基于超结构法的热集成间接式功交换网络综合

换热网络综合的研究和应用对于提高能源利用率已被证明是有效的,而用于回收更高品质能量的功交换网络综合的研究仍处于起步阶段。针对间接式功交换网络综合中复杂推动力约束对流股匹配的制约问题,构建了一种考虑级间热集成的拓展超结构,基于线性拟合压缩机和涡轮机的操作曲线,提出了功源与功阱间流股匹配的识别方法;针对压力、流量与温度的高度非凸非线性关系,提出了采用热集成优化每一级入口温度的松弛策略,建立了以年度总费用最小为目标的混合整数非线性规划模型,通过GAMS求解得到最优的间接式功交换网络结构。最后通过一个算例分析,验证所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于转运模型的功交换网络综合

功交换网络作为能量回收系统的重要组成部分,其设计水平的高低对过程系统的能耗将有着重要的影响,但是目前对功网络综合的研究仍处于理论研究的起步阶段.本文根据功级联分析,首次提出了一种基于转运模型进行功交换网络综合的新方法.该方法以公用工程用量最小为目标函数,建立了适用于等温过程的LP数学模型.通过提出构造低压流股压力中间值的策略,解决直接式功交换匹配过程中压力约束的限制,在每个压力间隔内寻求可行流股匹配,从而得到功交换的初始网络结构;再根据所提的合并相邻压力间隔的策略,进一步减少公用工程用量,进而达到优化网络结构的目的.最后通过实例计算,验证了本文方法的可行性及有效性.     

功热交换网络综合的研究进展

功和热是化工工业中使用能源的两种最主要方式,由于流股压力、温度操作需要消耗大量的功热,因此研究功热的协同利用对于提高过程整体能源利用率具有重要的意义。本文首先概述了基于热力学分析的功热交换网络综合的研究情况,以系统?耗最小为目标探讨压缩机、膨胀机优化配置与换热网络用能瓶颈的耦合关系,揭示了功热协同利用的作用机制。然后系统地总结了以年度总费用最小为目标的数学规划模型综合功热交换网络的研究进展,探寻压力操作路径、流股功/热交换匹配、公用工程消耗量及设备投资之间的有效权衡;最后对后续研究进行展望,指出可进一步探究考虑流股冷热性质判定的功热交换网络同步综合、公用工程系统优化与功热交换网络同步设计的耦合等。     

考虑间接换热额外换热温差的间歇过程储热集成

间歇过程流股间换热有直接换热和间接换热两种方式,通过储热介质进行间接换热会产生额外的换热温差。现有的夹点分析方法考虑间接换热额外换热温差后,难以得到经济且可行的储热集成方案。本文在夹点分析的基础上,提出了一种考虑间接换热额外换热温差的间歇过程储热集成方法。该方法首先使用不同的直接换热和间接换热温差进行热级联分析,确定储热集成后的最小冷、热公用工程用量,识别储热位置和储热量,并依据热级联分析结果,建立时间段温焓图确定储热介质温度,得到储热方案。然后,将储热流股转化为放热时间段的冷流股和需热时间段的热流股,进行换热网络综合与优化,得到符合实际应用的储热集成方案。最后,通过经典实例证明了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

最小年度化费用换热网络综合的匹配规则研究

本文在分析换热器投资费用的基础上，指出在进行换热网络综合时应以壳程数作为一个综合目标，并通过与公用工程费用的权衡得到年度化费用的换热网络，提出了基于最小壳程数的换热网络综合方法的匹配规则，指出了为获得最小壳程数，冷热流股进行匹配的最大可能交叉程度以及流股间进行匹配的顺序，并提出了不可行匹配的基本准则，通过实例分析得到较好的效果。     

