宰后肌肉嫩度检测技术研究进展

嫩度作为评价肉品品质的重要指标之一,影响消费者对于肉制品的购买选择.对宰后肉品的组成结构、蛋白特性进行检测,可以准确判定肉品嫩化程度.本文就宰后成熟过程中各类肌肉蛋白质的变化及其嫩化作用、现有检测技术及相关机理进行综述,讨论目前技术存在的局限性,为研发新型嫩度检测技术提供理论参考.     

生猪宰前皮温、宰后肉温及pH值对肉品质量影响

生猪屠宰后,肉尸(胴体)会产生系列新陈代谢变化.这一过程和结果直接关系到肉品卫生安全质量.宰前皮肤温度与宰后肌肉温度及pH值变化,是影响猪肉品质的三个主要因素.宰前充分休息与饮水,宰后严格冷却工艺和屠宰修正工艺是提高肉品品质的重要措施.     

肉的色泽与嫩度

综述了肉的色泽、嫩度在贮藏过程中发生的变化及其对消费者购买倾向和产品烹调后满足感的影响.     

禁食时间对宰后早期鸡肉持水力和嫩度的影响

三黄鸡分别禁食0、8、16h和24h,三管齐断法宰杀,于宰后5h内分别测定滴水损失、蒸煮损失、加压损失、蛋白溶解性、剪切力值、糖原、乳酸和pH值等指标,观察禁食对宰后早期鸡肉持水力和嫩度的影响。结果表明：随着禁食时间延长,宰后糖原含量(P＜0.05)和pH值均降低;随着宰后时间延长,糖原含量和pH值变化趋势与宰后时间正相关,而乳酸含量变化趋势与宰后时间负相关。宰后早期,pH值对肌肉持水力有显著影响(P＜0.05),而蛋白溶解度对持水力变化贡献不大。禁食使得宰后早期肌肉剪切力值有增大趋势,但处理组之间差异不显著。与未禁食鸡相比,禁食8h和禁食16h能够提高宰后肌肉持水力。     

宰后电刺激与肉的嫩度

本文综述了电刺激的发展历史背景和研究现状,肌肉的嫩化机制及宰后电刺激促进嫩化的机理.同时,介绍了一些该领域的相关研究成果,并对电刺激的机理和电刺激在动物宰后肌肉嫩化中的应用进行了讨论.     

中间型极限pH值牛肉嫩度劣变机制的研究进展

嫩度是衡量牛肉食用品质优劣的重要指标之一,也是消费者选择购买与否的重要标准。相较于高极限pH值(ultimate pH,pHu)(pHu>6.2)和正常pHu(pHu<5.8)牛肉,中间型pHu(5.8相似文献   

宰后肌动球蛋白解离对肉品嫩度的影响研究进展

宰后肉品经过成熟后其嫩度得到明显改善,而成熟时肌动球蛋白的解离可能是导致这一变化的重要原因之一。本文对宰后僵直过程中肌动球蛋白的形成作简单介绍,在此基础上详细讨论宰后成熟过程中肌动球蛋白的解离与肉品嫩度改善之间的潜在关系,同时对此过程中可能会引起肌动球蛋白解离的因子进行总结。     

肌肉嫩度的影响因素及pH调节牛肉嫩化技术研究进展

嫩度是牛肉的重要品质指标,提高牛肉嫩度可以显著提高牛肉品质。大量研究表明,调节pH能有效改善牛肉嫩度、提高牛肉的品质,且该嫩化方法安全有效、成本较低,正在受到越来越多学者和企业的关注。本文综述了决定肌肉嫩度的主要因素、pH调节嫩化技术的机理及国内外pH调节改善牛肉嫩度的应用的研究进展,为新型牛肉嫩化技术的研究与应用提供参考。     

宰后肌肉蛋白质变化与嫩度的关系

肉的嫩度受很多因素影响,但目前对其机理的认识仍非常有限。本文综述了近年来国内外学者对肉嫩度的研究,主要分析了宰后蛋白质变化对肉嫩度的影响,以期为肉嫩度的提高和品质的改善提供参考。     

冷却牛肉贮藏期间嫩度变化的研究

本实验探讨了冷却牛肉在贮藏过程中嫩度变化趋势及其与pH值变化之间的相关性,以及冷却牛肉嫩度与失水率的关系.实验结果显示衡量嫩度的指标剪切力值总体趋势是随着贮藏时间的延长而增大,在45天左右达到最大值后呈下降趋势;冷却牛肉贮藏期间嫩度变化与pH值变化无相关性;失水率是影响冷却牛肉嫩度变化的主要因素.     

