Use of RADARSAT‐1 data and a digital elevation model to assess flood damage and improve rice production in the lower part of the Chi River Basin,Thailand

In Thailand, flooding due to seasonal monsoon conditions frequently destroys a substantial amount of rice production, the most important agricultural activity of the country. Taking the 2001 monsoon flooding that hit the Lower Chi River Basin as an example, we developed a new method for accurately assessing damage to flood‐affected paddies. A RADARSAT‐1 image acquired during peak flooding was combined with a 30‐m digital elevation model (DEM) to develop a ‘flood‐level‐determination’ algorithm for estimating floodwater depth. Based on the elongation capability of the rice varieties, a water depth of 80 cm was used to separate ‘non‐damaged’ from ‘damaged’ paddy areas, indicating that about 60% of the paddy fields in the flooded areas were non‐damaged paddies. To minimize the loss of rice and maximize farmers' incomes, a map of rice varieties appropriate for the damaged paddy areas was produced, combining the flood‐affected paddy map with the flood frequency map. Our results demonstrate the potential of using single‐date RADARSAT‐1 data and a DEM to provide accurate and economic means of assessing flood damage to rice fields that can be used to improve rice production.     

Algorithms Comparison of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat Series Data：A Case Study in Qiqihar，China

Land Surface Temperature（LST)is considered to be one of the significant indicators of urban environment analysis.Landsat thermal infrared series data is an important data source for retrieving surface temperature.In this paper,the thermal infrared band of the Landsat data in 2002,2008 and 2016 were used to retrieve LST by three different algorithms in municipal area of Qiqihar,China.These algorithms were the Mono-Window algorithm（MW algorithm),the Single Channel algorithm（SC algorithm) and the Radiation Transport Equation method（RTE algorithm).And the results of the retrieval were compared to each other and verified by MODIS surface temperature products.The LST distribution maps were accomplished according to the retrieval results.The results showed that：(1)The spatial distribution of the LST obtained by the retrieval of the Landsat series by the three algorithms is consistent,and the LSTof the urban center is higher and thetemperature of water is the lowest;(2)Based on ETM+ data,the consistency between SC and RTE algorithm results is good,among which the SC algorithm has the highest precision,and the MW algorithm has large errors in different land cover areas;(3)The retrieval results by MW algorithm based on the TM data has the highest accuracy,RTE algorithm results is second,and the LST form SC algorithm is less consistent with the corresponding MODIS temperature products;(4)Based on the Landsat 8 TIRS data,the SC algorithm has the highest accuracy and the RTE algorithm has a large error.     

Spatial–temporal dynamics of gross primary productivity,evapotranspiration, and water-use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the Yangtze River Delta region and their relations to climatic variables

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and climate data collected from meteorological stations were used to characterize the spatial–temporal dynamics of gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water-use efficiency (WUE) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region and the response of these three variables to meteorological factors. The seasonal patterns of GPP and WUE showed a bimodal distribution, with their peak values occurring in May and August, and April and October, respectively. By contrast, the seasonal variation of ET presented a unimodal pattern with its maximum in July or August. The spatial distribution of ET and GPP was similar to higher values occurring in the south. From 2001 to 2012, GPP in the eastern YRD decreased, while GPP in the western part increased. In comparison, over the 12 years, ET in the northern part of YRD decreased, while ET in the southern part increased. The spatial distribution and spatial variation of WUE were both similar to those of GPP. This implies that the changes in WUE are primarily controlled by the variations in GPP. The annual average WUE over vegetation types followed the order of: evergreen broadleaf forest (1.95 g C kg^?1 H₂O) > deciduous broadleaf forest (1.87 g C kg^?1 H₂O) > evergreen needle leaf forest (1.70 g C kg^?1 H₂O) > deciduous needle leaf forest (1.68 g C kg^?1 H₂O) > grassland (1.66 g C kg^?1 H₂O) > cropland (1.61 g C kg^?1 H₂O). Both GPP and ET increased with increasing annual mean temperature (T_a) and annual mean precipitation across all of the plant function types. WUE decreased as vapour pressure deficit (VPD) increased in all of the biomes. Interestingly, the relationship between WUE and VPD was the most significant in broadleaf forest. Whether this phenomenon is universal should be investigated in future studies.     

