CVD法可控制备碳包覆金属纳米复合材料

以Fe质量分数分别为0.3%、1.6%、3.3%和5.2%的氯化钠担载铁为催化剂,化学气相沉积法催化裂解乙炔400℃下进行反应,系统探讨了碳包覆金属纳米颗粒的可控制备。通过扫描电子显微镜和高分辨透射电子显微镜对产物进行了表征,结果表明,w(Fe)=0.3%的催化剂制备的样品粒径在20～50 nm,平均直径约为30 nm;w(Fe)=1.6%的催化剂制备的样品粒径在35～60 nm,平均直径约为49 nm;而w(Fe)=3.3%和5.2%的催化剂制备的样品粒径差别不大,在40～100 nm,平均粒径约为65 nm。所制备的碳包覆金属纳米颗粒具有清晰的同心石墨壳层结构,并存在一定的结构缺陷。     

碳纳米环：生长机理、可控合成、性质和应用

碳材料是一类神奇的材料,碳原子可以通过sp、sp2或sp3杂化构筑不同微观结构的碳材料。目前,已经发现的碳的同素异形体有石墨、金刚石、富勒烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米环、石墨烯和石墨炔。富勒烯和石墨烯因性质独特、应用前景广阔,其发现者分别获得1996年和2010年诺贝尔奖。碳纳米环具有独特的环状结构、优异的机械强度及特殊的物理化学性能,也引起广泛关注。研究者从早期对碳纳米环进行理论计算、预测其性质,到现在已能够通过化学气相沉积、激光辐射、超声诱导自组装等方法制备不同尺寸的碳纳米环,并对其性质和应用进行探索。总结了近30年来有关碳纳米环的生长机理、可控合成、性质和应用等方面的研究进展,对其规模化合成与应用提出了建议与展望。     

碳纳米带的催化生长及其机理的研究

采用热化学气相沉积法(thermal chemical vapor deposition,TCVD)在经过高温氨气处理后的硅基铁纳米薄膜表面实现片状碳纳米带的催化生长.通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(field emission scanning electron microscopy,FESEM)的观察可知,生成的碳材料是一种准二维材料,表面具有垂直于其长度方向的纹理,厚(z方向)约几十纳米,宽(Y方向)几百纳米,类似于一种"搓板"状的结构.而其宽度沿着其长度方向则有较大的变化,时宽时窄,没有固定的规律.这种带状碳纳米纤维材料的边缘光滑,比中间略宽,类似于一种镶边结构.通过高分辨透射电子显微镜(high resolution transmission electron microscopy,HRTEM)的观察可知,碳纳米带的碳层沿着垂直于碳纳米带长度的(002)方向有统一的排列,其边缘都弯曲折叠成封闭结构.有序排列的碳层被层错和断点分割成许多微区.在对催化剂研究的基础上,本文认为片状碳纳米带的生长是通过碳原子在片层状催化剂颗粒中的扩散、析出来实现的.碳层从催化剂片层侧面中一层一层地析出,形成带状外观.     

爆炸法合成中空碳纳米颗粒

采用爆炸辅助化学气相沉积法,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为原料,在金属催化剂作用下合成了粒径分布在20 nm～40 nm的中空碳纳米颗粒.更为重要的是,发现中空碳纳米颗粒可在无金属催化剂作用下自组装形成.在此过程中,控制炸药和碳源的比例对于碳颗粒的结构和尺寸有重要影响.当炸药与碳源的摩尔比例合适时,产物中中空碳纳米颗粒的含量达到95%以上,且粒径分布均匀,约为10 nm.     

以碳球为模板合成氧化铈纳米空心球

以直径约为300nm的碳球为模板,通过无机物前驱体颗粒的自组装制备出CeO2/碳球复合物,煅烧去除碳球模板后,得到CeO2纳米空心球.借助透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和热重分析仪等测试手段对复合物的形貌和结构进行了表征.结果表明:产物空心球由面心立方相CeO2颗粒构成...     

