耐温耐盐复合交联调剖体系实验研究

使用部分水解聚丙烯酰胺、有机铬和水溶性酚醛为主剂,制备了一种复合交联调剖体系,考察了聚合物及交联剂浓度、矿化度、温度等因素对体系成胶性能的影响。结果表明,体系在矿化度为15 000 mg/L,温度低于90℃的条件下,仍可生成较高强度的凝胶,具有良好耐温耐盐性能。通过单管和双管并联岩心封堵实验来模拟体系对地层的调剖过程,结果表明,体系对单管岩心的封堵率高于96%,突破压力梯度大于35 MPa/m;双管并联岩心实验时,体系对高渗管岩心的封堵率在95%以上,而对低渗管岩心的封堵率低于15%。     

高强度无机复合高温堵剂体系研究

针对海上某油田高温、高矿化度和存在大孔道的储层条件，制备了耐高温高强度无机复合堵剂体系。通过静态实验，研究了主剂、增强剂和固化剂对体系固化性能的影响，评价了体系耐温性能、耐盐性能和热稳定性能。通过动态实验，研究了体系封堵性能、耐冲刷性能和解堵性能。结果表明：无机复合堵剂体系固化强度高，耐温120℃,耐盐50000mg/L,老化180d强度仍较高。后续水驱10PV后，无机复合堵剂体系对岩心封堵率达到94%以上，封堵性能和冲刷性能好。注入解堵剂后，岩心渗透率恢复率达到67%以上，具有一定的可解堵性能。     

丙烯酸树脂复合丁苯橡胶自黏粒子的性能及其模拟封堵评价

基于塔河油田温度高、矿化度高、超深井、高含水油藏特征下的封堵要求,采用悬浮聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸酯类自黏性树脂,并用其改性丁苯橡胶(SBR),制备高密度的橡胶类自黏堵剂;研究了树脂含量对SBR油溶性和自黏性的影响,并用封堵模拟实验评价了橡胶颗粒堵剂的封堵强度。结果表明,聚丙烯酸树脂的加入可降低SBR的黏流温度,增加橡胶的自黏性,当树脂用量为80份时,改性的SBR堵剂在130℃表现出较好的黏结性,树脂改性的SBR在柴油中浸泡12 h后完全溶解;封堵实验表明,改性的SBR堵剂颗粒封堵压力梯度突破2 MPa/m,表现出优异的封堵效果。     

漏失量大地层修井作业高强度堵剂研制与应用

针对低压易漏失疏松砂岩油、气藏封堵高水淹层作业中暴露出堵剂用量大，一次性封堵成功率低，有效期短等问题，研制了一种防漏失高强度堵剂DLG。DLG是由多级粒径颗粒材料、架桥剂和多功能悬浮剂组成，室内对DLG堵剂进行了性能评价，结果表明：DLG堵剂颗粒粒径分布宽，0.15μm-1.4mm，防漏失效果显著；所选颗粒材料均可固结，抗压强度大于20MPa，固化时间大于8小时。经过现场4井次试验，一次封堵施工成功率100%，有效率100%，表明DLG多级粒径防漏失高强度堵剂在低压易漏失疏松砂岩油、气藏具有良好的适应性。     

有机聚合交联弱凝胶室内实验研究

针对常规丙烯酰胺类弱凝胶堵剂成胶黏度低、不耐高矿化度等问题,研制了一种有机聚合物交联弱凝胶。应用流变法研究了有机聚合物交联弱凝胶的性能,考察了温度、pH、矿化度对弱凝胶性能的影响,并进行了填砂管封堵实验。结果表明,在80℃、碱性条件下,弱凝胶体系成胶黏度可达143×10~3m Pa·s,并具有较好的抗盐性能。该弱凝胶堵剂对高渗层的封堵率达99%以上,且在驱替30 PV后封堵率仍能达到97%以上,封堵性能较好,能够满足调剖堵水作业现场的需求。     

