植物对空气中可吸入颗粒物的量化控制及影响

根据绿色植物的生态习性及滞尘作用,首先分析了空气中可吸入颗粒物的组成,危害及分类,通过分析影响这一作用的因素及相关问题的可行性研究,找出其中变化规律,为研究绿色植物对空气中可吸入颗粒物量化控制方法提供理论基础,进而为环境绿化规划提供量化设计依据．     

城市居住区公共绿地开放空间设计研究

当前国内居住区公共绿地普遍布局零散小区绿地与城市空间、小区内部中心绿地与组团绿地之间都缺乏必要的内在联系,由此导致其空间封闭,并间接影响了居住区城市道路景观。该文结合实际调研和实例研究,针对现状,提出将小区公共绿地视作独立的绿规划设计,并对城市有限度“分层次开放”的策略。     

棕地生态恢复与再生:上海世博园核心景观定位与设计方案

通过2010年上海世博中心绿地的定位研究和设计案例,探讨了大城市公园绿地的功能定位研究方法,以及工业棕地的生态恢复和工业遗产的利用途径,在满足大型会展功能的同时,为创造城市环境与文化的可持续性,提供一个可持续的景观。方案综合解决滨江洪涝、生态重建、人流疏散、遗产利用、文化展示等问题,使世博成为一块滨江的绿地、世博绿地和城市的绿地,满足会展期间和会展之后的多种功能。     

生态园林的发展与思考

文中叙述了要利用树木改善人类的生存环境，利用植物的多样性创造自然景观。并指出绿化养护管理应维护生态平衡，同时要促进生态系统的养分循环。     

特色校园空间的建构--上海工程技术大学松江新校区总体规划

文章简要介绍了上海工程技术大学松江新校区规划设计的总体构思和主要特点;强调尊重基地特征,从以人为本的思想出发建构地域性、开放性、网络化、多元化的特色校园空间.     

江苏风景园林艺术的传承与创新

调研古典园林、风景名胜资源和城市公园绿地景观现状,结合历史研究与文献分析,提炼出江苏古典园林和风景名胜区的艺术特点,在加强其资源保护的前提下,提出当代风景园林艺术提升的工作策略和行动思路.     

美国绿色空间思想的分析与思考

本文对美国绿色空间主要思想的研究发现,其核心是尊重和保护自然环境,崇尚景观自然性,注重区域生态,实现可持续发展。作者揭示了美国绿色空间的本质特征,即绿色空间意识浓,自然保护觉醒早,先进思想善于同实践相结合,其最大贡献表现在公园已成为世界城市建设的基本要素,国家公园发展为世界性自然保护运动,绿色空间概念成为世界生态建设的准则。最后,提出了我国绿色空间的发展思路。     

莱茵春天居住小区

基于对我国居住小区现状的研究,制定出如下设计方法来创造自然生动、有识别性的住区空间:结合地形,采用自由的建筑布局;在小区主路旁设带状绿地,并与宅间绿地空间相互渗透;在某些元素统一的约定下,由多名设计师参加方案设计,使小区的建筑造型既相互协调,又各具特色。     

From the Editors

Problem: Reducing gasoline consumption could sharply curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Ongoing research seeks to document factors associated with green travel behavior, like walking and transit use.

Purpose: We seek to determine whether green beliefs and values are associated with green travel behavior. We measure whether residents of communities with environmentalist attributes drive less, consume less gasoline, and are more likely to commute by private vehicle. We explore several channels through which green beliefs and values may affect travel behavior and vice versa.

Methods: We drew our demographic, transportation, and built environment data from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing including the Public Use Microdata Sample and the 2001 National Household Travel Survey, and constructed our indicators of green ideology using voting records, political party membership, and data on hybrid auto ownership. We estimated ordinary least squares regression and linear probability models using both individual households and small areas as units of analysis.

Results and conclusions: We find green ideology is associated with green travel behavior. People with green values are more likely than others to be located in communities with high population densities and proximity to city centers and rail transit stations, which are attributes conducive to environmentally friendly travel. We also find that residents of green communities engage in more sustainable travel than residents of other communities, even controlling for demographics and the effects of the built environment. Green ideology may cause green travel behavior because greens derive utility from conservation or because greens locate in, or create, areas with characteristics that promote sustainable travel. We also discuss the possibility that green travel behavior may cause green beliefs.

Takeaway for practice: If greens self-select into dense, central, and transit-friendly areas, the demand for these characteristics may rise if green consciousness does. Alternatively, if these characteristics cause green consciousness, their promotion promises to increase green behavior. The implications of our finding that residents of green communities engage in more sustainable travel patterns than others depends on the causal mechanism at work. If greens conserve because they derive utility from it, then environmental education and persuasion may bring about more sustainable travel. Alternatively, if green travel behavior causes green beliefs, it is possible that attracting more travelers to alternate modes and reducing vehicle miles traveled may increase environmental consciousness, which may in turn promote other types of pro-environment behavior.

