快中子伴随α粒子成像技术在包裹爆炸物检测中的应用

快中子伴随α粒子成像技术（API）用于爆炸物检测,可有效探测隐藏爆炸物,基于该方法设计了包裹爆炸物检测中子装置,模拟计算硅酸钇镥（LYSO）γ射线探测器的探测效率和能量响应,并与实验进行对比,符合较好。分别采用快中子非弹性散射直接测量方法和API方法对石墨样品进行对比检测实验,结果表明,API方法可有效抑制快中子与周围环境产生的强γ干扰信号;通过对石墨、水、三聚氰胺等进行实验测量,获得C、N、O元素的相对纯净谱。同时将洗衣粉、奶粉等干扰物与TNT、硝铵样品一起放置进行测试,得到多种样品在不同条件下的高信噪比谱数据,可为爆炸物的准确鉴别提供参考。     

利用脉冲快热中子分析技术检测爆炸物的实验研究

本文叙述了通过分析特征γ射线能谱可以确定待测物质的成分和含量,根据爆炸物所含有的各种化学元素（例如：H、C、N、O）在含量和比率上区别于其它的非爆炸物的这一特点,来判定它的存在.     

Element analysis method of concealed explosive based on TNA

The detection technology of concealed bulk explosives is related to social security and national defense construction and has important research significance. In this paper, an element analysis method of concealed explosives based on thermal neutron analysis is proposed.This method could provide better reconstruction precision for hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen ratios, making it possible to discriminate explosives from other compounds with the same elements but different proportions, as well as to identify the types of concealed bulk explosives. In this paper, the basic principles and mathematical model of this method are first introduced, and the calculation formula of the element number ratio(the ratio between the nucleus numbers of two different elements) of the concealed explosive is deduced. Second, a numerical simulation platform of this method was established based on the Monte Carlo JMCT code. By calibrating the absorption efficiencies of the explosive device to c rays, the element number ratios of a concealed explosive model under the irradiation of thermal neutrons were reconstructed from the neutron capture prompt c-ray spectrum. The reconstruction values were in good agreement with the actual values,which shows that this method has a high reconstruction precision of the element number ratio for concealed explosives. Lastly, it was demonstrated using the simulation study that this method can discriminate explosives,drugs, and common materials, with the capability of determining the existence of concealed bulk explosives and identifying explosive types.     

基于武器级铀的核弹头内部炸药探测的模拟研究

在军备控制核查技术领域,核弹头内部炸药的探测是一项重要的研究。本文利用GEANT4软件研究了基于武器级铀的核弹头(即铀弹头)内部炸药的被动探测法(利用铀弹头内部裂变中子作为中子源)的可行性,计算得到了从铀弹头中出射的γ射线能谱,能谱的形状与预期相符,但由于铀弹头内部裂变中子与炸药中~(14) N反应产生的特征γ光子的事例率太低,该方法可能不适用于铀弹头的现场测量。因此又利用GEANT4软件研究了铀弹头内部炸药的主动探测法(利用铀弹头外部的中子源对铀弹头进行辐照)的可行性。研究结果表明,主动探测法可在1h内实现对铀弹头内部炸药中~(14) N的探测和确认,进而能为判定铀弹头内部是否含有炸药提供重要依据。     

快中子活化分析检测爆炸物方法研究

叙述了快中子活化法检测隐蔽爆炸物的原理、方法及其优点。采用K-400高压倍加器产生的14MeV快中子对TNT、黑索金、硝胺及土制炸药等4种炸药、10余种常见物品和用土壤层覆盖的TNT样品进行快中子活化分析,测定各种样品的氮氧含量,建立被测物单位质量氮和氧计数率的二维分布,取得了爆炸物识别特征区,并用计算机模式识别方法进行判别。结果表明,此方法误判率和漏判率较低。Monte-Carlo模拟结果显示,在距中子源15m以外,基本无辐射剂量,被测物经检测1h后,总剂量小于环境本底剂量。本方法可用于远程控制快中子活化多探测器阵列检测爆炸物。     