化工过程功量交换回收效率理论

化工过程中气体流股经常具有流量大、压力高的特点,因而有功量回收应用潜力,而气体可压缩的特点给功量回收效率分析带来困难。针对功量交换器往复式和离心式两种机械结构,分别对气体-气体（气气）功量交换推导了功量回收效率表达式,并通过合理假设进行简化,对比分析了两种结构下功量回收效率理论值。并对两种结构形式下不同物流相态匹配的功量回收效率计算式进行了表述,针对往复式结构能够突出物流相态对气体功量回收效率的特殊影响,对往复式结构下不同物流相态匹配下的功量回收效率进行了比较和分析。研究表明,功量交换结构对气体功量回收效率有重要影响,往复式结构功量回收效率为随压比增大而减小的幂函数关系,而离心式结构功量回收效率还与高低压流股初始体积流量比有关。离心式结构能够实现比往复式结构大的功量回收效率和高于高压流股初始压力的目标压力。在同样压比下,往复式结构中液液功量交换具有最高的功量回收效率（理想值为100%）,气液功量交换和液气功量交换值依次减小,而气气功量回收效率最低,而离心式结构同样还与高低压初始体积流量比有关。     

夹点分析法在化工过程全局用能优化的应用

介绍了夹点分析在化工过程全局用能优化中的应用，用夹点分析法在实现各工艺装置内部热量交换的基础上，进行过程全局的剩余热阱和热源与公用工程系统的能量集成，包括余热回收、联产功量、蒸汽系统设计和透平网络综合。应用实例表明，利用该方法可以大幅度实现节能，是现代化工企业节能的发展方向。     

带有热储罐的间歇过程换热网络综合

间歇过程流股对时间的依赖性增加了其换热网络综合的难度。提出了一种采用间接换热进行换热网络综合的方法,且考虑了直接换热,同时提出了合并热储罐的方法,并利用热储罐的特点合并间接换热中的换热器,用以减少设备费用,以热储罐中介质的温度为变量以年度总费用最小为目标函数建立非线性规划数学模型,确定热储罐内介质温度,最后将该方法应用于实例中证明此方法的有效性。     

基于状态空间超级结构的多流股换热网络最优设计

多流股换热器以其结构紧凑、高效低耗等特点,成为过程强化研究的热门领域,但对于多流股换热的过程与设备优势所在仍然值得商榷。基于多流股换热匹配改进状态空间超级结构,将多流股换热网络综合转化为超级换热器设计。首先,构造级联多流股换热器匹配过程操作算子,通过相邻换热流股匹配,传递温位效应,实现多流股间传热严格计算;借助热容流率混合分配机制,实现各流股间任意分混操作。然后,考虑散热因素,改进目标函数,引入冷热损失和保温材料费用项,清晰体现多流股换热器因换热面互相覆盖而带来的外表面封包优势。进而,建立相应非线性数学规划模型,实现公用工程、设备投资、冷热损耗同步优化。最终,通过文献示例对所提方法可行性与优越性进行验证。     

基于状态空间超级结构的多流股换热网络最优设计

多流股换热器以其结构紧凑、高效低耗等特点,成为过程强化研究的热门领域,但对于多流股换热的过程与设备优势所在仍然值得商榷。基于多流股换热匹配改进状态空间超级结构,将多流股换热网络综合转化为超级换热器设计。首先,构造级联多流股换热器匹配过程操作算子,通过相邻换热流股匹配,传递温位效应,实现多流股间传热严格计算;借助热容流率混合分配机制,实现各流股间任意分混操作。然后,考虑散热因素,改进目标函数,引入冷热损失和保温材料费用项,清晰体现多流股换热器因换热面互相覆盖而带来的外表面封包优势。进而,建立相应非线性数学规划模型,实现公用工程、设备投资、冷热损耗同步优化。最终,通过文献示例对所提方法可行性与优越性进行验证。     

考虑温度约束的单杂质水网络优化

实际用水过程有温度的要求,在用水网络集成中考虑温度的约束,使水耗和能耗同时降低,具有重要的意义。此外,过程系统中还存在只有温度限制的与用水无关的过程流股,将水网络中的水流股与其同时考虑热集成,可以使能量得到更合理的分配利用。在全过程系统能量集成的背景下,建立了对应的水网络优化方法。首先使用现有的废水直接回用水网络LP模型求解初始水网络并提取流股数据,然后在4条非等温混合规则的判断下,依次比较水网络流股与背景夹点、全过程夹点的关系,以排除不合理的非等温混合,最后以年总费用最低为目标进行全过程系统的热集成。使用本文提出的方法对某案例进行优化,得到的年总费用减少了6.27%,证明了该方法的可行性。     

