化学链干重整联合制氢热力学分析及实验

提出了一种化学链甲烷干重整联合制氢工艺。该工艺由还原反应器、干重整反应器、蒸汽反应器和空气反应器组成,在实现制氢的同时获得可变H_2/CO比的合成气。借助ASPEN plus软件和小型流化床实验台,在等温条件下,温度900℃,采用Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3载氧体,对该工艺进行热力学分析和实验验证。结果显示,当铁氧化物被还原至FeO/Fe时,干重整反应器内甲烷转化率可以达到98%,CO产率可以达到94%。干重整反应器中同时发生甲烷干重整和部分氧化反应,载氧体内部晶格氧可以有效降低积炭并提高合成气H_2/CO比。积炭发生于晶格氧消耗殆尽时。积炭进入蒸汽反应器,发生气化反应,降低氢气纯度。     

铁基载氧体化学链水分解制氢耦合乙酸热分解试验

采用载氧体催化剂化学链直接分解水一步制纯氢，并将其与生物质热转化耦合，开发具有应用前景和经济性的制氢同时制合成气的新方法具有重要意义。探究金属螯合溶胶-凝胶方法制备掺杂Ce-Ni的铁基载氧体，以化学链水分解耦合乙酸热分解方式制取纯氢和富氢合成气，首先在氧化态载氧体作用下，乙酸催化热分解制取富氢合成气，载氧体被还原，实现了载氧体晶格氧的迁移，通过原位CO₂吸附实现热分解过程强化；其次是利用还原态载氧体与水发生铁-蒸汽过程制氢。研究发现，在乙酸催化热分解过程进行原位CO₂吸附强化，提高了合成气H₂纯度并减少积碳。与无掺杂纯氧化铁与空白石英砂对照，掺杂适量的Ce与Ni的Fe基载氧体具有显著制氢作用，随Ce、Ni量增加，乙酸分解阶段CO₂和CO生成量减少，水分解阶段H₂先增后降，最佳载氧体Fe、Ce和Ni组分物质的量比为100∶10∶3,加入相对于载氧体不同质量比的CO₂吸附剂均可有效降低合成气中CO₂与CO气体量，最佳质量比为1∶2,在该条...     

天然气非催化部分氧化技术在乙二醇项目上的应用

通过对比分析蒸汽转化法、自热重整法和非催化部分氧化法等天然气生产合成气的工艺技术，得出天然气非催化部分氧化法生产合成气装置工艺流程和设备结构简单，投资低，操作可靠，合成气中H₂/CO体积分数比接近于2，是乙二醇合成的理想原料气。介绍了某15万t/a天然气制乙二醇项目中天然气非催化部分氧化生产合成气的工艺流程，详述了转化炉、废热锅炉的设计要点和系统的控制方案及H₂/CO体积比调节方法。运行结果表明：天然气非催化部分氧化生产的合成气中H₂/CO体积分数比为1.99，比天然气消耗为368 m³/[1 000 m³(CO+H₂)]，比氧气消耗为258 m³/[1 000 m³(CO+H₂)]，合成气中甲烷体积分数为0.3%。     

基于甲烷脉冲法的Fe2O3-Al2O3载氧体还原特性研究

开发高效廉价铁基载氧体是天然气化学链重整制氢技术走向应用的关键。为探究高效铁基载氧体设计的基本依据,利用自行设计的脉冲反应器和气体产物全量同步在线分析系统,在800℃和无内外扩散影响的条件下研究了不同Fe₂O₃质量分数的Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃载氧体的甲烷脉冲法还原特性。结果表明：Fe₂O₃的还原反应依两段机理进行,随载氧体颗粒内Fe₂O₃含量的多少可停止于Fe₃O₄,也可完全进行至FeO;气相产物中CO₂与CO的摩尔比随CH₄脉冲次数的变化规律也与Fe₂O₃含量密切相关。对用α-Al₂O₃粉末稀释高Fe₂O₃质量分数载氧体粉末的方法制备的低Fe_...     

