低Reynolds数下水平管降膜滴状流动的实验研究

为了充分了解水平管降膜滴状流动现象,以水为实验流体,采用高速高清摄像仪对不同管距下水平管降膜滴状流动进行了可视化的实验研究。实验观察了低Reynolds数Re≤200、管间距s≤40 mm范围内的管间滴状流动过程。根据流动形态的特征,将滴状流动划分为堆积滴状流、不完全滴状流、吊坠滴状流、完全滴状流和不完全回缩滴状流。依据实验结果,绘制了滴状流动形态分区图。提出了分离长度的概念,并讨论了流量对分离长度的影响。研究了低Reynolds数下液滴流动的滴落点间距与流量的关系。结果表明,滴状流的管间流动形态不仅受流量的影响,同时也受管间距的影响。分离长度随着Re的增大呈两段式线性增大。液滴流动的滴落点间距在Re≤100范围内随Re增大而减小,在100Re≤200范围内趋于平稳。此外,分别建立了分离长度和滴落点间距与Re的关系式。     

水平管降膜蒸发传热的实验研究进展

介绍了水平管降膜蒸发的原理、特点及管束间液膜的流动形态,总结水平管降膜蒸发在实验条件不同时对传热性能影响的研究情况,并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

水平管降膜蒸发器传热系数空间分布

为了得到水平管降膜蒸发器传热系数,建立了水平管降膜蒸发传热实验台。通过对实验结果的归纳,分析了水平管降膜蒸发器总传热系数随顶排管喷淋密度、蒸发温度的变化规律,并给出了总传热系数在水平管降膜蒸发器内部空间的分布。结果表明,总传热系数随喷淋密度、蒸发温度的增大而增大。在空间分布上,传热系数沿管长方向受凝结过程的影响前5 m先增大,后3 m逐渐减小;在垂直方向由上向下逐渐减小。另外传热系数随管排数的增加而降低,并且当喷淋密度较小时,总传热系数下降的趋势更明显。     

水平管降膜流动特性研究

水平管降膜蒸发传热的高效性使其在海水淡化领域有广阔应用前景。水平管间降膜流动过程中受到流量、管径、管材、气流速度等参数的影响,造成管间降膜流态发生变化。通过建立水平管降膜流态模型的非结构化网格,采用VOF法对水平管降膜流动进行三维模拟,得到水平管管外液膜流动过程的5个阶段,并分析出管径、流量、分布器开孔孔径、分布器开孔个数等因素对管间降膜流态的影响。     

影响水平管外降膜蒸发传热膜系数因素的研究

主要研究以水为介质、水平管为盲管的降膜蒸发器,并对影响该蒸发器管外壁蒸发侧传热膜系数的主要因素进行了分析.为今后实际应用多效水平管降膜蒸发器作好理论准备.     

影响水平管降膜蒸发因素的实验研究

以去离子水作为水平管降膜蒸发实验介质,考察了喷淋密度对热通量、管外传热系数和总传热系数的影响与传热总温差对于管内、外传热系数和总传热系数的影响,并分析其产生影响的原因,得到了水平管内、外和总传热系数随各操作因素的变化规律。通过分析实验结果,在前人经验公式的基础上加以修正,获得了多因素共同作用下管外蒸发传热系数的实验关联式,为水平管降膜蒸发技术实际应用提供实验依据。     

管形对水平管降膜圆周膜厚和Nusselt数的影响

针对海水淡化系统的水平管降膜蒸发,建立了二维数值模型,分析了光滑圆管和6种不同截面形状的蛋形管外降膜流动及传热特性。采用VOF方法考察了不同管型对管外液膜分布和传热特性的影响。数值结果表明:蛋形管外液体沿周向流动较圆管稍快,且可获得更均匀更薄的液膜;液膜厚度随半轴比ε增大而减小,随周向先逐渐减小后迅速增加,圆管和蛋形管的液膜最小值分别出现在周向相对坐标0.69和0.70~0.84附近。蛋形管的膜内量纲1温度较圆管的小,其热边界层厚度较薄,具有更好的传热性能。拟合数据得到,ε为2.4的蛋形管具有最好的传热性能,其Nusselt数可达0.32,较圆管的高出12.68%。最后,将数值模拟结果与文献中的数据进行了对比,验证了数值模型的可行性和合理性。     