Indirect heat integration across plants using hot water circles☆

Total site heat integration (TSHI) provides more opportunities for energy saving in industry clusters. Some design methods including direct integration using process streams and indirect integration using intermediate-fluid cir-cuits, i.e., steam, dowtherms and hot water, have been proposed during last few decades. Indirect heat integration is preferred when the heat sources and sinks are separated in independent plants with rather long distance. This improves energy efficiency by adaption of intermediate fluid circle which acts as a utility provider for plants in a symbiotic network. However, there are some significant factors ignored in conventional TSHI, i.e. the investment of pipeline, cost of pumping and heat loss. These factors simultaneously determine the possibility and perfor-mance of heat integration. This work presents a new methodology for indirect heat integration in low tempera-ture range using hot water circuit as intermediate-fluid medium. The new methodology enables the targeting of indirect heat integration across plants considering the factors mentioned earlier. An MINLP model with economic objective is established and solved. The optimization results give the mass flow rate of intermediate-fluid, diam-eter of pipeline, the temperature of the circuits and the matches of heat exchanger networks (HENS) automati-cally. Finally, the application of this proposed methodology is il ustrated with a case study.     

Synthesis of indirect work exchange networks considering both isothermal and adiabatic process together with exergy analysis

In this paper, an efficient methodology for synthesizing the indirect work exchange networks (WEN) considering isothermal process and adiabatic process respectively based on transshipment model is first proposed. In contrast with superstructure method, the transshipment model is easier to obtain the minimum utility consumption taken as the objective function and more convenient for us to attain the optimal network configuration for further minimizing the number of units. Different from division of temperature intervals in heat exchange networks, different pressure intervals are gained according to the maximum compression/expansion ratio in consideration of operating principles of indirect work exchangers and the characteristics of no pressure constraints for stream matches. The presented approach for WEN synthesis is a linear programming model applied to the isothermal process, but for indirect work exchange networks with adiabatic process, a nonlinear programming model needs establishing. Additionally, temperatures should be regarded as decision variables limited to the range between inlet and outlet temperatures in each sub-network. The constructed transshipment model can be solved first to get the minimum utility consumption and further to determine the minimum number of units by merging the adjacent pressure intervals on the basis of the proposed merging methods, which is proved to be effective through exergy analysis at the level of units structures. Finally, two cases are calculated to confirm it is dramatically feasible and effective that the optimal WEN configuration can be gained by the proposed method.     

基于分解算法的功热交换网络多目标优化

功热网络设计问题指在流程设计中对变压和换热过程进行耦合优化设计的问题,以此来提高整体系统的能效并降低成本。前人工作中一般采用数学规划法对功热网络建模优化。然而,由于存在变压过程和换热器面积计算的非线性约束,以及换热匹配的二元变量,整体模型往往是一个高度非凸的混合整数非线性规划模型,难以求解。本文提出一种高效的功热网络优化方法。模型中分别用透平压缩机和换热器实现功热网络中轴功和热的交换。求解过程采用分解算法,主问题中用随机算法对关键变量优化,功和热两个子网络问题中用确定性算法求解。目标函数考虑了经济和环境影响。案例测试对比了不同优化目标得到的结果以及多目标Pareto曲线,验证了所提出方法的高效性。     

Simultaneous synthesis of sub and above-ambient heat exchanger networks including expansion process based on an enhanced superstructure model

Synthesis of heat exchanger networks including expansion process is a complex task due to the involvement of both heat and work. A stream that expands through expanders can produce work and cold load, while expansion through valves barely affects heat integration. In addition, expansion through expanders at higher temperature produces more work, but consumes more hot utility. Therefore, there is a need to weigh work production and heat consumption. To this end, an enhanced stage-wise superstructure is proposed that involves synchronous optimization of expander/valve placement and heat integration for each pressure-change sub-stream in stages. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is established for synthesizing sub and aboveambient heat exchanger networks with multi-stream expansion, which explicitly considers the optimized selection of end-heaters and end-coolers to adjust temperature requirement. Our proposed method can commendably achieve the optimal selection of expanders and valves in a bid for minimizing exergy consumption and total annual cost. Four example studies are conducted with two distinct objective function (minimization of exergy consumption and total annual cost, respectively) to illustrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed method.     