Research support: None.     

论平淡自然的绿化景观以及公园规划

古代中国园林的最初设计是从景观意境出发,而现代中国不少以园林用地作为商业赢利场地,严重破坏了绿化景观,也扭曲了园林应有的生态本质。国外园林绿地是公众社会福利事业,城市与公园景观融合为一体,它们之间不设人为的分隔,且公园以绿化景观为主。表面看起来似乎比中国的公园设计简单,实则与国内商业化的园林有着本质的不同。     

A study on the comprehensive indicator of indoor environment assessment for occupants’ health in Taiwan

This paper presents the methodology of developing the comprehensive indicator for indoor-environment assessment. It intends to provide the occupants with the measures of indoor-environment quality. These indicators were drawn up by literature review based on the practicability, economic and feasible aspects. The categories we considered included acoustics, vibrations, illumination, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, water quality, greens and electromagnetic fields. The purpose is to derive the essential indicators through expertise consultation for quantitative assessment on existing buildings. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to carry out the weighting among the categories and these indicators in the same category respectively. The consistency ratio was also calculated to filter out the null questionnaire. Finally, a comprehensive index, indoor environment index (IEI_(AHP)), composed of the filtered indicators, is proposed to assess the indoor-environment in the built buildings.     

公园本义--园林化城市的梦想

现代化城市需要更多的开放性公园，这些开放性公园应学习中国传统的造园艺术。由于在城市绿地的建设中忽视了造园艺术，出现了很多败笔，让人痛心疾首。希望园林艺术专家们走出狭小的象牙之塔，为城市公园的设计发挥自己的才智：更希望城市规划设计者们在规划中能听取园林艺术家们的意见与建议，把我们的城市建设得更美丽。     

台阶式花园住宅的思考

对台阶式花园住宅和住宅的标准化和多样化的关系进行了分析,结合淄博市的情况对花园住宅规划、设计、平面形式、商品化、私有化、经济造价进行了探讨,认为在现行的条件下大面积推广尚有问题,但结合旧城改造,在新建小区的绿地周围进行试建,可增加城市美感。     

诺华公司圣约翰园区

总体规划 1999年,PWP景观事务所赢得了制药巨头诺华公司总部的景观设计大赛。诺华公司大部分的建筑群都坐落于莱茵河畔,位于机场和巴塞尔市中心的中间,总占地面积约206 389.7m^2。竞赛的主题是将一处火车轨道纵横交错的工业景观改造为现代的科研和行政园区,通过长椅、树木及绿色植被、公园和广场营造出适合步行的环境氛围。除了对户外空间的设计之外,该项目也针对大量现有的地下仓库和地下室进行了规划和设计。     

综合功能城市桥侧护栏开发

针对城市快速路对桥侧护栏的安全性、绿化、协调性的特殊需求,参考国内外相关标准提出城市快速路桥侧护栏碰撞条件和评价标准,开发出具有综合功能的桥侧护栏,并利用有限元仿真技术手段进行安全评价。研究结果表明,桥侧混凝土护栏结构能够有效防护车辆,小客车碰撞后驶出角度为7°,大客车碰撞后驶出角度为1.7°,小客车碰撞后重心加速度最大值为17.4g,大客车碰撞后护栏最大动态变形小于100mm,护栏达到SS级520kJ的防撞能力。护栏可进行绿化物种植,并能和灯杆、标志牌等协调安装。此种桥侧护栏已在实际工程中应用。     

Assessing architectural color preference after Le Corbusier's 1931 Salubra keyboards: A cross cultural analysis

Color preference for the interior of a bedroom of Le Corbusier's Swiss Pavilion was studied using 1931 Salubra color keyboards in a cross-cultural analysis. Results indicate that students from architecture and interior design slightly dislike or are indifferent to Le Corbusier color combinations and prefer pale and low saturated colors for interior architecture. The least preferred colors belong to green and brown hues. Scarce significant gender differences are found that follow a stereotyped tendency, with females preferring pinks, light blues and light greens, while males vivid oranges and Vermilions. Near Easterners are significantly more likely to green colors, while Western Europeans to dark greys. These data indicate that not only hue, but also value and saturation are important color features to inform preference for interior architecture.     

Thermal benefits of city parks

In Singapore, rapid population influx has led to demands for converting natural areas to pubic housing. The heat island in Singapore city has been documented. However, less attention has been placed on the cooling effect of city's green areas. To address this issue, temperature and humidity measurements were conducted in two big city green areas. One is the city's natural reserve—Bukit Batok Nature Park (BBNP) (36 ha) and the other is a neighbourhood park—Clementi Woods Park (CWP) (12 ha). The measurements were conducted at both vegetated areas and their surroundings. The results indicated the cooling effects of city greens are remarkable not only at vegetated areas but also the surrounding built environments. To further explore the role of the green area on moderating the microclimate, two simulation programmes, TAS and Envi-met, were employed, respectively, for the two parks. The aims are to explore the patterns of energy consumptions of a typical commercial building near to Bukit Batok Nature Park and different thermal conditions with and without Clementi Woods.     

