四种方法提取苹果肉渣果胶的流变学特性研究

采用传统酸法(TA)、纤维素酶法(CL)、超声辅助法(UA)和微波辅助法(MA)提取苹果肉渣果胶并对其进行鉴定,考察剪切速率、浓度、温度和放置时间对四种果胶流变学特性的影响,并测定黏均分子量来验证其流变学特点。结果表明:果胶溶液的表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而降低,为典型的非牛顿流体中的假塑性流体行为。果胶溶液浓度越大,剪切稀化现象越明显。温度升高会使果胶溶液表观黏度降低。放置时间越久,果胶溶液的表观黏度越小。四种果胶溶液的表观黏度和黏均分子量大小顺序均为:TACLUAMA,黏均分子量的测定结果从理论上很好地验证了其流变学特点。     

苹果渣中果胶提取条件及其分子质量的测定研究

通过热酸法从苹果渣中提取苹果果胶,并对其提取条件及分子质量进行了研究。结果表明,提取体系的pH、提取温度及时间对果胶的提取率均有较大影响,其中pH值影响最大,3者的最佳搭配为提取体系为pH值2.0,提取温度90℃,提取时间80min。用毛细管法测定了果胶产品的粘均分子质量为89.7ku,比文献资料显示结果高17%。凝胶色谱法测定分子量结果显示,该法提取的果胶分子质量具有双峰分布的特征。     

富含岩藻糖苹果皮果胶的提取与理化性质

以超声辅助柠檬酸提取法从苹果皮中提取苹果果胶,并对所提取苹果皮果胶进行理化性质测定和分析。在最佳提取条件下（pH 2.5柠檬酸,450 W超声30 min）,苹果皮果胶得率为14.6%。理化性质分析表明：所得苹果皮果胶的酯化度为69.9%、糖醛酸含量为58.5%、总糖含量为92.8%,分子质量大于400 kD。气相色谱法分析表明：该方法提取的苹果皮果胶由鼠李糖、岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸及半乳糖醛酸8 种单糖组成,单糖组成的物质的量比为9.5∶19.2∶4.6∶0.1∶4.6∶3.6∶2.3∶56.3,岩藻糖含量高达19.2%。而超声法、盐酸法提取的苹果皮果胶中未检测到岩藻糖。进一步研究表明：富含岩藻糖的苹果皮果胶的提取与柠檬酸作萃取剂有一定关系。     

响应曲面法优化酶法提取向日葵盘果胶工艺的研究

低甲氧基果胶具有特殊的胶凝性和适用性,其凝胶化不需要添加糖类,广泛应用于低糖食品中,但天然低甲氧基果胶来源很少。本文以向日葵盘为原料,利用响应曲面法对复合酶法(复合酶:1.0%纤维素酶、1.0%半纤维素酶、0.5%木瓜蛋白酶)提取果胶的工艺条件进行了优化,并考察了干燥方式对向日葵盘果胶半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度及分子量分布的影响。实验结果表明最佳提取条件为:料液比1∶27、提取时间1.9h、提取温度60.5℃、p H=5.3,果胶得率为11.94±0.38%。研究发现复合酶法提取的向日葵盘果胶为低甲氧基果胶,干燥方式对向日葵果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量和酯化度的影响不大,但对分子量分布有一定影响,其分子量大小顺序为:Mw_(烘干)Mw_(冻干)Mw_(喷干)。     

不同提取方法对黄秋葵果胶理化性质影响

分别采用微波辅助酸法、水浴硫酸法和纤维素酶法提取黄秋葵果实的果胶,研究不同提取方法对果胶提取率及其理化性质的影响,比较三种方法提取果胶的p H、酯化度、半乳糖醛酸、DPPH自由基清除率和热稳定性的差异。结果表明:三种方法对果胶提取率存在显著差异(p0.05),纤维素酶法提取率最高,为29.57%,水浴硫酸法最低,为24.80%;与水浴硫酸法和微波辅助酸法相比,纤维素酶法提取的果胶p H最高,且具有显著性差异(p0.05)。三种方法提取的果胶的酯化度均大于50%,说明黄秋葵果胶属于高甲氧基果胶,其中水浴硫酸法提取果胶的酯化度最高,有显著影响(p0.05);三种方法测得的半乳糖醛酸含量不存在显著性差异(p0.05);三种方法提取果胶的DPPH自由基清除率均随浓度的增加而增大,水浴硫酸法最高;黄秋葵果胶在热处理作用下黏度先迅速下降后缓慢趋于稳定。     