Ni-CeO2-K/γ-Al2O3催化剂上沼气联合重整制合成气

采用超声波辅助等体积浸渍法制备Ni-CeO₂-K/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂用于沼气联合重整反应,采用 BET、XRD、TG/DTG等技术对催化剂性质进行了表征,在微型固定床反应装置中研究了反应温度、体积空速、原料气组成等对沼气联合重整反应特性的影响,并对催化剂的稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,助剂CeO₂的加入,提高了催化剂中Ni的分散度,降低了催化剂还原温度。升高反应温度和减小体积空速,能够提高沼气中CH₄和CO₂的转化率;原料气中加入水蒸气,能够明显提高H₂/CO体积比;加入的O₂容易与H₂、CO发生反应,CH₄转化率稍有提高。在常压、反应温度850℃、体积空速为100000h^-1、摩尔比CH₄∶CO₂∶H₂O∶O₂∶Ar=1∶0.5∶0.5∶0.1∶0.01的优化条件下,沼气中CH₄转化率超过95%,CO₂转化率超过75%,生成合成气H₂/CO体积比约为1.6,反应48h后,催化剂未见积炭,保持稳定的活性。与沼气干重整相比,沼气联合重整不利于沼气中CO₂的转化。     

钙钛矿型复合氧化物对甲烷的部分氧化及在混合太阳能氧化还原过程的应用

利用固相法合成了3种钙钛矿型复合氧化物Fe₂O₃-CaTi_xM_1-xO₃,研究了其结构、晶型和氧化还原活性。在固定床反应器中考察了该氧化物对两步法甲烷催化氧化制合成气及水分解制氢的活性及选择性。X射线衍射结果表明3种钙钛型复合氧化物均由正交晶系钙钛矿相和赤铁矿相组成。3种钙钛矿复合氧化物对甲烷的氧化活性顺序为Fe₂O₃-CaTi_0.85Ni_0.15O₃ >Fe₂O₃-CaTi_0.85Co_0.15O₃ >Fe₂O₃-CaTi_0.85Fe_0.15O₃。固定床反应结果表明,以Fe₂O₃-CaTi_0.85Ni_0.15O₃为氧载体催化剂,CH₄转化率可达96%,CO和H₂产率达71%,同时水分解反应的转化率为40%。利用Aspen Plus^®对Fe₂O₃-CaTi_0.85Ni_0.15O₃在混合太阳能氧化还原过程的效率及合成油和H₂产率进行了模拟。模拟计算结果证明基于复合氧化物的混合太阳能氧化还原过程可以有效提高CH₄利用率。     

CeO2助剂对Ni基催化剂甲烷化性能的影响

甲烷化工艺是煤制天然气的关键技术,甲烷化催化剂则是甲烷化技术的核心。Ni基催化剂具有活性高、选择性好和价格低廉等优点,但易积炭,积炭堵塞催化剂孔道,覆盖表面金属活性位,导致催化剂失活。稀土类金属氧化物（如CeO₂、La₂O₃等）对Ni基催化剂的活性、稳定性、抗积炭性能以及活性组分的分散有明显的促进作用。采用共沉淀法制备了CeO₂-La₂O₃复合氧化物载体,负载Ni后用于CO甲烷化反应,利用N2物理吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和TG等对催化剂结构进行表征。结果表明,Ni/CeO₂-La₂O₃中CeO₂的添加主要发挥了电子助剂的作用,CeO₂的存在提高了催化剂表面Ni0周围的电子密度,促进Ni物种的还原,同时还能提高催化剂的抗积炭能力,使催化剂表现出更好的甲烷化活性与稳定性。在V（H₂）∶V（CO）=1、反应温度450 ℃、空速24 000 h^-1和常压下,Ni/CeO₂-La₂O₃催化剂的CO转化率达82.7%。     

化学链过程中Cu低浓度掺杂改性Fe-基载氧体反应性能：实验与理论模拟

基于热重实验（TGA）和密度泛函理论（DFT）计算,对Cu低浓度掺杂Fe₂O₃载氧体（Cu-Fe₂O₃）与H₂在化学链燃烧过程中反应活性和微观分子反应机理进行研究。TGA结果显示,Cu低浓度掺杂降低Fe₂O₃载氧体与H₂反应表观活化能E_a （从83.9 kJ/mol降低至72.3 kJ/mol）,因此,低浓度Cu掺杂由于原子尺度Cu掺杂缺陷的引入的确提高了Fe₂O₃载氧体转化率和晶格氧释放速率。DFT计算从分子水平证实Cu低浓度掺杂改变了Fe₂O₃载氧体与H₂反应路径,路径分析表明,Cu掺杂使Fe₂O₃载氧体与H₂反应能垒从2.30 eV分别降低至1.81 eV（Fe原子top位反应）和1.68 eV（Cu原子top位反应）,Cu掺杂的Fe-基载氧体的氢还原反应优先发生在掺杂的Cu原子位,其次为Fe原子位。此外,计算结果表明,因Cu-O和Cu-Fe键的引入,低浓度Cu掺杂改变了Fe₂O₃载氧体微观结构,这对于载氧体的晶格氧快速释放是有利的。     

