组合相变材料强化固液相变传热可视化实验

采用高清相机和红外热像技术,对组合相变材料融化-凝固循环过程与传热特性开展了可视化实验研究。以填充三种石蜡的相变蓄热腔体为研究对象,追踪了腔体内固液相界面的动态演化过程和温度分布的变化规律。在此基础上,考察了相变材料布置顺序对蓄热腔体热性能的影响,分析了组合相变材料蓄热腔体的相变行为及强化传热特性。结果表明,相变温度较高的相变材料应靠近加热壁面布置;组合相变材料蓄热腔体存在多个固液相界面现象,不同相变材料可同时融化/凝固;与单一相变材料相比,组合相变材料的应用改善了蓄热腔体各单元相变速率的均匀性,提高了平均相变速率;组合相变材料虽然降低了蓄热腔体的显热蓄热量,但减小了温度变化速率,增强了系统的稳定性,并显著增加了潜热蓄热量,有效提高了相变蓄热腔体的总蓄热量。     

石墨烯纳米流体相变材料蓄冷特性的数值模拟

鉴于石墨烯高导热性能的特点,将石墨烯纳米流体作为相变材料有望提高蓄冷效率。本文对水基石墨烯纳米流体相变材料的凝固特性进行了数值研究,采用焓-多孔度法追踪固液相界面,分析了石墨烯纳米片质量分数、蓄冷腔体尺寸和几何形状对凝固时间和相界面演化的影响。结果表明,相变材料凝固所需时间随着石墨烯纳米片质量分数的增大显著降低,对于直径为72mm的圆形蓄冷腔体,质量分数为1.2%的石墨烯纳米流体相变材料与去离子水相比凝固时间降低了30.1%,与已有的实验结果相符;随着圆形蓄冷腔体直径减小,石墨烯纳米流体凝固所需时间显著降低,但石墨烯纳米片对凝固的强化作用减弱;在腔体等截面积的情况下,三角形腔体内凝固过程的相界面移动速率明显大于圆形和方形腔体、更有利于促进凝固过程,3种形状腔体内初期凝固都发生在腔体底部、凝固中期相界面形状与腔体本身形状相似、凝固后期相界面趋近于圆形。     

TPMS多孔铝-石蜡复合相变材料蓄热过程数值模拟及实验

传统相变材料受限于自身热导率小,其相变蓄热效率难以提升,通过在相变材料中添加具有高热导率的金属多孔结构是强化传热的重要手段之一。本文建立了三周期极小曲面（triply periodic minimal surface,TPMS）多孔铝-石蜡复合相变材料的三维、瞬态包含自然对流的相变蓄热模型,利用数值仿真结合实验的方法研究了TPMS多孔铝-石蜡复合相变材料在蓄热过程中的固液相界面演变规律、实时温度变化、热传输特性以及蓄热性能。结果表明,在纯石蜡中添加primitive杆状（primitive sheet,PS）、primitive壳状（primitive network,PN）两种TPMS多孔铝结构后,石蜡相变温度范围内出现明显的相变温度平台,PS-石蜡、PN-石蜡复合相变材料的相变起始时间较纯石蜡分别减少了74.1%与91.4%,竖直方向上的最大温度梯度由纯石蜡的1605.7℃/m分别下降至PS-石蜡、PN-石蜡复合相变材料的840℃/m、943.8℃/m,蓄热速率较纯石蜡分别提高3.10倍、4.69倍。最后,通过选区激光熔化（selective laser melting,SLM）技...     

