Mn基脱硝催化剂抗水抗硫改性的模拟与实验研究

为考察ZSM-5分子筛作载体和Ce掺杂对催化剂低温脱硝活性及抗水抗硫性的影响,通过分子动力学模拟和实验研究的手段研究了载体类型、掺杂Ce对催化剂性能的影响。分子动力学模拟发现,ZSM-5分子筛作载体较γ-Al_2O_3明显抑制H_2O在其表面的吸附,在活性组分中添加Ce既抑制H_2O在其表面的吸附,又减轻SO_2对催化剂的毒化作用。实验研究发现,Mn-Fe-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂性能更优,Ce的添加对提高催化剂的低温脱硝活性和抗水抗硫性能具有明显的积极作用,ZSM-5分子筛作为载体也对提高催化剂抗水性能起到重要作用。通过SEM、XRD、BET、TG-DTG等表征手段和BaCl_2鼓泡实验对Mn-Fe-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂抗硫性提高的原因分析发现,添加Ce使催化剂储氧释氧能力提高,将烟气中的SO_2氧化为SO3并被烟气携带,避免了SO_2与催化剂活性组分的反应,则催化剂表面的活性组分不被破坏,保证了催化剂的催化反应性能。     

锰钛系低温选择性催化还原催化剂的抗SO2和抗H2O性能研究进展

低温选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝技术具有运行成本低、能耗低和布置方便的优点,催化剂的反应温度低,适合中小型工业锅炉的脱硝技术需求,因此受到越来越多的关注。锰钛系催化剂以其较高的低温脱硝效率成为当前低温SCR催化剂研究领域的热点,然而催化剂易受到SO₂和H₂O的影响,限制了它的工业应用。本文介绍了在含SO₂和H₂O的条件下锰钛系低温SCR催化剂的中毒症状,总结了催化剂的SO₂和H₂O中毒机制,重点阐述了在抗硫方面掺杂过渡金属元素以及载体改性的研究进展,详细介绍了掺杂Ce、Co、Fe和Ho等元素以及催化剂酸改性和复合载体对催化剂抗硫性的影响,同时简要总结了近年来其他方法提高锰钛系低温SCR催化剂抗硫抗水性能的状况,最后归纳了目前此类催化剂抗硫抗水措施的局限并指出今后的重点是进一步提高其抗中毒能力。     

负载型Mn基低温NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂研究综述

MnO_x以其良好的低温催化活性成为当前低温NH₃-SCR脱硝催化剂研究的热点,负载型Mn基低温脱硝催化剂较好地解决了非负载型低温N₂选择性差、易中毒等难题,具有良好的工业应用前景.本文综述了负载型Mn基低温脱硝催化剂的研究现状,从活性组分、载体、制备方法、机理和动力学以及抗H₂O、SO₂性能5个方面介绍了负载型Mn基低温脱硝催化剂的研究现状,着重阐述了金属氧化物、分子筛、炭基等人工和天然载体负载MnO_x在制备方法和脱硝活性方面的最新研究成果,简述了Mn基低温脱硝催化剂的催化机理以及动力学研究进展,分析了Mn基低温脱硝催化剂的H₂O和SO₂中毒机理.指出提高负载型Mn基低温脱硝催化剂的抗中毒性能和再生是今后研究的重点.     

煤化工废水用改性分子筛催化剂的研制与表征

采用等体积浸渍法以ZSM-5分子筛为载体，制备负载分子筛催化剂。分别研究了不同活性物质、前驱体盐、焙烧温度和活性物质载量对催化剂性能的影响。通过BET检测、N₂吸附-脱附等温线、催化剂孔径分布、CWOO评价(包括催化剂抗硅性、间甲酚转化率和TOC去除率)方法对催化剂性能进行表征。研究表明：采用前驱盐Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O和活性组分Fe对载体ZSM-5分子筛进行负载，且活性组分负载量达到4%(质量分数)，并用500℃进行焙烧，制备出的负载分子筛催化剂具有较好的抗硅性、较高的间甲酚转化率与TOC去除率，综合性能最好。     