IBI and CA Model based Extraction of Urban Built\|up Areaand Its Application：A Case Study in Shanghai

At present,the automatic extraction of urban built\|up area is still a problem.Taking Shanghai city as an example,this research uses the binary image,which was derived from an IBI(index\|based built\|up index)image,as the geographical cellular automaton initial input data.This was then imported to the extended cellular automata model for further processing.After a series of processing such as thresholding,corrosion and connectivity test,the urban built\|up area was simulated and can be extracted.Based on this method,the urban built\|up area of Shanghai in five different years between 1987 and 2015 was extracted using multi\|temporal Landsat images of Shanghai.In addition,the urban growth intensity index,the concentric buffers analysis and radar chart analysis were calculated and used to analysis spatiotemporal pattern of Shanghai urban expansion in the 28 study years.The result shows that the built\|up area of Shanghai was expanded from 195 km² in 1987 to 1759 km² in 2015,which is eight times as large as that in 1987.In the period between 1987 and 2002,the urban built\|up area expanded mainly along the North\|South axis of the Huangpu River.However,after 2002 the expansion rate was increased more quickly,and the direction of the expansion was shifted to an east to west direction.Generally speaking,Shanghai has experienced a rapid urban expansion in the recent three decades.     

Tectonic Interpretation and Analysis based on Multi-source Remote Sensing Data：A Case Study of JitaiRiver in Chayi，Tibet

Linear Structures and Ring Structures are of great important to distinguish and analyze faults,folds and magmatic emplacement on the surface.Extracting linear structures from multi-source remote sensing data with the approach of Human-Computer-Interaction can understand the overall and individual geometrical characteristics of Linear Structures and Ring Structures objectively and comprehensively.Taking Jitai river as an example,three sets of Linear Structures with characteristic of clustering and abundant Ring Structures were extracted in working area based on remote sensing data from Google Earth,Landsat 8/OLI,ASTER GDEM and high-resolution DEM.The results of the analysis show that the working area is in a dextral shear zone with northwest direction and the southwest structure of Jitai River is still in a relatively active stage,which may be an unstable area of the engineering geology and the prone areas of geological disasters.     

Assessing Vertical Greenery Distribution and Spatial Allocation based on Multi-source Remote Sensing：A Case Study of Székesfehérvár City，Hungary#br#

Taking as Székesfehérvár,Hungary a case study,vertical greenery distribution and spatial allocation is studied.Based on the multi\|source remote sensing data,three-dimensional information of urban green space and buildings is extracted.A height sampling method is used to quantify the vertical distribution of green space and building space.According to the spatial allocation relationship,the vertical space is divided into “Green\|deficient layer” and “Green\|sufficient layer”,and the vertical spatial allocation characteristics of different function zonings are compared and analyzed.Case study findings indicate that：(1) greenery vertical structure of residential area and commercial area are similar,but residential area has greater allocation quantity; (2) the first to third building floors in commercial area are considered green-deficient due to the shortage of green space allocation and its monotonous vertical structure,and there is inadequate green space provision for high\|rise building floors in residential area; (3) the major cause for low\|rise green deprivation in commercial area is the high density of low\|rise building structure,and neglecting skyrise greenery results in the high\|rise green deprivation in residential area.      

If You Build It Will They Come? The LAIRAH Study: Quantifying the Use of Online Resources in the Arts and Humanities through Statistical Analysis of User Log Data

There are now many online, digital resources in the humanities,and their creation is funded by various governmental, academic,and philanthropic sources. What happens to these resources aftercompletion is very poorly understood. No systematic survey ofdigital resource usage in the humanities has ever been undertaken—andthe factors for use and non-use of digital resources are unknown.The LAIRAH (Log Analysis of Internet Resources in the Arts andHumanities) Project is a 15-month long study into the factorswhich determine long-term use and neglect of digital resourcesin the Arts and Humanities. Using quantitative Deep Log Analysistechniques to understand real-time user behaviour and qualitativeuser workshops to gain an understanding of user approaches todigital resources in the arts and humanities, the study identifiesfactors that may predispose a digital resource to become usedor neglected in the long-term. This article provides an overviewof the techniques used in the LAIRAH project, and presents somepreliminary results that may be of use to both the creatorsof digital resources in the humanities, and the funders of theseprojects, to ensure that significant intellectual effort andtime, and financial resources, are not wasted in the creationof projects that are then neglected by the user community.     

“I Fall Asleep in Class … But Physics Is Fascinating”: The Use of Large-Scale Longitudinal Data to Explore the Educational Experiences of Aspiring Girls in Mathematics and Physics

This article explores how students' aspirations to study mathematics or physics in post-16 education are associated with their perceptions of their education, their motivations, and the support they feel they received. The analysis is based on the responses of around 10,000 students in England in Year 8 (age 12–13) and then in Year 10 (age 14–15). The students were first surveyed during 2008–2009 and then followed up in 2010–2011. t-tests revealed a decline in their perceptions of their mathematics and physics education. Factor analyses indicated subject-specific constructs that were associated with gender aspiration groups (i.e., high-aspiring girls, high-aspiring boys, low-aspiring girls, low-aspiring boys). High-aspiring girls were more likely than low-aspiring boys to be positive about mathematics/physics education, motivation in these subjects, and support received. However, high-aspiring girls were less likely than high-aspiring boys to be encouraged by their teachers and families to continue with these subjects post-16 and had lower self-concepts, intrinsic valuations, and perceptions of lessons. Low-aspiring girls reported the least favorable views of their mathematics/physics education of all four gender aspiration groups. Findings were generally similar for mathematics and physics, although students overall responded more favorably to mathematics than to physics. The quantitative findings are illustrated with extracts from longitudinal interviews (ages 15, 16, and 17) of two high-aspiring girls.     