Revisiting the cottage council estates: England, 1919–39

The suburban cottage council estates of inter-war England are an example of how hopes for social transformation emerging in a new physical environment produced by planning worked out in practice. Their roots lay in the anti-urbanism of the nineteenth century. To improve the physical and moral health of the population, reformists had rejected the contemporary city in favour of a more rural environment. The adoption of the pre-industrial English village as the model for development appeared to offer harmonious social relations and a sense of community too. Although these sentiments were diminished by the end of World War I, their legacy was still apparent. Under the influence of Raymond Unwin, the promotion by the Tudor Walters Report of picturesque cottages, streets, gardens and greens presupposed an improved way of life for the cottage council estates that drew upon these romanticized images of the past. Rarely has the social life that developed on the estates been associated with such images. Instead, one of the strongest narratives of suburban working-class life is the loneliness and desolation of the cottage council estates. The estates are usually depicted, especially by modern commentators, as bereft of any sense of community. In particular, the layout of the housing, together with the absence of other facilities and amenities are thought to have hindered the development of social life. Rather than engendering a sense of community, the physical environment is held chiefly responsible for its absence. This paper re-examines these assumptions about the relationship between city plan and social relations by detailing the development of social life in the inter-war period upon the Roehampton and Watling estates, two of the London County Council's cottage estates. Community, it is argued, was not absent from either estate. The precise nature of community that emerged on each estate, together with the wider development of social life, is linked not to the estates' physical planning, but instead their social composition.     

A model of greenhouse gas emissions from the management of turf on two golf courses

An estimated 32,000 golf courses worldwide (approximately 25,600 km²), provide ecosystem goods and services and support an industry contributing over $124 billion globally. Golf courses can impact positively on local biodiversity however their role in the global carbon cycle is not clearly understood. To explore this relationship, the balance between plant-soil system sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions from turf management on golf courses was modelled. Input data were derived from published studies of emissions from agriculture and turfgrass management. Two UK case studies of golf course type were used, a Links course (coastal, medium intensity management, within coastal dune grasses) and a Parkland course (inland, high intensity management, within woodland).Playing surfaces of both golf courses were marginal net sources of greenhouse gas emissions due to maintenance (Links 0.4 ± 0.1 Mg CO₂e ha^− 1 y^− 1; Parkland 0.7 ± 0.2 Mg CO₂e ha^− 1 y^− 1). A significant proportion of emissions were from the use of nitrogen fertiliser, especially on tees and greens such that 3% of the golf course area contributed 16% of total greenhouse gas emissions. The area of trees on a golf course was important in determining whole-course emission balance. On the Parkland course, emissions from maintenance were offset by sequestration from trees which comprised 48% of total area, resulting in a net balance of −4.3 ± 0.9 Mg CO_2e ha^− 1 y^− 1. On the Links course, the proportion of trees was much lower (2%) and sequestration from links grassland resulted in a net balance of 0.0 ± 0.2 Mg CO_2e ha^− 1 y^− 1. Recommendations for golf course management and design include the reduction of nitrogen fertiliser, improved operational efficiency when mowing, the inclusion of appropriate tree-planting and the scaling of component areas to maximise golf course sequestration capacity. The findings are transferrable to the management and design of urban parks and gardens, which range between fairways and greens in intensity of management.     

Put a park on it: How freeway caps are reconnecting and greening divided cities

The international green infrastructure literature has examined rails-to-trails and freeway-to-boulevard conversions, but these strategies can be impractical or politically unfeasible. An understudied movement among United States cities has demonstrated a strategy for greening freeways that remain in service: freeway cap parks, or decks with parks built in the air space directly above below-grade freeway sections that can help reintegrate communities, conceal traffic, reduce air pollution, and provide green space. We provide the first assessment of the design, function, and placement of freeway cap parks and assess the emerging sustainability discourse of cap park planning. We examine 18 completed and 9 proposed cap parks in 24 U.S. cities to identify four cap park development models that can be adapted worldwide to green below-grade freeway segments and reconnect communities. Given historic disparities in freeway placement, we examined the distribution of cap parks and found they are located in areas that could help address disparities in park access in freeways corridors. Our detailed case studies stress the struggle within the cap park sustainability discourse to balance economic, environmental, and equity concerns. Dallas' Klyde Warren Park is an economic success story, but illustrates how developers use cap parks to sideline equity concerns. Denver's proposed I-70 cap park illustrates strategies to mitigate environmental justice impacts of freeway expansion projects, but equity concerns remain given continuing impacts of the expanded freeway system. Cap parks should be embraced as a vital component of green infrastructure that reconnects and greens cities divided by freeway construction, but planners should take strong steps to address housing affordability and gentrification concerns for adjacent communities.