中空碳纳米洋葱的制备

碳纳米洋葱是一种零维碳纳米材料,由于其优异的理化性能,使其在能源、催化等众多领域有着广泛的应用。在某些应用领域,中空结构的碳纳米洋葱比其它结构的碳纳米洋葱的性能更加优异。目前,中空结构的碳纳米洋葱的规模化制备仍然是一个难题。本文总结了目前制备中空结构碳纳米洋葱的方法,包括电弧放电、化学气相沉积、热解法等等。此外,对每种制备方法的优缺点进行评述并对未来的制备方法做出展望。     

纳米聚团床制备碳纳米管的生长机理

采用催化化学气相沉积法(CCVD)，在550~750℃温度范围内，于内径44 mm、高1000 mm的石英管纳米聚团床中制备了碳纳米管；通过SEM, TEM, TGA等多种分析手段对碳纳米管产品的形貌和质量进行了分析；把相同条件下的纳米聚团床法与前人固定催化剂法的结果进行了比较，并考察了纳米聚团床中反应条件对碳纳米管生长的影响；通过对电镜照片和反应转化率动态数据的深入分析，对纳米聚团床中碳纳米管生长机理的特殊性进行了初步探讨.     

N掺杂多孔碳材料研究进展

通过掺杂氮原子对多孔碳材料进行功能化,可强化多孔碳材料固有的优异性能并赋予其新功能,从而拓宽其在各领域的应用范围。近年来,研究者相继开发了一系列技术方法,已制备得到多种结构特异、性能优异的氮掺杂多孔碳材料。本文基于氮掺杂多孔碳材料的最新研究进展,详细介绍了利用液相模板法、化学气相沉积法、氨气后处理法、化学活化法和水热法等制备氮掺杂多孔碳材料的方法,评述了各种方法的特点及局限性,并简要介绍了该类材料在电池催化、气体吸附分离、储氢及污染气体脱除等方面的应用,指出了氮掺杂多孔碳材料工业应用的规模化制备发展方向。     

催化化学气相沉积法合成单壁纳米碳管的研究进展

介绍了合成单壁纳米碳管的三种主要方法,总结了国内外催化化学气相沉积法合成单壁纳米碳管的研究现状,着重介绍了催化剂对合成单壁纳米碳管影响的研究情况,并分析了反应工艺条件对合成单壁纳米碳管的影响.     

铜纳米簇的合成方法、性质及其应用进展

铜纳米团簇是配体保护的几个或几百个金属铜原子形成的纳米粒子。铜纳米簇在溶液化学合成法中表现出低成本、多功能的颜色控制发光特性。使用不同类型的功能配体和催化剂合成铜纳米簇的方法可以调节其发射波长并改善其环境稳定性。而在合成铜纳米簇的方法中模板法应用多、效率高,其中常用的几种模板法以小分子巯基化合物、树枝大分子、多肽蛋白质、寡聚核苷酸DNA等为模板。目前,有多种铜纳米簇陆续被成功制备,并且应用于生物、医学、环境检测、传感器和催化剂等各个领域。强调了铜纳米簇的应用潜力,并将不同配体的合成方法和功能化及其性质和应用联系起来。     

碳纳米管的性质和制备方法

较全面地介绍了碳纳米管的性质，综述了近年来碳纳米管的制备方法，尤其是对电弧法和化学气相沉积法的进展进行了介绍。     

Fluidized bed synthesis of carbon nanotubes: Reaction mechanism,rate controlling step and overall rate of reaction

Carbon nanotubes have been synthesized from acetylene and methane in a fluidized bed by using ferrocene as the catalyst dispersed over carbon black support material. The agglomerate size of carbon black, loading of catalyst, total gas flow rate, partial pressure of reactant gas, temperature of synthesis, and time of synthesis have been varied to understand their effects on the yield of carbon nanotubes. A reaction mechanism consisting of eleven steps and the rate equations for these steps have been proposed. Formation of carbon molecules on the catalyst surface was found to be the rate controlling step in the temperature range of 700–807°C, with an activation energy 47 kJ mol^?1, while diffusion through pores in the carbon black was found to be the rate controlling step in the temperature range of 807–1000°C with an activation energy of 7.6 kJ mol^?1. A continuous deactivation of the catalyst, represented by an exponential decay, was observed. The products have been characterized by thermogravimetry, electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2882–2892, 2014     

Carbon Nitride-Related Nanomaterials from Chemical Vapor Deposition: Structure and Properties

Nanoscale-sized carbon nitride-related materials exhibit a wealth of interesting structural, electronic, and optical property behaviors. Chemical vapor deposition technology allows almost unlimited freedom to produce films with compositions and structures approaching the nanometer scale among light elements. Aligned polymerized carbon nitride (CN) nanobells have been grown on a large scale and provide excellent field electron emission properties, as described by a side-emission mechanism. Separation of single CN nanobells and fabrication of heterojunctions between CN nanobells and pure carbon nanotubes have been achieved. Boron carbonitride (BCN) nanofibers with controlled orientation and composition have been synthesized; these nanofibers show strong blue-violet photoluminescense at room temperature. Recent progress also has been made on nitrogen-containing diamond, CN, and BCN films. The purpose of this paper is to survey the work that has been conducted and to detail the level of understanding that has been attained in the research on nitride-related materials.     