改性BaFe2O4载氧体生物质化学链气化特性

以溶胶凝胶法制备了BaFe₂O₄载氧体以及Ni、Ce、K修饰的BaFe₂O₄载氧体,筛选出最佳载氧体为10%(质量)K修饰的BaFe₂O₄载氧体(10K-BF),探究了不同反应条件对其性能的影响,通过H₂-TPR、XRD、SEM、BET对载氧体表征。实验结果表明,Ni、Ce、K的添加均提高了载氧体的合成气产率,10K-BF载氧体在水蒸气与生物质质量比(S/B)等于3,过氧系数α=0.20,反应温度800℃时,气化效果最好,合成气产率1.864 m³/(kg Biomass),氢气产率1.038 m³/(kg Biomass),碳转化率90.49%,积炭率1.33%,10次循环后仍有较高的气体产率及碳转化率。H₂-TPR表明10K-BF载氧体在300℃开始释氧,在生物质热解的初始阶段即可参与反应,有利于焦油的裂解;XRD表明10K-BF载氧体再生后可以恢复部分尖晶石结构。     

流化床在甲烷临氧CO2重整反应中的作用研究

在流化床反应器中进行甲烷临氧CO₂重整制合成气反应。通过计算分析了催化剂颗粒在床层内的流化特性。对比实验表明,流化床反应器在催化剂活性、稳定性、自热过程以及催化剂积炭等方面均体现出比固定床反应器的优越性。在流化床反应器中进行的甲烷自热重整反应,甲烷的转化率接近热力学平衡值,床层温度梯度小于10 ℃, 反应20 h后,催化剂表面无积炭。     

铁基氧载体化学链CO2重整CH4方法制备合成气

提出一种铁基氧载体（Fe₃O₄/FeO）化学链CO₂重整CH₄方法制备合成气。为评价该系统的性能,采用Aspen Plus软件对其进行过程模拟和热力学分析。以CH₄转化率、CO₂转化率、能源利用效率和产气氢碳比（H₂/CO）为评价指标,得到系统的优化运行条件,并研究各操作参数（包括各反应器的温度和压力、氧载体甲烷比和CO₂甲烷比）对系统性能的影响。结果表明：当系统处于优化工况时,得到CH₄转化率为97.91%、CO₂转化率为32.76%、能源利用效率为93.77%及产气氢碳比为0.93。该系统能有效利用CO₂和CH₄这两种温室气体获得较低氢碳比的合成气,利于二甲醚的高效合成。     

褐煤热解-气化-制油系统的CO2减排策略

褐煤热解-气化-制油系统是现代煤化工发展的一个重要研究内容。来自系统多个单元产生的CH₄和CO₂如果发生重整反应,将重整得到H₂/CO比值较高的合成气添加到制油流程中,可实现更多的C被固定到产品中而减少CO₂的直接排放量。对CH₄-CO₂和CH₄-H₂O两种重整反应方式、来自煤热解和费托合成两股甲烷气和典型的干粉气化和水煤浆气化两种流程进行了组合研究。分析结果显示,来自热解和费托合成的甲烷重整后不足以提供调节合成气H₂/CO比例所需的氢气,水煤气变换反应对于褐煤制油系统来说是必需的。从C转化成油的角度来看,采用干粉气化和CH₄-H₂O重整的方案是较好的选择。     

Reaction and oxygen permeation studies in Sm0.4Ba0.6Fe0.8Co0.2O3 − δ membrane reactor for partial oxidation of methane to syngas