Globally optimal design of Minimal WHEN systems using enumeration

The process synthesis problem referred to as work and heat exchange networks (WHENs) asks to determine the optimal heat exchanger network intertwined with compressors, expanders, and valves, all integrated into one single network, such that streams with certain initial temperature and pressure attain their temperature and pressure targets at minimum cost. This article presents a procedure that obtains the globally optimal solution of Minimal WHEN systems using an enumeration scheme, using only a few subproblems, each one solved using mathematical programming to global optimality. Minimal structures feature one compression/decompression task and one heat exchange task per stream. In addition, we depart from the ideal gas assumption and use a cubic equation of state for stream properties. Finally, the approach allows for the use of turboexpanders. Four examples are presented to show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.     

通过流股的合理合并改进用水网络的能量效率

Water-using operations in the process industry have demands for water usually both on water quality and temperature, and the existing mathematical models of heat exchange networks cannot guarantee the energy performance of a water network optimal. In this paper, the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks are analyzed, which include utility consumption, total heat exchange load, and number of heat exchange matches. Three principles are proposed to express the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks. A rule of non-isothermal merging without increasing utility consumption is deduced. And an approach to improve energy performance of water allocation network is presented. A case study is given to demonstrate the method.     

Combined mass and heat exchange network synthesis based on stage-wise superstructure model☆

Integrating multiple systems into one has become an important trend in Process Systems Engineering research field since there is strong demand from the modern industries. In this study, a stage-wise superstructure-based method is proposed to synthesize a combined mass and heat exchange network (CM&HEN) which has two parts as the mass exchange network (MEN) and heat exchange network (HEN) involved. To express the pos-sible heat exchange requirements resulted from mass exchange operations, a so cal ed“indistinct HEN super-structure (IHS)”, which can contain the all potential matches between streams, is constructed at first. Then, a non-linear programming (NLP) mathematical model is established for the simultaneous synthesis and optimiza-tion of networks. Therein, the interaction between mass exchange and heat exchange is modeling formulated. The NLP model has later been examined using an example from literature, and the effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated with the results.     

Heat,mass, and work exchange networks

Heat (energy), water (mass), and work (pressure) are the most fundamental utilities for operation units in chemical plants. To reduce energy consumption and diminish environment hazards, various integration methods have been developed. The application of heat exchange networks (HENs), mass exchange networks (MENs), water allocation heat exchange networks (WAHENs) and work exchange networks (WENs) have resulted in the significant saving of energy and water. This review presents the main works related to each network. The similarities and differences of these networks are also discussed. Through comparing and discussing these different networks, this review inspires researchers to propose more efficient and convenient methods for the design of existing exchange networks and even new types of networks including multi-objective networks for the system integration in order to enhance the optimization and controllability of processes.     

Step-wise synthesis of work exchange networks involving heat integration based on the transshipment model

Due to the deterioration of serious energy dilemma, energy-conservation and emission–reduction have been the strategic target in the past decades, thus people have identified the vital importance of higher energy efficiency and the influence of lower carbon development. Since work exchange network is a significant part of energy re-covery system, its optima design wil have dramatically significant effect on energy consumption reduction in chemical process system. With an extension of the developed transshipment model in isothermal process, a novel step-wise methodology for synthesis of direct work exchange network (WEN) in adiabatic process involv-ing heat integration is first proposed in this paper, where a nonlinear programming (NLP) model is formulated by regarding the minimum utility consumption as objective function and optimizing the initial WEN in accordance with the presented matching rules to get the optimized WEN configuration at first. Furthermore, we focus on the work exchange network synthesis with heat integration to attain the minimal total annual cost (TAC) with the introduction of heat-exchange equipment that is achieved by the following strategies in sequence:introducing heat-exchange equipment directly, adjusting the work quantity of the adjacent utility compressors or expanders, and approximating upper/lower pressure limits consequently to obtain considerable cost savings of expanders or compressors and work utility. Finally, a case taken from the literature is studied to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.