水平管降膜蒸发器蒸发传热性能实验研究

对影响水平管降膜蒸发器蒸发传热过程的部分因素进行了实验研究,确定了一定范围内水平管降膜蒸发器的喷淋密度、热通量、蒸发温度、布管方式对管束总蒸发传热系数的影响,为实际应用提供了依据.     

硅橡胶膜强化传热管的制备及其滴状冷凝传热研究

实验采用热处理法制备了滴状冷凝传热的硅橡胶膜强化传热管,107硅橡胶为最佳的制备材料,其水接触角为106.8°。传热效果较好传热管的制备条件为4%硅橡胶铸膜液、热处理温度350℃及惰性环境中处理1h,其热通量比沟槽管提高了约10%,比普通管提高了约80%左右;冷凝侧传热系数比沟槽管提高了30%,比普通管提高了约4倍左右。采用红外对制备的107硅橡胶膜强化传热管进行了表征,经过热处理硅橡胶会产生交联缩合。     

真空条件下蒸汽横掠水平降膜管束的流动阻力

建立了蒸汽横掠带有液体降膜流动的水平管束流动阻力实验台,对影响流动阻力的因素与规律进行了实验研究。实验在绝对压力为12～31 kPa的真空条件下进行,对应的水蒸气饱和温度为50～70℃,模拟了大型海水淡化装置中水平管降膜蒸发器的流动过程。实验结果显示,蒸汽掠过带有降膜流动的水平管束的压降远大于蒸汽横掠水平管束的流动阻力,流动阻力系数不仅与蒸汽流动Reynolds数有关,还与液体在水平管上降膜流动的Reynolds数有很大关联。提出了正三角形排列管束的蒸汽横掠降膜流动管束的阻力关系式。     

Experimental laminar falling film heat transfer coefficients on a large diameter horizontal tube

A test rig was designed and fabricated to measure local heat transfer coefficients from a large-diameter, steam-heated horizontal tube to thin falling films of water. The results of the experiments generally support the theory developed by Rogers for laminar film conditions, which were found to persist up to film Reynolds numbers of about 2000. Agreement between theoretical predictions of heat transfer coefficients and the measured values is reasonable for the thermal boundary layer development region, but measured values are about 20% lower than predicted values in the developed region. The lower values in the developed region are attributed mainly to measured film thicknesses being greater than predicted values.     

水平管外降膜蒸发的传热实验

为了提高水平管降膜蒸发的传热性能,提出了在水平管间增加肋板结构来强化传热。研究了以蒸馏水为介质的水平管外降膜蒸发的传热性能,结果表明,管外降膜蒸发传热系数随传热喷淋密度、传热温差和管间肋板宽度的增大而增大,随管径的增大而减小。     

水平管降膜蒸发器的传热性能

在换热面积为2.375m2的水平管降膜蒸发试验平台上,采用5052铝合金管作为换热管,以实际海水为原料,进行了低温多效海水淡化中水平管降膜蒸发器传热性能研究试验。研究了料液喷淋密度、管外蒸发温度、总传热温差、海水盐度以及管内蒸汽中不凝气含量等因素对海水淡化过程降膜蒸发器总传热系数的影响。结果表明,在试验条件范围内,总传热系数随着料液喷淋密度和管外蒸发温度的升高而增加,随着传热温差的增大而降低;冷凝侧有不凝气存在时,总传热系数下降幅度较大;海水浓度对传热系数影响较小;在控制不凝气含量的条件下,传热系数在3500W/(m2?℃)以上。试验结果为海水淡化的工程设计和生产优化提供了依据。     