选择催化还原(SCR)反应机理研究进展

简述了NH₃和NO在催化剂表面吸附、转化活化和反应历程及H₂O和SO₂对以上反应行为的影响。分析表明,NH₃氧化脱氢进而与NO反应是决定NH₃反应性和最终产物的关键。NO以气态（Eley-Rideal机理）或硝基类物质等吸附态（Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理）形式参与选择催化还原（SCR）反应。提高催化剂酸性和氧化还原循环性能,利于NH₃和NO吸附和转化及相互间反应。高温时,H₂O影响轻微,而SO₂增强催化剂酸性,提高脱硝活性。低温时,H₂O和SO₂抑制NO吸附和转化活化,导致硫铵盐累积和活性位转变为硫酸盐使催化剂失活。因此,提高抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能是低温脱硝催化剂研发的重要方向。而发展在线升温等再生工艺以解决硝酸盐或含硫化合物导致的失活问题,对保障低温脱硝系统长期稳定运行具有重要意义。     

以CO为还原剂的选择性催化还原NO催化剂研究进展

综述了近年来CO-SCR催化剂的研究进展,对活性组分、助剂、载体进行了较详细的阐述,重点介绍了贵金属和Cu基催化剂、Mn和Ce改性催化剂以及钙钛矿型催化剂的研究现状,简述了O₂、H₂O和SO₂对催化剂活性的影响,并给出了COSCR的反应机理。此外,还分析了另一种金属添加到活性组分或添加到载体中的作用,相比于单金属单载体催化剂,双活性金属或双载体催化剂具有更好的低温活性、选择性和抗中毒失活能力。最后,针对CO还原NO的发展方向提出了一些建议。     

垃圾焚烧SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原（SCR）作为一种实现氮氧化物超低排放的技术,在垃圾焚烧领域逐渐得到应用。SCR催化剂脱硝效率和使用寿命受到烟气温度、SO₂、H₂O、烟尘等多种因素的影响。经过脱酸和除尘后,垃圾焚烧烟气呈现低温、低酸、低尘、低重金属含量、高含水率的特点,研究发现烟气温度、SO₂、H₂O对催化剂脱硝效率和使用寿命都有较大影响,但SO₂影响最大,同时催化剂本身的催化活性、抗硫性能也是影响脱硝结果的关键因素。     

载体结构对锡铁负载型催化剂脱硝性能的影响

利用凹凸棒土（ATP）、活性炭（AC）、介孔硅（MCM-41）、二氧化钛（TiO₂）这4种孔结构不同的载体,通过水热法制备了以Fe₂O₃为催化剂主活性组分、SnO₂为辅活性组分的锡铁负载型催化剂。催化剂的微观结构通过BET和SEM测试,并在催化剂评价装置中模拟烟气组成,考察锡铁负载型催化剂在反应温度为80～280℃、脱硝空速为32000～48000h^-1范围内的选择性催化还原（SCR）性能。同时考察了SO₂与H₂O对1/2SnFe/ATP催化剂的影响。实验表明,载体可能为催化剂提供大量Brønsted酸性位点,有利于反应气体吸附。1/2SnFe/ATP催化剂表现出最佳的SCR脱硝性能,在200℃时实现最高96.4%的NO转化率,而且由其抗硫性及其抗水性实验表明：SO₂单独作用于催化剂时,脱硝效率降低迟缓,切断二氧化硫后仍能恢复到85%以上。同时加入水和二氧化硫后,将会导致脱硝效率急剧下降。停止加入后,催化剂效率又开始慢慢恢复,效率可以恢复达到70%以上。     

SO2对稀土精矿催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝催化性能的影响

抗硫性能是评价脱硝过程中催化剂性能的关键指标,研究SO₂对催化剂理化特性的影响对催化剂脱硝应用具有重要意义。通过焙烧处理白云鄂博稀土精矿得到稀土精矿催化剂,利用催化剂抗硫性能实验台,结合SEM、BET、XRD和FT-IR,分析了O₂、NH₃、NO气氛下SO₂在催化剂表面的吸附及不同SO₂浓度对催化剂催化脱硝性能的影响。结果表明, SO₂对稀土精矿催化剂脱硝性能有显著的促进作用,300℃时,NO转化率从28%提高至50%,350℃时,NO转化率从42%提高至75%; SEM、BET和XRD结果表明催化剂抗硫性能测试前后的物理结构和化学组成基本保持不变,稀土精矿催化剂具有较好的抗硫性能;FT-IR结果证实SO₂的吸附使稀土精矿催化剂表面B酸性位点增多,催化剂对NH₃的吸附能力增强,因此有利于提高催化剂活性。研究结果可为白云鄂博稀土精矿催化剂NH₃-SCR脱硝应用过程中抗硫性能提供有价值的基础数据参考。     