CAFNA(R), coded aperture fast neutron analysis forcontraband detection: preliminary results

We have developed a near field coded aperture imaging system for use with fast neutron techniques as a tool for the detection of contraband and hidden explosives through nuclear elemental analysis. The technique relies on the prompt gamma rays produced by fast neutron interactions with the object being examined. The position of the nuclear elements is determined by the location of the gamma emitters. For existing fast neutron techniques, in pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA), neutrons are used with very low efficiency; in fast neutron analysis (FNA), the sensitivity for detection of the signature gamma rays is very low. For the coded aperture fast neutron analysis (CAFNA ^(R)) we have developed, the efficiency for both using the probing fast neutrons and detecting the prompt gamma rays is high     

基于武器级铀的核弹头内部炸药的放射性核素分析

在军备控制核查技术领域,核弹头拆卸认证是重要的研究对象。本文分析了基于武器级铀的核弹头(即铀弹头)内部炸药的放射性核素的产生、种类和数目,旨在研究炸药中放射性核素的被动式探测法是否可用于铀弹头中拆卸出的炸药的来源鉴别。结果表明,在铀弹头内部炸药中,短寿命放射性核素(~(16)N、~(15)O、~(13)N和~(11)C)的数目太少(少于1个),因此在铀弹头拆卸后,无法通过探测这些短寿命放射性核素来实现炸药的来源鉴别。而对于存放时间超过30a、内部结构遵从模型1(由Steve Fetter提出)的铀弹头,拆卸后炸药中的长寿命放射性核素(~(14)C)可被检测出来,进而能为炸药的来源鉴别提供重要依据。     

脉冲中子全能谱测井数据处理方法及影响因素的模拟研究

C/O能谱测井是确定含油饱和度的主要测井方法,模拟水平井条件下的非弹性散射伽马能谱,研究C/O值与含水饱和度、孔隙度及泥浆侵入深度的关系。而探测器的类型、尺寸、探测效率、能量分辨率、稳谱、能谱的处理方法以及中子对探测器晶体的作用都会对测井结果产生影响。利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟源距分别为30cm和58cm处,且井眼和地层流体分别为油和水砂岩地层的中子能量分布,通过研究中子对NaI、BGO、GSO和LSO四种探测器的作用及响应关系得到：中子对探测器的作用将使地层流体分辨能力降低。模拟改变NaI和BGO晶体探测器的直径和长度时的探测器响应能谱,采用不同的能窗处理方法对地层流体的分辨能力不同,选取光电峰和第一、第二逃逸峰对应的能量窗时BGO晶体探测器测量的C/O差值要比NaI晶体探测器的大,但受尺寸的影响不大;但采用光电峰对应的能量窗时,BGO晶体探测器测量的C/O差值要比NaI大得多,且随着尺寸的增加差值也增加。能量道的飘移对C/O值影响较大,而能量分辨率对差值影响相对较小     

Am-Be中子源辐射场周围剂量当量与吸收剂量的计算

根据最近更新的微观中子核反应截面数据（ENDF/B-Ⅶ库）计算了热中子到20MeV中子能区,H、C、N、O、Ar5种元素以及干燥空气和ICRU四元素组织的中子比释动能系数（kerma因子）。在此基础上,结合MCNP程序对Am-Be源外中子能谱的模拟,计算了Am-Be源中子场的周围剂量当量,单位中子注量下为373.0pSv•cm²。利用本实验室计算国产Am-Be源的中子能谱,算得相应中子场的周围剂量当量为374.0pSv•cm²,距离该源1m处空气对中子和γ射线的吸收剂量率分别为1.457×10^－2和1.580×10^-1μGy/(GBq•h)。     

