Experimental and analytical system identification of Eynel arch type steel highway bridge

This paper describes a full scale arch type steel highway bridges, its finite element modelling and Operational Modal Analysis. Eynel Highway Bridge which has arch type structural system with a total length of 336 m and located in the Ayvac?k county of Samsun, Turkey is selected as a case study. The bridge connects the villages which are separated with Suat U?urlu Dam Lake. The three dimensional finite element model is constructed using project drawings and an analytical modal analysis is then performed to generate natural frequencies and mode shapes in the three-orthogonal directions. The ambient vibration tests on the bridge deck under natural excitation such as traffic, human walking and wind loads are conducted using Operational Modal Analysis. Sensitive seismic accelerometers are used to collect signals obtained from the experimental tests. To obtain experimental dynamic characteristics, two output-only system identification methods are employed namely, Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition method in the frequency domain and Stochastic Subspace Identification method in time domain. The correlation between the finite element model and experimental results is studied. Good agreement is found between dynamic characteristics in the all measurement test setups performed on the bridge deck. It is demonstrated that the ambient vibration measurements using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods are enough to identify the most significant modes of steel highway bridges. It is seen that there are some differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies and experimental natural frequencies are generally bigger than the others.     

Earthquake analysis of reinorced concrete minarets using ambient vibration test results

This paper describes a Turkish style reinforced concrete minaret, its finite element model, modal testing, finite element model updating and earthquake behaviour, before and after model updating. The minaret of a mosque located in Trabzon, Turkey is selected as an application. A three‐dimensional (3D) model of the minaret and its modal analysis is performed to obtain analytical frequencies and mode shapes using ANSYS finite element program. The ambient vibration tests are conducted on the minaret under natural excitations such as wind effects and human movement. The output‐only modal parameter identification is carried out by Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods in Operational Modal Analysis software and in doing so, dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) are determined. A 3D finite element model of the minaret is updated to minimize the differences between analytical and experimental modal properties by changing some uncertain modelling parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions. The earthquake behaviour of the minaret is investigated using 1992 Erzincan earthquake before and after finite element model updating. Maximum differences in the natural frequencies are reduced from 21% to 8%, and good agreement is found between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. In addition to this, it is realized that finite element model updating is effective on the earthquake behaviour of the minaret. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration-based operational modal analysis of the Mikron historic arch bridge after restoration

This research presents finite element modelling, vibration-based operational modal analysis, and finite element model updating of a restored historic arch bridge. Mikron historic bridge, constructed on F?rt?na River in Rize, Turkey, is the subject of this case study. The General Directorate for Highways of Turkey repaired the bridge's main structural elements, arches, sidewalls, and filler material in 1998. To construct a 3D finite element model of the bridge, ANSYS finite element software estimated the analytical dynamic characteristics. Induced ambient vibrations such as human walking and wind excited the model bridge to allow measurement of the bridge's responses. Enhanced frequency domain decomposition in frequency domain and stochastic subspace identification in time domain methodologies extracted experimental dynamic characteristics. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed significant agreement between mode shapes, but some differences in natural frequencies appeared. Consequently, updating the finite element model of the bridge by changing boundary conditions minimised the differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. After the finite element model updating process, the differences between natural frequencies declined from 7% to 2%.     

#br# 我国钢管混凝土拱桥应用现状与展望

共收集到截止2015年1月的已建和在建的钢管混凝土拱桥413座（跨径不小于50m）。统计分析表明,钢管混凝土拱桥在我国修建的数量不断增多、跨径不断增大。从行业分布来看,在公路、城市桥梁中的应用仍是主体,在铁路尤其是高速铁路中的应用不断增多。在结构体系方面,上承式、中承式、拱梁组合式、飞鸟式和下承式刚架系杆拱5大类,仍为主要应用的桥型,占总数的85%。在截面形式方面,以圆钢管混凝土为基本单元组成的单圆管、哑铃形和桁式是应用的主流。提篮拱被应用于各种桥型,尤其是大跨度铁路桥。无风撑拱主要应用于120m跨径以下的桥梁,且以斜靠拱和拱梁组合桥为主,截面多采用横向刚度较大的形式。拱肋的材料强度不断地提高,钢管以Q345钢为主,混凝土以C40、C50为主。虽然对桥面系强健性的重视在不断提高,然而强健性好的整体式和具有加劲纵梁的悬吊桥面系的应用还不够普及。钢管拱的架设方法仍以支架法、悬臂法和转体法3种为主,其中悬臂拼装法应用最多,适用跨径最大范围也最广。     