A disk-type Sm_0.4Ba_0.6Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3 − δ perovskite-type mixed-conducting membrane was applied to a membrane reactor for the partial oxidation of methane to syngas (CO + H₂). The reaction was carried out using Rh (1 wt%)/MgO catalyst by feeding CH₄ diluted with Ar. While CH₄ conversion increased and CO selectivity slightly decreased with increasing temperature, a high level of CH₄ conversion (90%) and a high selectivity to CO (98%) were observed at 1173 K. The oxygen flux was increased under the conditions for the catalytic partial oxidation of CH₄ compared with that measured when Ar was fed to the permeation side. We investigated the reaction pathways in the membrane reactor using different membrane reactor configurations and different kinds of gas. In the membrane reactor without the catalyst, the oxygen flux was not improved even when CH₄ was fed to the permeation side, whereas the oxygen flux was enhanced when CO or H₂ was fed. It is implied that the oxidation of CO and H₂ with the surface oxygen on the permeation side improves the oxygen flux through the membrane, and that CO₂ and H₂O react with CH₄ by reforming reactions to form syngas.     

Performance characteristics of fluidized bed syngas methanation over Ni-Mg/Al2O3 catalyst

The performance characteristics of isothermal fluidized bed syngas methanation for substitute natural gas are investigated over a self-made Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst. Via atmospheric methanation in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor it was clarified that the CO conversion varied in 5% when changing the space velocity in 40–120 L·g?1·h?1 but the conversion increased obviously by raising the superficial gas velocity from 4 to 12.4 cm·s?1. The temperature at 823 K is suitable for syngas methanation while obvious deposition of uneasy-oxidizing Cγoccurs on the catalyst at temperatures around 873 K. From a kinetic aspect, the lowest reaction temperature is suggested to be 750 K when the space velocity is 60 L·g?1·h?1. Raising the H2/CO ratio of the syngas increased proportionally the CO conversion and CH4 selectivity, showing that at enough high H2/CO ratios the active sites on the catalyst are sufficient for CO adsorption and in turn the reaction with H2 for forming CH4. Introducing CO2 into the syngas feed suppresses the water gas shift and Boudouard reactions and thus increased H2 consumption. The ratio of CO2/CO in syngas should be better below 0.52 because varying the ratio from 0.52 to 0.92 resulted in negligible increases in the H2 conversion and CH4 selectivity but decreased the CH4 yield. Introducing steam into the feed gas affected little the CO conversion but decreased the selectivity to CH4. The tested Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst manifested good stability in structure and activity even in syngas containing water vapor.     

REACTOR-MEMBRANE PERMEATOR CASCADE FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION AND RECOVERY OF H2 AND CO2 FROM THE CATALYTIC METHANE-STEAM REFORMING REACTION

The catalytic reforming of methane by steam is an important industrial process that produces H₂, CO and CO₂, thus chemically transforming natural gas, coal gas and light hydrocarbon feedstocks to synthesis gas or hydrogen fuel. Methane-steam reforming may consist of a number of reactions depending on the reforming catalyst, operating conditions and feedstock composition, The typical industrially desirable reactions are the reverse of methanation (CH₄ + H₂O = CO + 3H₂) and the water-gas shift (CO + H₂O = CO₂ + H₂). Both reactions are equilibrium limited and the composition of the mixture that exits the reformer is in accordance with the one calculated thermodynarmically. Removal of reaction products at the reactor exit by means of selective membrane permeation can offer improved CH₄ conversions and CO₂ and H₂ yields, assuming the subsequent utilization of the reject streams by a second methane-steam reformer. We numerically investigated the feasibility of a system of two tubular methane-steam reformers, in series with an intermediate permselective polyimide membrane permeator, as means of improving the overall CH₄ conversion and the H₂, CO₂ yields over conventional methane-steam reforming equilibrium reaction-separation schemes that are currently in industrial practice. The unique feature of the permselective polyimide separator is the simultaneous removal of H₂ and CO₂ versus CH₄ and CO from the reformed streams. The utilized 6FDA-3,3', 5,5'-TMB aromatic polyimide was reportedly characterized [10] and found to exhibit superior permselective properties compared with other polyimides of the same or different dianhydride sequence. Conversion and yield of the designed reactor-membrane permeator reforming system can be maximized by optimizing the permselective properties of the membrane material and the design variables of the reactors and the permeator. Product recovery and purity in the permeate stream need to be compromised to overall enhance methane conversion and product yield. The operating variables that were varied to investigate their effect on the magnitude of conversion and yield included the inlet pressure of the first reformer, the temperature of both reformers, and the permeator dimensionless Pe' number (variation of the first two variables results to a drastic change in the composition of the reformed stream that enters into the permeator). The numerical results show that the new reformer-membrane permeator cascade process can be more effective (it can offer increased CH₄ conversions and H₂, CO₂ yields) than conventional equilibrium methane-steam reforming reaction-separation processes currently in practice.     