A new graphical version of STROTAB: The analysis and fitting of singlet–triplet spectra of asymmetric top molecules in the prolate or oblate limits

The original version of STROTAB has been modified to run under Microsoft Windows using the C++ programming language. The new version takes full advantage of the Microsoft Foundation Classes available within the Microsoft Visual C++ Version 6 development environment. Specifically, windows can be created that edit the input file, summarize the results of the least-squares fit, display the calculated and observed spectra, display whole or partial sections of the calculated spectra as a stick or Gaussian de-convoluted spectrum. A listing of the rotational quantum numbers in the cases (a) and (b) limits for each of the displayed lines is provided. A branch annotating routine provides a quick visual guide to the assignment of the spectrum. A new eigenvalue sorting method has been added as an option that complements the existing method based on the eigenvector coefficients. The new sorting method has eliminated some difficulties that may arise using the existing “Least Ambiguous Method”. The program has been extended to handle near-oblate asymmetric tops using a type III^r representation.New version summaryTitle of program: STROTABVersion number: 2Catalogue identifier:ADCA_v2_0Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADCA_v2_0Program obtainable from:CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandReference in CPC to previous version: 93 (1996) 241–264Catalog identifier of previous version: ADCAAuthors of previous version: R.H. Judge, E.D. Womeldorf, R.A. Morris, D.E. Shimp, D.J. Clouthier, D.L. Joo, D.C. MouleDoes the new version supersede the original program: YesComputers for which the program is designed and others on which it has been tested: Pentium Xenon, Pentium Pro and LaterOperating systems or monitors under which program has been tested: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XPProgramming language used in the new version: ANSI C, C++, Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC)No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.:11 913No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 2 816 652Memory required to execute with typical data: 7 MegNo of bits in a word: 16No of processors used: 1Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: NoNo. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: ∼3.2 MB (compressed)Distribution format: zip fileAdditional keywords:near oblate top, bootstrap eigenvalue sorting, graphical environment, band contourNature of physical problem: The least-squares/band contour fitting of the singlet–triplet spectra of asymmetric tops of orthorhombic symmetry using a basis set appropriate to the symmetric top limit (prolate or oblate) of the molecule in either Hund's case (a) or case (b) coupling situations.Method of solution: The calculation of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues remains unchanged from the earlier version. An option to sort the eigenvalues of the current J by fitting them to regular progressions formed from earlier J values (bootstrap method) can be used as an option in place of the existing method based on eigenvector coefficients.Reasons for the new version: The earlier version can only handle oblate tops by diagonalizing using the prolate limit. This has turned out to be unacceptable. An improved method of sorting eigenvalues under certain conditions is also needed. A graphical interface has been added to ease the use of the program.Summary of revisions: The Hamiltonian can now be constructed in a limit appropriate the representation for of the molecule. Sorting by an alternate method is now offered. Numerous graphical features have been added.Restrictions on complexity of the problem: The rotational quantum number restrictions are $J⩽255$ and K (or P) ⩽127. The allowed transition frequency minus the band origin frequency must be in the range of ±10 000 cm⁻¹. Up to five decimal places may be reported. The number of observed lines is limited by the dynamic memory and the amount of disk space available. Only molecules of symmetry D_2h, D₂ and C_2v can be accommodated in this version. Only constants of the excited triplet state may be varied.     

Correlation Analysis of Vegetation Physical Parameters and Polarization Decomposition Parameters based on Grey System Theory：#br# A Case Study in Poyang Lake Wetland

based on the Grey System Theory,combing the three periods(2013,2015,and 2016) of the Radarsat-2 Polarimetric SAR(PolSAR) data and the vegetation physical parameters data collected from Poyang Lake wetland,we established the relationship model for the vegetation physical parameters with vegetation biomass and the polarization decomposition components,respectively.We analyzed the contribution of different vegetation physical parameters to biomass accumulation and their influence on polarization decomposition components.The results show that from the vegetation growing faster to slower stage,the plant parameters and underlying surface parameters are the main factors that contribute to the vegetation biomass accumulation.The main effective factors for the polarization decomposition components are the land surface parameters and the stem parameters.The parameters of field sampling are analyzed and determined based on the larger correlation degree data at each stage.