梁承担的剪力比例,混凝土占总剪力的46%～59%,而钢梁占总剪力的41%～54%;极限变形与洞口处塑性铰的面积大小有关;栓钉会对周围的混凝土产生一定预压力,对混凝土应力重分布有影响,洞口处混凝土的剪力有明显的剪力差,洞口下方钢梁所承受的剪力大于洞口上方钢梁;洞口形状会影响组合梁内部传力机制,长方形、正方形洞口试件在洞口区域以次弯矩传递力,非长方形、正方形洞口试件在洞口区域以主弯矩传递力;在结构设计时应该考虑洞口位置的偏心、主应力方向与洞口边缘的夹角。     

压型钢板组合梁在负弯矩作用下的抗弯承载力分析

连续组合梁在内支座处的负弯矩区段会出现混凝土板受拉、钢梁受压的不利局面。为了解组合梁在负弯矩作用下的受力性能 ,并为有关连续组合梁的进一步研究提供依据 ,对压型钢板组合梁在负弯矩作用下的抗弯性能进行了试验研究。结果表明 ,按照简化塑性方法计算压型钢板组合梁截面在负弯矩作用下的抗弯承载力与试验结果吻合很好 ;在其他参数不变的情况下 ,纵向钢筋配筋量对梁的延性、滑移及裂缝等都有较大的影响 ;此外 ,压型钢板对组合梁抗弯承载力的提高作用有限 ,设计时可以忽略不计。     

Experimental and theoretical studies on composite steel–concrete box beams with external tendons

Composite steel–concrete box beams with and without external tendons were tested to their ultimate strength. The effects of external tendons on structural performance of composite steel–concrete beams were investigated in detail. Experimental results proved that, due to the action of external prestressing tendons, the ultimate strength of a composite steel–concrete box beam increased by 27.72%, the elastic limit of a composite steel–concrete box beam increased by 29.17%, the stiffness of a composite steel–concrete box beam increased by 54.15% at the failure state, and the deflection ductility of a composite steel–concrete box beam increased by 18.00%. The equation for estimating the stress in external prestressing tendons is established according to the relationship between the stress in external tendons, and the maximum compressive strain of concrete slab. Based on experimental results, a theoretical model for predicting the flexural resistance of composite steel–concrete box beam with external tendons is proposed. The spatial integral method, which adopts the actual stress distribution, is more rational than the conventional equilibrium rectangular stress block model, and is adopted to calculate the interior force on sections. The calculated flexural resistance based on proposed equations has a high level of accuracy, when compared with test results. Experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated that the composite steel–concrete box beam with external tendons is a promising innovative structure that combines the merits of composite steel–concrete box beams and external prestressing tendons.     

钢框架延性节点塑性铰外移的机理研究

在钢结构框架节点的延性和抗震性能的设计中,多种不同削弱形式的梁均能够实现在水平荷载作用下节点塑性铰外移的目的.为此,重点从结构的受力方面,采用增量变刚度法对节点塑性铰外移的机理进行相关研究.对削弱型节点连接类型及传统型的节点连接类型进行相关的结构受力机理的推导研究,从理论上分析比较不同框架结构模型在水平荷载作用下的破坏模式及所对应的极限荷载.综合比较得出：采取一定的削弱方式能够改变构件的极限弯矩,进而实现塑性铰外移的目的;采取合理的削弱形式能够保证在结构极限荷载降低不明显的情况下实现塑性铰外移的目的.