化学链重整直接制氢技术进展

化学链重整直接制氢技术使用固态金属氧化物作为氧载体代替传统重整过程中所需的水蒸气或纯氧,将燃料直接转化为高纯度的合成气或者二氧化碳和水,被还原的金属氧化物则可以与水蒸气再生并直接产生氢气,实现了氢气的近零能耗原位分离,是一种绿色高效的新型制氢过程。根据产物和供热方式的不同,可以将化学链重整直接制氢工艺分为双床系统和三床系统两类,并对各系统中氧载体与反应器的设计与选择进行了分析。通过Elingham图对不同氧载体的氧化还原能力进行比较,选取适于直接制氢的金属氧化物,并讨论了氧载体材料研发的最新进展。化学链制氢反应器设计应根据不同原料和产品的特点,选择合适的气-固接触方式,以强化化学链重整直接制氢效率。     

煤和焦炉气联供制烯烃过程的建模模拟与分析

由于煤富碳少氢,煤制烯烃过程生产1 t产品将排放约5.8 t CO₂.与此同时,中国焦炭工业每年产生约7×10¹⁰ m³的副产物焦炉气,这些富氢的焦炉气大多被燃烧或直接排放进入大气,对环境造成严重影响的同时还浪费了巨大的经济价值.本文对焦炉气辅助煤制烯烃的新过程进行了建模模拟与系统分析.焦炉气与煤元素互补,焦炉气中的H₂可用来调节合成气的氢碳比;CH₄可通过甲烷水蒸气重整和甲烷干重整两个过程,提高合成气的氢碳比的同时降低煤制烯烃过程排放的CO₂,提高碳元素利用率,实现节能减排.这个新的联供过程的能效比煤制烯烃过程提高了约10个百分点,而CO₂排放量则减少了约95%.     

Tri-reforming of CH4 using CO2 for production of synthesis gas to dimethyl ether

In general, there are three processes for production of synthesis gas; steam reforming, CO₂ reforming and partial oxidation of methane or natural gas. In the present work, we refer to tri-reforming of methane to synthesize syngas with desirable H₂/CO ratios by simultaneous oxy-CO₂-steam reforming of methane. In this study, we report the results obtained on tri-reforming of methane over the Ni/ZrO₂ based catalyst in order to restrain the carbon deposition and to evaluate the catalytic performance. Results of tri-reforming of CH₄ by three catalysts (Ni/Ce–ZrO₂, Ni/ZrO₂ and Haldor Topsoe R67-7H) are showed that the coke on the reactor wall and the surface of catalyst were reduced dramatically. It was found that the weak acidic site, basic site and redox ability of Ce–ZrO₂ play an important role in tri-reforming of methane conversion. Carbon deposition depends not only on the nature of support, but also on the oxidant as like steam or oxygen. Therefore, the process optimization by reactant ratios is important to manufacture the synthesis gas from natural gas and carbon dioxide.     

Influence of cycle parameters on periodically operated fluidised bed reactor for CH4 autoreforming

Autothermal reforming of CH₄ has been studied under both periodic and steady state conditions. The investigation was conducted over Co–NiO in a fluidised bed reactor at 873 K and 101.32 kPa. Cycle periods of 1–40 min were used whilst the cycle split, S_ox (with respect to the O₂-rich cycle) was varied from 0.1 to 0.9. Generally, CH₄ oxidation stimulated CO formation, however, steam reforming yielded predominantly CO₂ and H₂. Although O₂-rich cycling (S_ox≥0.5) was detrimental to H₂ formation, H₂O-rich cycling resulted in a 15% improvement in steady state H₂ formation. Theoretical as well as experimental investigations pointed to a resonant frequency of about 6.7 mHz for CH₄ oxidation to produce super steady state H₂ yields. By periodic operation, it is possible to tune H₂/CO ratios over the range 2.5–7 for the same feed composition. Interestingly, S_ox=0.1 yielded the highest ratios, whereas the lowest ratios were attained at S_ox=0.9. Periodic composition cycling introduces a more flexible approach to reactor operation — H₂/CO can be easily modulated by varying the cycle parameters — compared to steady state operation.