Managing meat tenderness

This paper discusses the management of meat tenderness using a carcass grading scheme which utilizes the concept of total quality management of those factors which impact on beef palatability. The scheme called Meat Standards Australia (MSA) has identified the Critical Control Points (CCPs) from the production, pre-slaughter, processing and value adding sectors of the beef supply chain and quantified their relative importance using large-scale consumer testing. These CCPs have been used to manage beef palatability in two ways. Firstly, CCPs from the pre-slaughter and processing sectors have been used as mandatory criteria for carcasses to be graded. Secondly, other CCPs from the production and processing sectors have been incorporated into a model to predict palatability for individual muscles. The evidence for the importance of CCPs from the production (breed, growth path and HGP implants), pre-slaughter and processing (pH/temperature window, alternative carcass suspension, marbling and ageing) sectors are reviewed and the accuracy of the model to predict palatability for specific muscle×cooking techniques is presented.     

胶原蛋白与肉品品质

简要介绍了胶原蛋白在肌肉中的分布,交联结构的形成及其稳定性,并阐述了胶原蛋白随动物年龄变化的规律及其与肌肉嫩度之间的关系。     

Evaluation of Longissimus dorsi muscle pH at three hours Post mortem as a predictor of beef tenderness

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of beef longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) pH at 3 h post mortem (pH(3)) and aged LM tenderness. The cattle (n = 444) sampled for this experiment represented various breed types, sex classes, feeding regimes, and post-mortem handling practices. The phenotypic diversity of the cattle used provided a great amount of variation in Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force (Coefficient of variation for pH, temperature, and sarcomere length measurements were much smaller than the coefficient of variation for WBS force). None of the parameters measured (LM pH at 3 and 48 h post mortem, temperature at 3 h post mortem and sarcomere length) was strongly related to tenderness. These results do not support the use of pH(3) as a criterion for sorting beef carcasses into expected tenderness groups.     

探讨影响肉质嫩度的因素和嫩化方法

<正> 肉的食用感官指标主要包括滋味、质地、多汁性、外观色泽和气味等,其中以代表质地品质的嫩度最为重要,它决定着肉的烹调和加工产品的最终感官质量,是消费者选择肉和肉制品的首要衡量指标。 影响肉质嫩度的因素 在评定肉的嫩度时,除了品尝试验外,目前最常用的方法是测量剪断单位体积肉品所需的机械力。事实上,肉的嫩度取决于肌肉中肌原纤维蛋白的状态(即肌球蛋白与肌动蛋白结合的紧密程度)、结缔组织的组成和含量、肌间脂肪的分布和含量,以及肌肉持水性的大小。一般来说,在结缔组织含量低,尤其是弹性蛋白含量低的情况下,肌肉便处于解     

The mechanism for the promotion of tenderness in meat during the post‐mortem process: A review

The post‐mortem changes in the chemical composition and structure of striated muscle have been reviewed on the basis of various concepts that emerged from the studies of different investigators to explain the course of tenderization of meat during aging. These concepts include the changes in the sarcoplasmic proteins, myofibrillar proteins (such as complete dissociation of actomyosin, partial dissociation of actomyosin, cleavage of disulfide linkages, depolymerization of F‐actin filaments, cleavage of myosin filaments, disorganization of Z‐bands and the troponin‐tropomyosin complex), sarcolemma, connective tissue elements (collagen fibrils, ground substance), and the protein‐ion relationship of the muscle cells (more strictly, syncy‐tia). The experimental evidence for and against each of the views is discussed critically in the light of certain fundamentals of biophysical chemistry and biochemistry. Finally, an alternative hypothesis has been presented based on the differential effect of the post‐mortem formation of lactic acid (H⁺ ion concentration) on the intra‐ and extracellular components of muscle and the possible role of lysosomal cathepsins. Consequently, a series of biophysical, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes seem to account for the mechanism by which meat becomes tender during the aging process.     