反应堆中子活化-多元素亚化学计量分离法测定生物和半导体材料中的Cu,Na,Au

近年来,由于Ge(Li)γ谱仪的普遍使用,亚化学计量分离法朝着多元素组分离的方向发展,亦可同时测定多种元素。 Elek和Kukala等人作了多元素亚化学计量组分离的理论研究,提出了关于MA_n类型的金属螯合物的多元素亚化学计量分离的关系式。如果指定:定量萃取(≥99％)金属离子M_i,同时保证亚化学计量(50％)萃取金属离子M_s,而金属离子M_1不被萃取,留在水相(≥99％);当等体积萃取时,有下述关系式:     

Fast neutron inspection of sea containers for the presence of “dirty bomb”

The possibility of the detection of “dirty bomb” presence inside sea containers is evaluated. The method proposed for explosive and fissile material detection makes use of two sensors (X-rays and neutrons). A commercial imaging device based on the X-ray radiography performs a fast scan of the container, identifies a “suspect” region and provides its coordinates to the neutron based device for the final “confirmatory” inspection. In this two sensor system a 14 MeV neutron beam defined by the detection of associated alpha particles is used for interrogation of only volume elements marked by X-ray sensor. The object’s nature is determined from passive and neutron induced, gamma energy spectra measurements. Experimental results (time-of-flight and gamma energy spectra) obtained for the irradiation 30 kg of TNT, depleted uranium and other materials hidden inside the container are presented.     

An investigation on neutron induced reactions on stable CNO isotopes

The neutron induced reactions on stable Carbon,Nitrogen,and Oxygen isotopes are investigated by using the Talysl.4 toolkit with the default parameters.The neutron incident energy covers a range from 0.20 MeV to85.00 MeV.For 12C and 14N,the Talysl.4 results agree with the experimental data,while the parameters should be adjusted for 16O.Some En windows are found by comparing the main channels of n ＋ C/N/O reactions,which induce element change.In these En windows,a specific element is activated to a different one while leaving the other element atoms unchanged.The results will facilitate the research of doping effects in organic materials by using neutron activation technique.     

Analysis of C, N and O in aerosol collected on an organic backing using internal blank measurements and variable beam size

A method with low MDL (minimum detection limit) was developed for analysis of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) in aerosol samples collected on an organic backing. An accelerator-produced beam of protons interacting with the sample and the detection of elastically scattered protons (PESA; particle elastic scattering analysis) and emitted X-rays (PIXE; particle-induced X-ray emission) were the basic components of the setup. The method is based on measurement of internal blank concentrations, i.e. measurement of the blank concentration outside the aerosol deposit in each sample, and the use of two sizes of the beam in order to improve the MDL of the analysis. Large beam size covering the entire aerosol deposit was used to obtain quantitative analysis with PIXE. Small beam was used to obtain relative elemental concentrations with PESA and PIXE, which were transformed to absolute values by the aid of large-beam analysis. The small-size-beam served two purposes: to make internal blank measurements feasible and to improve the signal ratio of aerosol-deposit to backing. Compared with the traditional way of analysis, using a beam that is larger than the deposit and specially prepared blank samples, the new method reduced the MDL of C, N and O by a factor of 130, 70 and 90, respectively. The new method was applied to aerosol samples collected in the upper troposphere and the lowermost stratosphere from the CARIBIC platform. As far as the authors know, these measurements are the first quantitative determinations of C, N and O in the aerosol of this part of the atmosphere. The results show that these elements together with sulfur are major components of the aerosol.     

ELASTIC RECOIL DETECTION ANALYSIS OF LIGHT ELEMENTS IN THIN FILMS USING 35 MeV~(35) Cl~(6+) BEAM

In this paper, an elastic recoil detection analysis method is described using 35 MeV ~(35)Cl as incident ions. This method can determine and profile simultaneously H, D, He, C and O or in the other case, H, C, N and O. The depth resolution for the elements heavier than He is better than 20 nm. It has been applied to study the Co/Si and TiN thin films, and the depth profiles of He implanted in monocrystal silicon.     