二次交联凝胶颗粒堵水体系的研制

针对裂缝性油藏堵水成功率低、堵剂漏失严重且容易误堵的问题,研制了一种凝胶颗粒类堵剂,该堵剂通过凝胶颗粒在地层下的二次交联进行堵水。以丙烯酰胺(AM)和不稳定易分解酯类单体J-1为主要原料,通过本体聚合的方法合成凝胶颗粒,由于J-1中含有双键结构使其聚合成具有三维网状结构的凝胶颗粒;凝胶颗粒和二次交联剂J-2在地层下再次交联形成高强度凝胶体。凝胶颗粒成胶时间随J-1加量不同其分解时间不同,使得颗粒成胶时间可控。堵剂成胶时间为1～4 d,凝胶颗粒质量分数为1%～3%,初始黏度接近注入水黏度,在油相中基本不成胶,在水相中能够形成高黏度凝胶体,在高矿化度下能够形成黏度220 000 m Pa·s以上的高强度凝胶;在70℃条件下,90 d内黏度变化较小,性能保持良好,具有良好的抗盐性和热稳定性。填砂管实验结果表明,堵水体系突破压力在31. 25 MPa/m以上,封堵率在92%以上,具有很好的封堵性能。     

热采吞吐用热固性堵剂室内实验研究

渤海油田部分热采井进入第三轮次热吞吐,受边底水影响,部分热采井面临高含水威胁,如何使热流体热不沿大孔道突进、提高热波及体积是提高热吞吐效果迫切需要研究和解决的难题,因此研制出热固性堵剂并采用高温老化箱、材料试验机、岩心驱替装置,考察了热固性堵剂的耐高温性能、封堵性能并对堵剂注入工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,在150、200及250℃条件下,成胶后的热固性堵剂在300℃下加热48 h其抗压强度保留率均大于85%。热流体温度为300℃时热固性堵剂的封堵压差为1.2MPa。随着岩心渗透率由1达西增加至5达西,堵剂封堵压差逐渐变小,从2MPa降至0.6MPa。随着堵剂注入量的增加,热流体驱油效率逐渐增加,堵剂最佳注入量为0.2 PV。岩心出现窜流时,堵剂可提高热流体的驱油效率10%以上;堵剂的注入时机对热流体驱替效率的影响在1.38%以内。     

高强堵剂JB-H的室内研究与评价

针对聚合物凝胶堵水剂存在凝胶强度低、耐温耐盐性差等缺点,研究出了一种新型高强堵剂.通过红外光谱、黏度、凝胶强度、岩心流动试验等对JB-H堵剂体系配方进行了测试.结果表明:该堵水体系JB-H堵剂可应用温度为110℃以下的中低温油藏层;在矿化度小于100 g/L的盐水中,封堵性能无较大影响,抗盐性能良好;对高渗透裂缝封堵率...     

高强度铬冻胶调剖体系的室内研究

实验室研制了一种以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺、有机铬为主剂的冻胶体系。在70℃条件下考察了主剂浓度、矿化度、温度、pH值等对体系成胶性能的影响。结果表明,该体系在矿化度<20 000mg/L、温度65~80℃、pH值为5~7时,生成的冻胶突破真空压力达到0.080 MPa以上。由岩心封堵试验得到,该冻胶体系对模拟岩心的封堵率高达97%。     

油井酚醛树脂封堵剂封堵固化机理研究

为了保证酚醛树脂堵剂的注入性和封堵效果,设计了将热塑性的树脂预聚体注入地层后在地层中再固化而形成连续的高强度树脂封堵带的段塞封堵材料工艺。水溶性酚醛树脂固化效果是封堵剂能否成功的关键。利用红外光谱与DSC,测定酚醛树脂固化过程分子结构变化趋势,获得了树脂预聚体固化机理,结果表明,树脂预聚体固化后形成的羟基缔合结构是树脂具有高强度的主要原因,随着温度升高,当温度达到70℃后,固化时间7 h以后,酚醛树脂完全固化后,3 414.5 cm~(-1)处发现了缔合羟基峰,在1 400 cm~(-1)出现对-对位连接方式产生的亚甲基桥吸收峰,出现了酚醛树脂固化后网状缔合结构,使得酚醛树脂材料具有较高强度。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。