菊苣粕果胶的微波辅助提取工艺研究

提取是菊苣果胶生产技术的关键单元操作。本文以菊苣粕为原料,比较微波辅助提取法(Microwave-assisted extraction,MAE)及传统热酸法(Conventional heating extraction,CHE)对果胶得率、化学组成和分子量的影响。研究结果表明:两种提取方法对菊苣果胶的半乳糖醛酸、甲酯化度和乙酰化度等结构指标没有显著的影响;延长传统热酸法的提取时间有助于提高果胶得率,但会导致果胶分子链发生一定程度的降解;微波处理时间与果胶得率、重均分子量(Mw)间存在显著的正相关性;微波处理时间为120 s时,果胶得率(12.7%)与重均分子量(321 ku)均最高,且果胶分子结构降解程度较低。与传统热酸法相比,微波辅助提取法具有效率高和降解程度低等优点,是提取菊苣果胶的理想方法。     

复合酶法提取苹果渣中的果胶及产品性质分析

为了从苹果渣中高效提取果胶,采用复合酶法对苹果渣中果胶的提取进行了研究。首先筛选出果胶得率较高的3种酶:纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和酸性蛋白酶;其次确定了3种酶的复配方案为纤维素酶7%、木聚糖酶9%、酸性蛋白酶5%;并采用响应面优化设计方法,获得了最佳的复合酶酶解条件:pH值4.1,温度54℃,时间1.3 h,固液质量体积比比1 g∶16 mL。在此最佳条件下,苹果渣粗果胶得率为40.66%。与传统的酸提法粗果胶得率26.84%相比,提高了51.49%。最后测定了最佳工艺条件下所得果胶的产品性质,结果表明:半乳糖醛酸质量分数为57.39%;果胶酯化度为89.41%,相对分子质量主要分布在217 630、16 670与8 170范围内,可作为制备一系列低酯果胶的原料。     

柚皮果胶的提取方法比较及其粘流性能研究

比较了从江永柚皮中提取果胶的不同方法。研究了柚皮果胶溶液的粘流性能,测定了果胶的特性粘度并由此计算出果胶的分子量。结果表明:盐酸逆流萃取法为从柚皮中提取果胶的较好方法,果胶溶液的粘流活化能约为17.14kJ/mol(依赖于果胶浓度大小),采用逆流萃取法提取的果胶特性粘度为4.492ml/g,果胶分子量为7.17×104。     

苹果皮果胶的提取工艺研究

对从新鲜苹果皮中提取果胶的工艺条件进行了研究,经过酸水解提取、酒精沉淀等工艺提取出具有广阔市场前景和丰富营养价值的天然食品添加剂果胶粉。     

不同分子量和不同酯化度苹果果胶的研究

对不同分子量和不同酯化度(DE值)苹果果胶进行研究.采用醇沉法制备苹果果胶,然后分别用酸解法制备不同分子量果胶,用碱法脱酯制备不同DE值果胶.用高效液相色谱法测定果胶分子量,用滴定法测定果胶酯化度.结果表明:随酸解和脱酯时间的延长,果胶分子量和DE值逐渐降低.     

酸法提取苹果渣中的果胶及其性质分析

采用酸法提取苹果渣中的果胶,并以单因素试验为基础,通过响应面法优化其提取工艺条件。结果表明,酸法提取苹果渣果胶的最佳工艺条件为：盐酸调节pH值1.5,温度100 ℃,时间2 h,固液比1∶14（g∶mL）。在上述最佳条件下,苹果渣中粗果胶得率为33.12%,果胶提取率为19.65%。4个因素对粗果胶得率的影响顺序为：pH值＞温度＞时间＞固液比。酸法提取果胶的分子质量主要分布在165.92 kDa、5.83 kDa与0.45 kDa范围;酯化度为60.90%,属于高酯果胶;半乳糖醛酸含量为70.48%,所提取的果胶纯度相对较高。     

Characterisation of pectins extracted from banana peels (Musa AAA) under different conditions using an experimental design

An experimental design was used to study the influence of pH (1.5 and 2.0), temperature (80 and 90 °C) and time (1 and 4 h) on extraction of pectin from banana peels (Musa AAA). Yield of extracted pectins, their composition (neutral sugars, galacturonic acid, and degree of esterification) and some macromolecular characteristics (average molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity) were determined. It was found that extraction pH was the most important parameter influencing yield and pectin chemical composition. Lower pH values negatively affected the galacturonic acid content of pectin, but increased the pectin yield. The values of degree of methylation decreased significantly with increasing temperature and time of extraction. The average molecular weight ranged widely from 87 to 248 kDa and was mainly influenced by pH and extraction time.     