荷载横向分布系数的计算及分析

活荷载横向分布系数计算是公路桥梁设计的主要内容之一，可以用多种理论方法进行计算，选用铰接板（梁）法对铰接板桥进行分析，计算其荷载横向分布系数，然后用ANSYS（空间有限元法）分析并对铰接板（梁）法进行评判和校核。     

大跨度公铁两用斜拉桥公路桥面铺装层受力特点分析

为研究适合于大跨度公铁两用斜拉桥的公路桥面铺装复合结构及其控制荷位和力学指标,以武汉天兴洲大桥为例,采用有限元方法,首先建立整桥结构三维模型,计算列车荷载作用下的公路桥面力学响应,然后截取最不利梁段建立公铁两用斜拉桥公路桥面铺装复合结构模型,并以列车荷载作用下的整桥计算结果等效为复合结构模型强制位移边界条件,最后计算公路车辆荷载作用下的铺装结构力学响应,得到铺装层的控制荷载和力学指标。分析表明,考虑列车荷载作用后,公路车辆荷载中心位于纵向加劲肋一端正上方位置为公路铺装体系的横向控制荷位;考虑列车荷载作用后的铺装层最大横向拉应力峰值比不考虑列车荷载时增加了18%,给公路桥面铺装层纵向裂缝的控制、结构设计和材料试验提出更高的要求。     

Die Bogenbrücken der A 17 – Entwurf und Ausführung

The Arch Bridges of the A 17, design and erection – three examples of arch bridges with piered bridge deck. In the course of the newly built highway A 17 were built three concrete arch bridges with piered bridge deck. The characteristics of the bridges and the type of construction are reported on. The bridge across the Seidewitz Valley has an overall length of 568 m and a span of the arch of 154 m. The bridge is the classic case of an arch bridge built using the suspended cantilever method. The Bridge Wölkau has a total length of 57 m and an arch span of 47 m. The bridge is an example for the crossing of a highway with special regard to aesthetics. The bridge across the Lockwitz Valley has an overall length of 723 m and crosses a long valley in a max. heigth of 64 m. The two main spans are each 125 m. In four of the spans are situated arches, which together with the composite superstructure and the piers form an integral frame system. The construction shows a new way for deploying the aesthetic value of arch systems in the crossing of valleys up to now thought as not suitable for this.     

高速铁路下承式系杆拱桥桥面形式的研究

通过有限元分析,对采用结合梁桥面和整体钢桥面两种桥面形式的下承式钢系杆拱桥的竖向刚度、系梁和拱肋的内力、桥面系统的内力和自振特性进行对比分析。计算结果表明:两种形式的竖向刚度基本上相等;系梁和拱肋的内力后者略优于前者,并且不均匀降温对前者更不利;端部横梁都存在较严重的应力集中,方案一对温度荷载很敏感;日照引起的局部温差能较大的增加方案一混凝土桥面板的拉应力值;方案二的纵梁、加劲横梁和桥面板的组合应力都较低。提出整体钢桥面为适合于我国新建高速铁路下承式钢系杆拱桥的合理桥面形式。     

State-of-the-art of long-span bridge engineering in China

This paper introduces the state-of-the-art of longspan bridge engineering in China with emphases on recent long-span bridge projects, bridge deck configuration and material, design codes of long-span bridges and improvement of aerodynamic performance. The recent long-span bridge projects include thirty-eight completed suspension bridges, cable-stayed and arch bridges with a main span over 400 m, and eighteen major bridges are under construction. The bridge deck configuration and material, with prestressed concrete decks, steel-concrete composite decks and steel box decks together with several popular cross-sections, are presented. The third part briefly outlines four design codes, including static and dynamic design for highway long-span bridges, and the recent engineering experiences gained from several aerodynamic vibration control projects of long-span bridges are shared in the last part.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of brace configuration effects on steel structures

The study is concerned with the experimental and numerical investigations of brace configurations on steel buildings in terms of dynamic characteristics. A three-storey steel building model with 1/2 scale of a real building, which was constructed at the laboratory of Civil Engineering Department of Karadeniz Technical University, was selected for investigations. A series of ambient vibration tests were conducted on the building model for bare frame and braced cases. Four different brace types were applied to the model: cross type, Λ type, V type and K type. The natural frequencies and their associated mode shapes and modal damping ratios were identified for each different case in the frequency domain by the Frequency Domain Decomposition method. Also, finite element models for these cases were developed to simulate dynamic behavior. The effect of brace configurations was evaluated by comparing the braced dynamic characteristics with those of the bare case. Also, the experimental and numerical dynamic characteristics were compared with each other, the differences between results were revealed by considering experimental results as exact. The study showed that the stiffness of steel buildings can be increased by applying brace elements considerably and the effects of braces vary depending on brace configuration. The cross type bracing produced the highest stiffness both experimentally and numerically. From the finite element analysis, it was observed that the numerical results were bigger than the experimental results in all cases; therefore the initial finite element models need to be updated.     