Large-scale and controllable synthesis of metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers and nanocoils over water-soluble Na2CO3

Using acetylene as carbon source, ammonia as nitrogen source, and Na₂CO₃ powder as catalyst, we synthesized nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (N-CNFs) and carbon nanocoils (N-CNCs) selectively at 450°C and 500°C, respectively. The water-soluble Na₂CO₃ is removed through simple washing with water and the nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials can be collected in high purity. The approach is simple, inexpensive, and environment-benign; it can be used for controlled production of N-CNFs or N-CNCs. We report the role of catalyst, the effect of pyrolysis temperature, and the photoluminescence properties of the as-harvested N-CNFs and N-CNCs.     

烃和CO气相沉积制备多壁碳纳米管的热力学条件

利用俄罗斯科学院研制的CVD(chemicalvapordeposition)软件计算了在101×103Pa和700K～1500K烃催化热解以及在101×103Pa和700K～1200KCO催化热解影响碳沉积率的因素,并根据碳沉积相边界点的反应物组成绘制了碳沉积边界曲线,预测了碳沉积区,计算结果对多壁碳纳米管的制备提供了有关的信息。     

A time‐dependent multiphysics,multiphase modeling framework for carbon nanotube synthesis using chemical vapor deposition

A time‐dependent multiphysics, multiphase model is proposed and fully developed here to describe carbon nanotubes (CNTs) fabrication using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The fully integrated model accounts for chemical reaction as well as fluid, heat, and mass transport phenomena. The feed components for the CVD process are methane (CH₄), as the primary carbon source, and hydrogen (H₂). Numerous simulations are performed for a wide range of fabrication temperatures (973.15–1273.15 K) as well as different CH₄ (500–1000 sccm) and H₂ (250–750 sccm) flow rates. The effect of temperature, total flow rate, and feed mixture ratio on CNTs growth rate as well as the effect of amorphous carbon formation on the final product are calculated and compared with experimental results. The outcomes from this study provide a fundamental understanding and basis for the design of an efficient CNT fabrication process that is capable of producing a high yield of CNTs, with a minimum amount of amorphous carbon. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Chemical vapor deposition derived ultralong SiC nanofibers: structural characterization and growth mechanism

In this study, the ultralong SiC nanofibers (SiC NFs) were synthesized through the sol–gel method assisted the chemical vapor deposition technique. The scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques were systematically employed to investigate the microstructure, morphology, and phase composition of the as-prepared products. The results demonstrated that the as-obtained products were β-SiC nanofibers with face-centered cubic crystal structure. Meanwhile, the ultralong SiC NFs present an average diameter of about 18 nm and a length up to several hundreds of micrometers and grew along the [1 1 1] direction with a planar stacking faults. In addition, we also investigated the formation mechanism and growth process of the ultralong SiC NFs. The successful preparation of such ultralong SiC NFs provides new idea for fabricating of other silicon-based ultralong nanofibers.     

Fe-Mo/MgO催化剂CVD法制备碳纳米管

研究了Fe-Mo／MgO催化剂裂解乙炔制备碳纳米管的反应条件。结果表明,反应气氛对碳纳米管的生长具有明显的影响,在Hz或Ar气氛下,所得碳纳米管的质量较差,而在N2-H2(1：1体积比)和Ar-H2(5．5：1体积比)气氛下乙炔裂解可制得纯度好、收率较高的碳纳米管。电镜观察发现在Ar-H2气氛下所制备碳纳米管的直径(平均直径为18nm)明显小于在N2-H2气氛下所制备碳纳米管(平均直径为30nm),这便于通过反应气氛的调节来控制碳纳米管的直径。用Fe-Mo／MgO做催化剂、乙炔为碳源,Ar-H2反应气氛下．850℃左右、反应30min所得碳纳米管的质量、产率最佳。     

Template-directed synthesis of boron nitride nanotube arrays by microwave plasma chemical reaction

Highly-ordered boron nitride (BN) nanotube arrays have been synthesized by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD) below 520 °C under the confinement of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template with borane/argon and ammonia/nitrogen as precursors. The low growth temperature and aligned arrangement of the BN nanotubes are beneficial to practical applications despite of the amorphous nature of the product. Novel morphology of Y-branching and dendriform BN nanotubes were also observed when the branching AAO template was used.