Coal analysis using the pulsed neutron generator

A prototype of elemental analyzer for coal has been developed by using a PFTNA (pulse fast thermal neutron analysis) system. The PFTNA technology is based on the reactions such as (n, γ), (n, n'γ), (n, pγ), etc. by examining the characteristic gamma rays emitted. In our prototype a pulsed neutron generator provides 14 MeV pulse neutrons, which contribute to the separation of spectrum II (the sum of capture and activation spectrum) from spectrum I (the sum of inelastic, capture and activation spectrum), and thus to the measurement of C and O contents in coal. Data management is completed by computer program using the least-square regression method. The experiment in Changshan Power Plant for 3 months showed that the precision of calorific value, whole water, volatile content and ash content is 0.5 kJ/kg, 1.0 wt%, 2.0 wt% and 1.5 wt%, respectively.     

地层元素测井技术最新进展及其应用

地层元素测井是一种通过测量中子与地层元素原子核作用放出的伽马射线,得到元素含量进而确定矿物含量的中子伽马能谱测井技术,在复杂储层岩性识别、非常规储层评价等方面得到了广泛应用。本文简要介绍了元素能谱测井的核物理和地质基础,并对元素俘获能谱测井（ECS）、地球化学测井（GEM）和地层岩性能谱测井（FLS）等几种仪器技术指标进行分析;系统讨论了确定元素含量的谱分析技术及矿物含量的氧化物闭合模型和统计分析方法;总结了元素能谱测井在地层评价中的应用。最后提出采用可控中子源和多探测器系统、多参数测量是地层元素测井的发展趋势。     

基于LaBr_3:Ce探测器的~(241)Am-Be中子源测井研究

针对国内中子测井所使用探测器探测效率不能满足实际应用的情况,采用~(241)Am-Be中子源和LaBr_3:Ce探测器在中石油公司一个放射性同位素中子测试井中对H、C、Fe等几种地壳元素进行了测量,并与现今测井常用的锗酸铋(Bismuth Germanium Oxide,BGO)探测器进行对比测量。测得的能谱结果对比发现,进行地壳元素测量时LaBr_3:Ce探测器比BGO探测器具有更高的能量分辨率,并且在相同外部测试条件下BGO探测器探测到Fe峰非常微弱。因此将LaBr_3:Ce探测器进一步应用到测井中的市场前景广阔。     

Nondestructive Elemental Analysis in Searching for Explosives and Fissioning Materials during Customs Inspection of Cargo

A method using a pulsed neutron source is proposed for finding explosives. An optimization calculation is performed of the temporal and energy parameters of a pulsed source of neutron radiation. A model is proposed for a system for finding explosives using a pulsed neutron source based on a small high-frequency (433 MHz) hydrogen-ion accelerator. The results of an experimental investigation of the detection apparatus are presented.     

The effect of Pu-240 on neutron lifetime in nuclear explosives

The influence of the presence of Pu-240 in commercial plutonium on neutron lifetime has been investigated in order to analyse its effects in nuclear explosives. The necessary neutron spectrum has been obtained through 100 groups calculations in S₈P₃ approximation. Investigation of the energy dependant and averaged neutron lifetime shows that the presence of Pu-240 increases the neutron lifetime to a moderate degree which can decrease the energy release of the nuclear bomb only in a limited scale.     

Absolute thick-target gamma-ray yields for the light elements induced by 12C, 14N and 16O ions

Thick-target gamma-ray yields for elements with Z=3–30 (excluding elements Z=10, 18, 21) at ¹²C ion energies of 22 and 28 MeV, for elements with Z=3–9 at ¹⁴N ion energy of 28 MeV and at ¹⁶O ion energies of 28 and 33 MeV have been determined. Tables of the most suitable gamma-ray lines for elemental analysis are given. The general applicability of ¹²C, ¹⁴N and ¹⁶O ions for prompt gamma-ray spectrometry simultaneously with backscattering analyses is discussed.