润扬大桥悬索桥动力特性分析与实测变异性研究

对我国首座采用刚性中央扣代替短吊索设计的润扬大桥悬索桥进行了动力特性分析与实测变异性研究。首先,通过建立三维空间有限元模型,计算了30种不同伸缩缝刚度下的动力特性参数,研究了悬索桥动力特性的边界敏感性;其次,对基于环境激励的桥面模态试验分析结果以及结构健康监测系统获取的不同时期动力特性参数进行了分析,重点研究了通车前后动力特性参数的变异性,指出了部分振型自振频率发生较大变化的原因。研究结果表明:悬索桥动力特性具有较强的边界敏感性,伸缩缝刚度的变化能够引起部分动力特性参数发生较大的变化。设置中央扣后悬索桥一阶反对称振型自振频率边界敏感性增大。在对悬索桥的动力特性进行精确分析时,主梁两端边界条件不容忽视。研究成果对同类大跨度悬索桥的设计和安全评估具有重要的参考价值。     

Fatigue evaluation of steel-concrete composite deck in steel truss bridge——A case study

An innovative composite deck system has recently been proposed for improved structural performance. To study the fatigue behavior of a steel-concrete composite bridge deck, we took a newly-constructed rail-cum-road steel truss bridge as a case study. The transverse stress history of the bridge deck near the main truss under the action of a standard fatigue vehicle was calculated using finite element analysis. Due to the fact that fatigue provision remains unavailable in the governing code of highway concrete bridges in China, a preliminary fatigue evaluation was conducted according to the fib Model Code. The results indicate that flexural failure of the bridge deck in the transverse negative bending moment region is the controlling fatigue failure mode. The fatigue life associated with the fatigue fracture of steel reinforcement is 56 years. However, while the top surface of the bridge deck concrete near the truss cracks after just six years, the bridge deck performs with fatigue cracks during most of its design service life. Although fatigue capacity is acceptable under design situations, overloading or understrength may increase its risk of failure. The method presented in this work can be applied to similar bridges for preliminary fatigue assessment.     

Investigation of a historic masonry structure by numerical and operational modal analyses

This paper presents the results of model calibration conducted on a historical mosque called Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey. The finite element model of the mosque was calibrated by the use of the results obtained from ambient vibration tests of the structure. In order to develop a solid model of the structure, the dimensions of the structure, defects such as cracks and material degradations in the structure, and the materials used in different parts were identified. For the evaluation of the material properties of the structure, nondestructive and destructive testing methods were used. The numerical and experimental modal parameters of the structure were obtained by finite element method (FEM) and Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), respectively. The natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were obtained from both FEM and OMA and compared with each other. While a good compatibility was achieved between mode shapes, some differences between natural frequencies occurred. It was thought that the differences resulted from variations in the Young's modulus of masonry, cracks in elements or boundary conditions. Therefore, the finite element model was calibrated by changing material parameters. Finally, a more realistic numerical model of the mosque was put forward and the results were discussed in detail. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Environmental effects on the dynamic characteristics of the Gülburnu Highway Bridge

This paper investigates environmental effects on dynamic characteristics of isolated highway bridges constructed with the balanced cantilever method using ambient vibration test. The Gülburnu Highway Bridge located on the Giresun-Espiye state highway is selected as an application. Measurement time, frequency span and effective mode number are selected by considering similar studies found in the literature. The first measurement tests are conducted in June 2009 and traffic over the bridge is used as a source of ambient vibrations to obtain the dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The second measurement tests are conducted in November 2011 using ambient vibrations and the dynamic characteristics are obtained, experimentally. The output-only modal identification of the bridge is effectively carried out using the enhanced frequency domain decomposition method in the frequency domain and stochastic subspace identification method in the time domain. At the end of the study, experimentally identified dynamic characteristics are compared with each other and environmental effects are investigated in detail. The analysis results reveal that the identified natural frequencies provide an effective indication for changes of dynamic characteristics of the bridge due to environmental effects. Significant variability in the identified natural frequencies is changing by up to maximum 14%.     