微波热解制备g-Fe2O3催化剂及其SCR脱硝性能

以FeSO₄·7H₂O[Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O]为铁源,采用新型微波热解法制备γ-Fe₂O₃[a-Fe₂O₃]催化剂样品,通过XRD、N₂等温吸附-脱附、压汞法等实验手段对催化剂样品晶相、微观孔结构等进行表征;考察两种催化剂样品的NH₃-SCR脱硝性能,通过归一化处理得到两种催化剂在不同温度下的本征脱硝反应速率,同时对比研究了γ-Fe₂O₃与钒系催化剂的脱硝活性;研究氨氮比、氧浓度等运行参数对γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂NH₃-SCR脱硝性能的影响规律,并对其抗硫抗水性能进行考察.结果表明:采用新型微波热解法可得到纯度较高的γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂,其介孔分布合理且大孔数量丰富;同时γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂表现出优于a-Fe₂O₃催化剂的脱硝性能,400℃时最大NO_x转化率达到96%,300、325、350℃下单位面积脱硝速率达到a-Fe₂O₃催化剂的3倍左右;γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂具备优良的抗硫抗水性能,其最佳氨氮比为1、最佳氧体积分数为3.5%.     

WO_3负载量对V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

采用V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2作为脱硝催化剂,考察活性组分V_2O_5和助剂WO_3负载量对催化剂脱硝活性和抗硫抗水性能的影响。结果表明,3%V_2O_5/x WO_3-TiO_2催化剂(x=3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%)上NOx转化率随着WO_3负载量增加而升高,催化剂反应温度窗口不断拓宽。单独通水蒸汽及同时通SO2和水蒸汽对催化剂的毒害作用均较强,表明H2O和NH3的竞争吸附是催化剂抗硫抗水性能较差的重要原因。SO_2与H_2O和NH_3反应生成亚硫酸铵盐和硫酸铵盐,导致催化剂孔隙堵塞,催化活性降低。     

Combined effect of H2O and SO2 on V2O5/AC catalysts for NO reduction with ammonia at lower temperatures

Combined effect of H₂O and SO₂ on V₂O₅/AC the activity of catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ at lower temperatures was studied. In the absence of SO₂, H₂O inhibits the catalytic activity, which may be attributed to competitive adsorption of H₂O and reactants (NO and/or NH₃). Although SO₂ promotes the SCR activity of the V₂O₅/AC catalyst in the absence of H₂O, it speeds the deactivation of the catalyst in the presence of H₂O. The dual effect of SO₂ is attributed to the SO₄²⁻ formed on the catalyst surface, which stays as ammonium-sulfate salts on the catalyst surface. In the absence of H₂O, a small amount of ammonium-sulfate salts deposits on the surface of the catalyst, which promote the SCR activity; in the presence of H₂O, however, the deposition rate of ammonium-sulfate salts is much greater, which results in blocking of the catalyst pores and deactivates the catalyst. Decreasing V₂O₅ loading decreases the deactivation rate of the catalyst. The catalyst can be used stably at a space velocity of 9000 h⁻¹ and temperature of 250 °C.     

The role of zeolite type on the lean NOx reduction by methane over Pd loaded pentasil zeolites

The lean selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by methane over protonic palladium loaded ZSM-5, FER and MOR, as well as, on bimetallic Pd–Pt-HMOR was examined. Special emphasis was paid on the combined effects of water and SO₂ in the feed stream. Under dry conditions and in the absence of SO₂, the degree of NO_x conversion at 450°C decreases as follows: Pd-HZSM-5>Pd-HMOR>Pd-HFER. Sulfur dioxide alone has no apparent effect on the activity for NO_x reduction, but the coexistence of water and SO₂ inhibits both NO_x and methane conversions. The extent of inhibition by water and SO₂ on NO_x reduction is Pd-HFER>Pd-HZSM-5>Pd-HMOR. Acid mordenite doped with low levels of Pt and Pd leads to an active catalyst that is more tolerant to the presence of either water or SO₂ than the corresponding monometallic Pt- and Pd-HMOR. Nevertheless, NO_x reduction is also inhibited at temperatures below 450°C when SO₂ and water are both present. TPD experiments of water over calcined samples of protonic Pd supported pentasil zeolites, Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ and Pt–Pd-HMOR with and without pretreatment in SO₂+O₂ indicate that sulfation of the surface increases water chemisorption by the support. Therefore, the observed decrease of NO_x reduction on Pd-loaded zeolite catalysts when SO₂ and H₂O coexist in the feed stream may be due to enhanced water inhibition and presumably active site poisoning.     