环形管填充金属泡沫强化相变蓄热可视化实验

针对管壳式相变蓄热器中换热基本单元——换热管开展了强化换热研究，通过在相变材料侧添加金属泡沫以强化蓄热。为了探索金属泡沫对相变蓄热过程强化的效果，设计搭建了相界面可视化的相变蓄热实验台，采用高清摄像机记录换热管内外侧相界面变化过程；通过在径向和轴向布置热电偶以获取相变过程的实时温度响应。测量了流速0.15 m·s^-1下光管和金属泡沫管的蓄热过程，实验结果表明：在相同实验条件（初温、入口流量/温度）下，添加金属泡沫能明显提高蓄热效率，达到相同蓄热效果下纯石蜡管所需时间是金属泡沫管的2.9倍；添加金属泡沫后各测点的温度响应速率均高于对照组，各测试点的温差更小且变化更均匀。     

新型肋片管式相变蓄热结构的数值模拟

在相变材料的物性、传热边界条件给定的条件下,利用FLUENT软件对一种新型肋片管式相变蓄热体进行了融化过程模拟分析.模拟结果显示:翅片高度一定时,相变材料的温升和液相分数的增长随时间延伸先快后慢,大部分相变材料的融化集中在一个特定的温度段内;融化时间一定时,两者又随肋片高度的增长而减小.     

泡沫金属在熔盐相变蓄热中的强化传热特性

搭建了熔盐蓄热特性实验平台,开展相变蓄热过程传热特性实验研究。建立了蓄热容器二维轴对称、瞬态固液相变数学模型,相变过程模拟采用Solidfication & melting模型,相变区域采用Boussinesq近似,对比了纯硝酸盐蓄热工况和填加泡沫金属后蓄热工况数值模拟结果。采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,重点分析了泡沫金属对熔盐蓄热过程的强化传热作用。结果表明,填加泡沫金属能够有效提高熔盐换热速率,泡沫金属孔隙率越小强化蓄热效果越显著。泡沫铜的热导率较高,相对于泡沫镍和泡沫铝有更好的强化传热效果,蓄热速率是纯硝酸盐蓄热的1.6倍。在相变蓄热后期自然对流换热占主导地位,此时泡沫金属会抑制自然对流。同时,填加的泡沫金属越靠近容器中心位置,对自然对流抑制作用越强,蓄热性能越差。     

开孔泡沫铝内石蜡融化相变过程的可视化实验研究

采用光学显微与红外热成像技术对开孔泡沫铝内石蜡的融化相变过程进行了可视化实验,更加直观地考察泡沫铝强化石蜡传热性能,并重点分析泡沫金属微观孔隙结构下石蜡融化界面演化、融化液相流体流动及温度分布特征。研究结果表明:相变材料中填充泡沫金属可有效降低导热热阻、强化相变传热;与纯石蜡系统相比,石蜡/泡沫铝复合材料系统温度分布更加均匀,具有更好的热响应性能。与纯石蜡系统存在明显的融化前沿界面相比,石蜡/泡沫铝复合系统中融化区与非融化区交错分布,融化界面相对模糊。此外,实验还观测到泡沫铝内石蜡融化液相中存在大量片絮状悬浮物现象。     

开孔泡沫铝内石蜡融化相变过程的可视化实验研究

采用光学显微与红外热成像技术对开孔泡沫铝内石蜡的融化相变过程进行了可视化实验,更加直观地考察泡沫铝强化石蜡传热性能,并重点分析泡沫金属微观孔隙结构下石蜡融化界面演化、融化液相流体流动及温度分布特征。研究结果表明：相变材料中填充泡沫金属可有效降低导热热阻、强化相变传热;与纯石蜡系统相比,石蜡/泡沫铝复合材料系统温度分布更加均匀,具有更好的热响应性能。与纯石蜡系统存在明显的融化前沿界面相比,石蜡/泡沫铝复合系统中融化区与非融化区交错分布,融化界面相对模糊。此外,实验还观测到泡沫铝内石蜡融化液相中存在大量片絮状悬浮物现象。     