钢桥面铺装层结构设计指标近似计算新方法

在行车荷载作用下,钢桥面铺装层的受力与变形较一般公路沥青路面或机场道面复杂得多,也是钢桥面铺装层结构设计的一个重要因素。从使用条件、工程实践、试验研究和受力特点等角度出发,提出钢桥面铺装层结构设计指标:一是铺装层拉应力,二是铺装层表面局部挠跨比。采用有限元方法建立在车载作用下钢桥面铺装层的力学响应计算模型。在结构设计参数常用取值范围内,对不设纵隔板和设置纵隔板两种常用钢桥面铺装层的结构设计指标关键影响因素进行正交敏感性分析。同时,通过逐步线性回归方法拟合出钢桥面铺装层结构设计指标的近似计算公式。得到的近似计算公式的精度检验和工程实例分析结果表明,近似计算公式精度很好,满足工程设计和理论研究的需要。研究结果可为钢桥面铺装层结构设计提供近似计算的新方法。     

混凝土桥面板对公路铁路两用桁梁斜拉桥受力影响

公路铁路两用桥是混凝土公路桥面板与钢桁架相结合的板桁共同作用的组合结构。通过对某公路铁路两用桁梁斜拉桥进行空间有限元计算分析,探讨了混凝土桥面板体系对结构受力性能的影响和混凝土桥面板徐变的影响,并通过与钢桥面板比较,证明了混凝土桥面板的优越性。     

水泥混凝土桥桥面铺装结构组合方法分析

建立了三种不同桥型的有限元模型,论证了铺装层厚度对铺装体系受力的影响,得出大跨径水泥混凝土桥铺装体系受铺装层厚度的影响较小,并建议结构组合设计应更多地从铺装层材料功能角度上考虑。     

某双曲拱桥的动静力测试及承载能力评估

本文以某双曲拱桥的承载力评估为例,在总结几种有限元模型离散方法的基础上,结合双曲拱桥的结构形式,提出采用梁板结合的模拟方法,用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS进行了双曲拱桥的模型建立.同时,阐述了双曲拱桥的动载及静载试验的试验方法与过程,包括用等代荷载的方法确定荷载车辆、各种工况的分级加载、动载及静载试验测点的布置.依据有限元分析结果与动静力荷载结果的对比分析,对工程实例桥的承载能力进行了评估分析,得出了该桥当前的结构性能和状况.结果表明,正确的计算模型是评定双曲拱桥承载能力的关键,有限元法中的板梁法结合双曲拱桥的结构形式,是双曲拱桥结构空间分析的一种有效方法,以有限元理论分析和动静力荷载试验相结合的方法能较为全面地评定双曲拱桥的承载能力,可为同类桥梁计算分析及承载能力评定提供参考.     

下承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的冲击系数研究

以泰兴滨江大桥为例,根据下承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的结构特点,采用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS对该桥进行有限元离散。采用梁单元beam4模拟钢管混凝土拱肋（内部混凝土及外部钢管）、系杆及横梁等构件,用杆单元Iinks模拟吊杆,用壳单元she1163模拟桥面铺装层,用实体单元solid45模拟桥面系的预制空心板部分,建立了系杆拱桥的空间计算的有限元模型,进行模态分析,得到各阶自振频率及振型。建立四分之一车辆模型作用下的拱桥车桥耦合振动模型,并利用MATLAB语言编制程序,分析了移动车辆荷载作用下下承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的响应,系统地得到了该桥在不同车速,不同车道,不同阻尼,不同路况的振动响应等力学性能。本文所得出的主要结论和有关研究成果可为大跨度钢管混凝土系杆拱桥设计时的冲击系数取值,研究车辆对系杆拱桥的冲击性能和后期桥梁养护确定荷载效应分析提供参考。     

上承式钢管混凝土拱桥动力特性分析

为研究上承式钢管混凝土拱桥的动力特性,以大型有限元计算软件ANSYS为平台,对跨径为252 m的上承式钢管混凝土拱桥——千岛湖1号特大桥建立了空间有限元模型,进行了动力特性分析。通过对前十阶频率和振型的分析,得出结论:面内基频一般较面外基频大,尤其是大跨度拱桥,应注意保证拱的横向稳定性;桥面系的面内振动与拱肋基本同步,桥面系的面外振动受桥面系与拱肋之间联结形式的影响较大,采用立柱或刚性吊杆联结时,二者振动基本同步;通过收集到的大量钢管混凝土拱桥的结构型式和基频计算结果,可得出钢管混凝土拱桥基频随跨径的变化趋势,并由此回归出频率对于跨度的公式,当缺少实测资料时,可作为工程设计中的参考依据。