Numerical simulation of liquid falling film on horizontal circular tubes

The objective of this study is to investigate numerically the flow characteristics of falling film on horizontal circular tubes. Numerical simulations are performed using FLUENT for 2D configurations with one and two cylinders. The volume of fluid method is used to track the motion of liquid falling film and the gas-liquid interface. The effect of flow characteristics on heat and transfer coefficient may be remarkable, although it has been neglected in previous studies. The velocity distribution and the film thickness characteristics on the top tube, some special flow characteristics on the bottom tube, intertube flow modes and effect of liquid feeder height on flow characteristics have been studied. Our simulations indicate that 1) the velocity distributions of the upper and lower parts of the tube are not strictly symmetric and non-uniform, 2) the film thickness depends on flow rate and angular distributions, 3) the flow characteristics of the top tube are different from those of the bottom tube, 4) three principal and two intermediate transition modes are distinguished, and 5) the liquid feed height plays an important role on the formation of falling film. The numerical results are in a good agreement with the theoretical values by the Nusselt model and the reported results.     

水平管外降膜蒸发流动和传热特性数值模拟

建立三维模型并模拟了制冷剂R410A在水平管外的降膜流动和蒸发过程,探究了喷淋密度、热通量和布液孔偏离管轴心距离对降膜流动和传热的影响。结果表明：沿管周方向,液膜厚度和传热系数逐渐减小并趋于稳定,至管底处由于局部液体堆积,液膜增厚、传热系数降低;喷淋密度较小时,总传热系数随着热通量增加而降低,随着喷淋密度增加而显著提高;液膜Reynolds数达2000后,总传热系数随喷淋密度增加而缓慢提升并趋于平稳,此时热通量的增加会提升总传热系数;随着布液偏心距的增加,总传热系数先略微上升并趋于平稳,而后由于出现局部“干涸”和液膜堆积区域,总传热系数急剧下降;随喷淋密度的增加,总传热系数急剧下降的临界点会逐渐往大偏心距偏移。     

管内降膜式第二类吸收热泵性能实验研究

分别考察了在垂直螺旋管内降膜式第2类吸收热泵系统中,溶液流量、循环热水流量、操作温度对吸收器传热传质系数、系统性能系数COP及热效率Eth的影响。实验结果表明:随着溶液流量的增加,吸收器的传热传质系数也逐渐增大,而COP与Eth则有下降趋势;增加循环热水流量,吸收器传热传质系数也增大,但对COP与Eth的影响却较小;对于操作温度,吸收器传热传质系数会随着废热温度的升高而增大,随着冷却水温度的降低而增大。同时,通过软件ABSIM的模拟计算,得到的数据与实验数据吻合较好。     

A study of film thickness and hydrodynamic entrance length in liquid laminar film flow along a vertical tube

The liquid film thickness and hydrodynamic entrance length in a vertical tube was studied experimentally and numerically. Measurements using distilled water, 30 wt % MEA and 40 wt % sugar solutions were carried out to investigate the effects of liquid flow rate on the formation of the liquid film. The experimental results validate the new Navier‐Stokes based equation in cylindrical coordinates (Eq. 16) and the volume of fluid (VOF) model giving a competitively high prediction of the liquid film thickness especially in the low Reynolds number region. In addition, a new empirical model and an improved minimal surface model have been first proposed for calculation of the hydrodynamic entrance length, with a relatively reasonable average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 3.03% and 6.83%, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the hydrodynamic entry length on the gas–liquid interfacial area calculated by the improved minimal surface model were comprehensively studied, and can be ignored if the ratio of the liquid film length (y) and the hydrodynamic entrance length (λ_E) is lower than 10. However, it should be noted that the hydrodynamic entrance length cannot be ignored in packed columns in which the liquid flow is very complex due to the packings with different structures and materials. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2078–2088, 2018     

液体管外降膜的研究及应用

在实验的基础上探讨了液体在垂直管外降膜的流动规律；分析了影响液膜流量和厚度的因素，提出了计算液膜流量和厚度的方法，并对液体管外降膜装置的设计提出了建议。