阶梯形肋片对套管式相变蓄热器蓄热性能影响的数值研究

在传统等高直肋的基础上,针对套管式相变蓄热器实施非等高的阶梯形肋片以实现其热性能进一步优化。通过焓法模型,首先明确等高直肋的强化传热效果,并在此基础上分析肋高不均性及热源温度的影响。结果显示,与光管蓄热器相比,导热-对流共同作用的相变蓄热过程,等高直肋虽实现强化传热,但蓄热过程材料的融化仍存在竖向不均匀性,蓄热后期装置底部出现传热及融化死角。添加非等高阶梯形肋片的装置,蓄热过程各点融化速率趋于均匀。随肋高不均匀性的增加,其强化传热效果先增强而后趋于稳定,最高可达27.7%。热源温度越高,阶梯形肋片的强化传热效果也越显著。阶梯形肋片可较好地提高装置的热性能,所得结论可为套管式相变蓄热器的优化设计提供参考。     

加热方式对管壳式相变蓄热单元强化传热的可视化及数值模拟

为了提高相变蓄热系统在实际应用中的蓄热速率,本文建立了管壳式相变蓄热单元可视化实验平台,提出了一种外部加热法的强化传热方式,讨论了相变蓄热单元在外部加热法时的熔化特性和传热机理。通过Fluent软件模拟对比了外部加热法和内部加热法在熔化过程中的液相分数、熔化速率和均匀性等方面的差异。研究结果表明：外部加热法的使用能大幅提升蓄热单元的蓄热效率。与内部加热法相比,外部加热法在熔化过程中的传热和相变更加均匀。相比于内部加热法,由于外部加热法传热面积较大,熔化时间缩短了69.1%;在消除传热面积的影响后,外加热方法依靠广泛而强烈的自然对流使熔化时间减少了23.2%。     

Preparation and properties of novel ceramic composites based on microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) with high thermal stability

Ceramic composites are widely used in medium/high temperature thermal energy storage (TES) and catalysis. Due to the high latent heat of phase change materials (PCMs), it is an effective method to improve the TES capacity by combining PCMs with ceramic materials. However, PCMs are easy to leak after being heated, so they need to be microencapsulated. Furthermore, for porous ceramic catalytic composites, the leakage of PCMs will block the pores, which seriously hinders their application. In this paper, a novel microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) with thermal expansion void was prepared using “double-layer coating, sacrificing inner layer” method. Based on that, two kinds of ceramic composites have been prepared. One is a TES material which composed of alumina, glass frit (GF) and MEPCMs. Thermal analysis results showed that the composite can still maintain stable heat storage performance after 200 melting-solidification cycles with little latent heat loss. Another is a multifunctional porous composite phase change material (CPCM) by loading Ce and Mn as catalyst via solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method, which can be used in low temperature SCR catalysis and other catalytic fields (100–300 °C). Based on MEPCMs with thermal expansion void, the two ceramic composites show great potential in energy storage and catalysis.     

多熔点相变材料堆积蓄热床蓄热性能分析

对采用多种不同熔点相变材料（PCM）构成的堆积蓄热床进行了数值分析。热水作为换热流体（HTF）自上而下流经蓄热床,熔化相变材料、蓄积相变潜热。石蜡作为相变材料被注射入聚碳酸酯球壳内形成相变胶囊,根据熔点高低依次排放在蓄热床的不同位置,熔点越高距离热水进口越近。假定流场稳定,采用一维Schumann模型计算HTF温度,相变模拟采用显热容法。分别对两种排列方式下采用2种、3种以及4种相变材料的蓄热床的蓄热过程进行了基于热力学第一及第二定律的性能分析,并将结果与单相变材料蓄热床进行比较。基于热力学第一定律分析结果表明,采用多种相变材料构成的蓄热堆积床蓄热速度更快,能量效率更高。基于热力学第二定律分析表明,平均熔点更高的蓄热床能够储存更高的火用。结果表明采用多熔点相变材料构成的堆积蓄热床能够显著地缩短蓄热时间,改进蓄热性能。     