Preslaughter handling of pigs and the effect on heart rate, meat quality, including tenderness, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) transport

It is known that stress applied to pigs can be of influence on meat quality combined with disturbed regulation of the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration. However, the effect on meat tenderness is not sufficiently known.

In an experiment with pigs two kinds of stress (immobilisation by a nose snare (nose) and the use of an electrical goad (goad)) for 5 min just before slaughter were used and the results compared with minimum stress pigs (control). To quantify the level of stress, the heart rate during stress application was determined and it was found that the stress effect was highest in the goad pigs and surprisingly decreasing during the use of a nose snare. The meat quality did not differ between nose and control pigs, but was inferior in the goad group. Also, the goad stress significantly reduced the Ca²⁺ transport of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The principal hypothesis, that a disturbed Ca²⁺ transport will affect the tenderness by activating the calpain system, could not be verified. Tenderness did not differ between experimental groups using 24 h post-mortem samples, neither was there a difference in tenderness after storing the meat samples for 6 days.     

Cell injury and meat quality of pig in the time period post mortem from two genotypes susceptible or resistant to malignant hyperthermia

 Muscles of pigs with mutated calcium release channels show increased metabolic activities, and ultimately inferior meat quality results. Different cellular changes in the time period post mortem (PM) are reported by investigating longissimus samples obtained immediately after death (0 h), 45 min PM, 4 h PM, and 22 h PM. The meat quality of such malignant hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) pigs was inferior to that of malignant hyperthermia resistant (MHR) pigs. Histological analysis of muscle fibres showed an enhanced rate and extent of the development of extracellular spaces in MHS muscle compared to MHR muscle in the time period PM. The permeability of crude sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to Ca²⁺ increased at a higher rate in MHS than in MHR muscle. Total muscle phospholipids contained a higher concentration of long chain n-3 fatty acids in MHS compared with MHR animals immediately after slaughter. The MHS homogenate lipids were more susceptible to stimulated peroxidation by Fe²⁺/ascorbate in samples obtained 45 min PM and 4 h PM, but there were no differences between the two genotypes for 0 h PM and 22 h PM samples, suggesting a retarded consumption of antioxidants in MHR compared to MHS muscle. The results suggest that in addition to the well-known denaturation of proteins, altered biochemical processes in muscle cells of stress-susceptible pigs cause injury to cell membranes as well as to SR membranes early in the time period PM. Received: 24 July 1998 / Revised version: 25 September 1998     

原料肉嫩度影响因素

在肉的加工过程中,嫩度非常重要,是评价肉及肉食品综合品质的一项重要指标,直接影响着肉的食用价值和商品价值,反映着肉中各种蛋白质的结构状态与特性。在市场竞争日益激烈的今天,如何生产出嫩度高,口感好的肉及肉食品,已经成为食品行业一项非常重要而又实际的研究内容。本文主要从宰前因素和宰后因素对原料肉嫩度的影响加以阐述。1宰前因素对原料肉嫩度的影响1·1年龄幼龄家畜的肉一般比老龄家畜的肉嫩。原因是老龄家畜因胶原蛋白共价交联键较多,有较高的热稳定性,对酸碱等的敏感性也相对较差,而幼龄家畜肌肉中胶原蛋白的交联程度低,热稳定…     

Psychophysical investigations into the tenderness of meat

Tenderness of five veal meat cuts was determined by two groups of subjects: a panel of skilled butchers and a consumers' panel. The butchers estimated tenderness with and without assistance of visual information. For the consumers a procedure to measure the oral sensation by a forced choice method of successive comparison was developed. It was shown that: imprecision of the opinions of the consumers was greater than that of the butchers; use of additional visual information did not affect the butchers' precision; and the butchers' views of tenderness had a poor relationship to the consumers' oral perception of this quality.     

钙蛋白酶系统对肉的嫩化作用研究进展

肉的嫩度是肉品质的一个重要指标,严重影响肉的食用价值和经济价值.钙蛋白酶系统通过水解肌原纤维蛋白,在宰后肌肉嫩化中起着决定性的作用.综述钙蛋白酶系统(包含钙蛋白酶、钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白和钙蛋白酶激活蛋白3部分)对肉嫩化的作用机制和研究现状,并探讨研究前景.