Insight into the promotional mechanism of Cu modification towards wide-temperature NH3-SCR performance of NbCe catalyst

A simple strategy of Cu modification was proposed to broaden the operation temperature window for NbCe catalyst. The best catalyst Cu_0.010/Nb₁Ce₃ presented over 90% NO conversion in a wide temperature range of 200-400 ℃ and exhibited an excellent H₂O or/and SO₂ resistance at 275 ℃. To understand the promotional mechanism of Cu modification, the correlation among the “activity-structure-property” were tried to establish systematically. Cu species highly dispersed on NbCe catalyst to serve as the active component. The strong interaction among Cu, Nb and Ce promoted the emergence of NbO₄ and induced more Brønsted acid sites. And Cu modification obviously enhanced the redox behavior of the NbCe catalyst. Besides, EPR probed the Cu species exited in the form of monomeric and dimeric Cu²⁺, the isolated Cu²⁺ acted as catalytic active sites to promote the reaction: Cu²⁺-NO₃^-+NO(g) → Cu²⁺-NO₂^-+NO₂(g). Then the generated NO₂ would accelerate the fast-SCR reaction process and thus facilitated the low-temperature deNO efficiency. Moreover, surface nitrates became unstable and easy to decompose after Cu modification, thus providing additional adsorption and activation sites for NH₃, and ensuring the improvement of catalytic activity at high temperature. Since the NH₃-SCR reaction followed by E-R reaction pathway efficaciously over Cu_0.010/Nb₁Ce₃ catalyst, the excellent H₂O and SO₂ resistance was as expected.     

Selective catalytic reduction of N2O in industrial emissions containing O2, H2O and SO2: behavior of Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts

The catalytic behavior in N₂O reduction by propane in the presence of O₂, H₂O and SO₂ of Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by ion exchange and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is reported. The catalyst prepared by CVD shows a lower dependence of the rate of selective N₂O reduction on the decrease in C₃H₈ to N₂O ratio in the feed and a higher resistance to deactivation by SO₂ in accelerated durability tests with high SO₂ concentration (500 ppm). This catalyst shows stable catalytic behavior in the presence of SO₂ for more than 600 h of time-on-stream. Characterization of the catalysts by UV–VIS–NIR diffuse reflectance indicates that the poor performances of the sample prepared by ion exchange could be related to the presence of highly clustered Fe³⁺ species, in this catalyst. On the other hand, Fe₂O₃ particles are not present in the sample prepared by CVD while mainly isolated Fe³⁺ ions and iron-oxide nanoclusters are present.     

二次水热合成法制备ZSM-5分子筛膜及其渗透汽化性能

采用二次水热合成法在管状多孔莫来石支撑体上制备高耐酸性ZSM-5分子筛膜,系统地研究分子筛晶种和合成溶胶中H₂O/SiO₂摩尔比率对ZSM-5分子筛膜生长与渗透汽化性能的影响,采用X射线衍射、冷场扫描电子显微镜和电子能谱等表征技术分别对制备的ZSM-5分子筛及其ZSM-5分子筛膜的结构、形貌和Si/Al比进行表征。针对分离75℃、90% HAc/H₂O的水溶液,最优化条件下制备的ZSM-5分子筛膜表现出优良的渗透汽化性能,渗透通量和分离因子分别为0.98kg/(m²·h)和890。此外,本研究所采用制备耐酸性ZSM-5分子筛膜的方法表现出良好的重现性,重复制备的12根ZSM-5分子筛膜在75℃下分离90% HAc/H₂O的水溶液时,平均通量和分离系数分别为（0.85±0.15）kg/(m²·h)和650±290。再者,ZSM-5分子筛膜在45～75℃的温度范围内分离50%～95% HAc/H₂O水溶液时都表现出优良的渗透汽化性能。     

锰基NH_3-SCR低温脱硝催化剂研究进展

锰基催化剂在低温氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)脱硝反应中表现出良好的催化活性。讨论H_2O和SO_2对锰基催化剂活性的影响,综述通过制备方法改性、添加助剂和优化载体改善锰基催化剂抗H_2O和抗SO_2性能的研究进展,并对锰基低温SCR催化剂的研究方向进行展望。