组合式相变材料最佳相变温度的热力学分析

采用组合式相变材料的蓄热系统较单一相变材料具有更为优越的传热和热力学性能,而相变温度对于蓄热系统性能具有重要的影响。为了使结果更具普适性,以热力学有效能分析为基础并忽略具体换热器形式和传热过程,推导了使用不同相变材料数时每种相变材料最佳相变温度的理论公式,并根据最佳相变温度计算了有效能利用率随着相变材料数的变化,结果表明当PCMs数增加到4种时,理论最大有效能利用率已达80%以上,比使用单一相变材料的理论最大有效能利用率高50%左右。以573.15 K热能蓄能为例,计算了使用1~4种相变材料时相应的最佳相变温度与最大有效能利用率,并以此为依据给出了实际最佳相变材料组合。     

Polymeric phase change composites for thermal energy storage

This article describes a group of thermal energy storage (TES) composites that combine TES and structural functionality. The composites are encapsulations of low melt temperature phase change materials (PCM) such as paraffin waxes in polymer matrices. Room temperature cured bisphenol‐A epoxy and styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) polymers are chosen as matrix materials because of their excellent chemical and mechanical properties. The polymeric network structure in the composite encapsulates the PCMs, which transform from the solid to the liquid phase. The PCMs provide the energy storage function via the solid–liquid latent heat effect. The resulting composite exhibits dry‐phase transition in the sense that fluid motion of the PCM, when in the liquid phase, is inhibited by the structure of the polymer matrix. The polymer matrix is formulated to provide structural functionality. The latent heat, thermal conductivity and contact conductance, and structural moduli of composites having various PCM‐to‐matrix volume fractions are measured. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1240–1251, 2004     

硬脂醇/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的制备及储热性能

相变储热技术是解决热量在时空上分配不平衡问题的有效手段之一,研制高性能的复合相变材料（phase change material, PCM）成为当前研究者关注的重点。硬脂醇（stearyl alcohol, SAL）等有机PCM目前主要存在热导率偏低以及循环稳定性较差等问题而限制了实际应用。以SAL作为PCM,膨胀石墨（expanded graphite, EG）为高导热多孔基质,采用吸附定形工艺制备了16种SAL/EG复合PCMs[EG含量为7%、14%、21%、28%（质量）;样品密度为700kg/m³、800kg/m³、900kg/m³、1000kg/m³]。对复合PCMs样品的微观结构、储热能力、导热性能、循环稳定性及充放热性能进行研究与分析。结果表明：SAL完全填充于EG的多孔网络。当样品密度为900kg/m³,EG质量分数为28%的水平热导率最高,其值为28.58W/(m ? K),相比于纯SAL[0.38W/(m ? K)]提高了74倍,该值大约是相对应垂直热导率[5.99W/(m ? K)]的4.8倍。另外在构建的充放热性能试验台上研究了样品中心位置的储/放热性能,结果显示样品密度为900kg/m³,EG质量分数为28%的样品充放热速率最大,固-液潜热吸热和放热阶段所经历的时间分别为53min和20min。与此同时验证了样品的导热性能和熔化-凝固特性,说明SAL/EG复合PCMs具有稳定可靠的储/放热性能。     

六水硝酸镁相变储热复合材料改性制备及储/放热性能研究

水合盐相变材料因具有较高的相变焓和较低的成本在中低温储热领域有着广泛的应用前景,但其在储放热过程中通常存在过冷度大和热循环稳定性差的问题。以六水硝酸镁为主要研究对象开展相变储热复合材料的改性制备及相变储热装置的研制,采用熔融共混法制备了以二水硫酸钙为成核剂的六水硝酸镁相变储热复合材料,利用差示扫描量热仪及步冷曲线法测试了相变储热复合材料的热物性和循环热稳定性。在此基础上设计并构建了储热量为152 kWh的相变储热装置和相变储热系统,并对其储/放热性能进行了测试。结果表明：添加了2%（质量）二水硫酸钙的相变储热复合材料具有较好的循环热稳定性,且在经过50次熔化-凝固循环后其过冷度一直保持在0.5℃内,相变温度保持在87℃左右,相变焓保持在150 kJ/kg以上;相变储热装置可实现高达27 kW的平均储热功率,在保证放热过程中出水温度不低于56℃的情况下,可实现8 kW的平均放热功率和92.3%的储-放热效率,可满足建筑采暖及日常生活热水需求。     