酸提工艺对果胶品质的影响

选用福建特产琯溪蜜柚果皮为原料,考察酸提工艺条件对果胶的酯化度、黏均分子质量和半乳糖醛酸含量的影响,设计正交试验L9(34)考察各因素的影响。结果表明:在试验范围内,酸提工艺条件对果胶的酯化度基本无影响,对半乳糖醛酸的含量有明显的影响,对果胶的分子质量影响最显著。9个不同试验条件下,酸提果胶的酯化度63.5%～63.8%,半乳糖醛酸含量74.2%～88.5%,果胶的黏均分子质量101～202ku。     

Quality of industrial pectin extracted from peach pomace at different pH and temperatures

Two molecular characteristics of pectin related to good gelling properties of the polysaccharide are degree of esterification (DE) and length of molecular chain. Industrial pectin from peach pomace was extracted at different pH and temperatures. DE, acetyl content, intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of the samples were analysed, and the effect of the extraction conditions on these parameters were studied. On the basis that high DE and intrinsic viscosity indicate good gelling pectin or good quality of pectin has chains with low acetyl content, all extracted samples were compared using a multicriteria method in order to find the best extraction conditions. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sustainable production of pectin from lime peel by high hydrostatic pressure treatment

The application of high hydrostatic pressure technology for enzymatic extraction of pectin was evaluated. Cellulase and xylanase under five different combinations (cellulase/xylanase: 50/0, 50/25, 50/50, 25/50, and 0/50 U/g lime peel) at ambient pressure, 100 and 200 MPa were used to extract pectin from dried lime peel. Extraction yield, galacturonic acid (GalA) content, average molecular weight (M_w,ave), intrinsic viscosity [η]_w, and degree of esterification (DE) were compared to those parameters obtained for pectins extracted using acid and aqueous processes. Pressure level, type and concentration of enzyme significantly (p < 0.05) influenced yield and DE of pectin. Enzyme and high pressure extraction resulted in yields which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those using acid and aqueous extraction. Although pressure-induced enzymatic treatment improves pectin yield, it does not have any significant effect on M_w,ave and [η]_w of pectin extracts indicating the potential of high pressure treatment for enzymatic pectin production as a novel and sustainable process.     

不同部位柚子果胶提取率与理化特性相关性研究

采用酸处理乙醇沉淀法从柚子黄皮、白皮、囊衣、果肉中提取果胶,计算提取率,对提取的柚子果胶进行pH、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、溶解度、黏度等理化特性的测定,并分析果胶液的热稳定性、提取率与理化特性的相关性。结果表明,柚子不同部位果胶的提取率表现为：果肉>白皮>囊衣>黄皮,pH为：黄皮>囊衣>白皮>果肉,半乳糖醛酸含量：白皮>黄皮>囊衣>果肉,酯化度：囊衣>白皮>果肉>黄皮,溶解度：果肉>白皮>囊衣>黄皮;各部位提取率、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度均存在极显著差异（p <0.01）,黄皮、囊衣、白皮果胶之间pH差异不显著（p> 0.05）;柚子果胶提取率与pH呈显著负相关（r=-0.973,p<0.05）;柚子各部位果胶的黏度均优于市售果胶,但高温降低了柚子果胶的热稳定性。     

Extraction and partial characterization of Solanum lycocarpum pectin

In this work Solanum lycocarpum fruits were used as a source of pectin. The parameters of pectin extraction were examined using a 2³ factorial design, with temperature, pH and extraction time as independent variables. The extracted S. lycocarpum pectin and dried pulp were analyzed for the presence of antinutritional compounds, such as amylase and trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinin, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and phytate. Pectin was characterized by measuring its methoxylation degree, intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight. The best pectin extraction conditions yielded as much as 33.6% (dry matter). The S. lycocarpum pectin was determined to be highly methoxylated (77.15%), and it showed an intrinsic viscosity 4.6% lower than that of citrus pectin, probably due to its lower molecular weight (177.76 kDa versus 224.48 kDa of that of citrus pectin). Although there were tannins and phytate in the dried pulp, the pectin fraction was free of these compounds.     

Molecular Mass and Solubility Changes in Pectins during Storage of Satsuma Mandarin Fruits (Citrus unshiu Marc.)

Soluble pectins in satsuma mandarin fruits stored at 5°C were investigated by High Performance Gel Filtration chromatography. Pectins isolated from the flavedo, albedo, membranes and juice sacs were separated into four fractions. The hydrochloric acid soluble pectin fraction in each part was the highest and decreased slightly while the water-soluble pectin increased slightly. The avergae molecular weights of the fractionated soluble pectins in juice sacs were nearly constant but those in flavedo, albedo and membranes decreased as storage time increased. The ratios of higher molecular weight of water soluble and ammonium oxalate-soluble pectins in all the four parts and those of hydrochloric acid soluble pectin in flavedo and membranes decreased as ratios of lower molecular weight fractions increased.     

Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Apple (Malus Pumila. Cv Amri) Peel Waste

Abstract

Apple peel, the major waste in preserves manufacturing, contained 1.21% pectin. Peel waste could be stabilized with 600 ppm sulphur dioxide and 1% citric acid. Pectin extraction was better in citric acid than hydrochloric acid. The pectin powder was prepared by triple extraction with citric acid solution (1%) clarification through sedimentation, concentration (24°B), precipitation using ethyl alcohol, vacuum drying and grinding. Physico-chemical properties of pectin powder revealed moisture (10.0%), total ash (1.4%), equivalent weight (652.48), methoxyl content (3.7%), anhydrouronic acid (62.82%), degree of esterification (33.44%), acetyl value (0.68), and jelly grade (80).