HIGH-PERFORMANCE PHASE-CHANGE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE USING SPHERICAL CAPSULES

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the transient thermal characteristics of a phase-change thermal energy storage (TES) unit using spherical capsules is presented. A simulation program that considers rigorously transient aspects of both the surrounding heat transfer fluid and the phase change material (PCM) packed inside the spherical capsule is developed. The overall thermal response of this TES unit is described with variation of the capsule diameter, the flow rate, and the kind of PCMs, etc. The simulation results are then compared with experimental observations.

Furthermore, a unique device employing a heat pump is presented to overcome the supercooling problem which has been one of the most serious problems (especially for inorganic hydrates) in the phase-change thermal energy storage.     

Sustainable lignin-based polyols as promising thermal energy storage materials

Six lignin-based polyols (LBPs) have been prepared by cationic ring opening polymerization of an oxirane in the presence of an organosolv lignin in tetrahydrofuran (THF) as reaction media and co-monomer. The prepared LBPs have been characterized and tested for the first time as phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage (TES) at low temperature. It was found a strong influence of the LBPs composition on their performance to storage thermal energy. Thus, LBPs with higher THF wt% content and lower oxirane/THF mass ratio exhibit the highest latent heats. Furthermore, a clear inversely proportional trend between the oxirane/THF mass ratio and the melting temperatures of the prepared LBPs was noticed. Among the prepared LBPs, the highest obtained latent heat was 53.7 J/g demonstrating the potential application of lignin as feedstock for PCMs preparation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a biomass derived PCM based on lignin has been studied and considered for TES applications at low temperature. LBPs show energetic solid–liquid transitions that point out their promising potential as bio-PCMs. This work paves the way to introduce new bio-based PCMs from lignin in TES systems, for example, in a more sustainable construction sector.     

Particle Technology in the Formulation and Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage Materials

This article reviews the state of the art of the formulation and fabrication of sensible, latent, and thermochemical thermal energy storage (TES) materials with special focus on the role of particle technology in enhancing the performance of these materials. Molten salt-based sensible TES materials have been intensively studied, particularly the use of doped nanoparticles for enhancing specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. For latent TES, the inclusion of property enhancers is among the most effective approaches to address the low thermal conductivity and supercooling issues of phase change materials (PCMs), whereas the encapsulation of PCMs and structurally stabilized composite PCMs are the favorable methods to address leakage and chemical incompatibility challenges. Thermochemical TES materials are often incorporated with an inert or an active host matrix for structural stabilization.     

Electrospun heat management polymeric materials of interest in food refrigeration and packaging

The use of latent heat storage materials using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of buffering thermal fluctuations and has the advantages of high‐energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. The aim of this work was to develop slabs with energy storage capacity for their application in refrigerated foods. To this end, polycaprolactone (PCL) and polystyrene (PS) were used as encapsulating matrices of a PCM, specifically RT5 (a paraffin which has a transition temperature at 5°C), by using electrohydrodynamic processing. The effect of storage temperature (4°C and 25°C) and time on the morphology and thermal characteristics of the PCL/RT5 and PS/RT5 slabs was evaluated. Results showed that RT5 can be properly encapsulated inside both polymers, although PCL provided better encapsulation efficiency. Encapsulation efficiency was affected not only by the polymer matrix but also by storage time at 25°C. The greatest encapsulation efficiency (98.6%) and optimum heat management performance was achieved for PCL/PCM slabs stored at 4°C, corresponding to materials composed of ～44 wt % of PCM (core material) and ～56 wt % of the PCL shell material. These temperature buffering materials can be of great interest to preserve the quality of packaged foods and to increase efficiency and reduce energy consumption in refrigeration equipment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40661.