2,2,4,4-四硝基金刚烷的合成与表征

以金刚烷酮为原料,经Baeyer-Villiger氧化、内酯重排、缩酮化、氧化和偕硝化等单元反应合成了2,2,4,4-四硝基金刚烷。优化了重要中间体4,4-乙撑二氧基金刚烷-2-酮的合成方法。使用绿色硝化剂五氧化二氮对酮肟进行偕硝化反应,考察了溶剂、温度、反应时间、物料配比对第一步偕硝化反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件:溶剂为二氯甲烷,n(4,4-乙撑二氧基-2-金刚烷酮肟)∶n(五氧化二氮)=1∶3,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为30 min,收率为52.3%。本路线总收率为14.2%,是文献报道的2.9倍。     

2,2,4,4,6,6-六硝基金刚烷的合成、表征及晶体结构

以丙二酸二乙酯和多聚甲醛为起始原料,经环合、脱羧、缩酮化、臭氧化、肟化、偕硝化等步骤,合成了2,2,4,4,6,6-六硝基金刚烷(HNA)。优化了Meerwein's酯的合成、臭氧化反应和酮肟偕硝化的反应条件,HNA的总收率提高到3%。用五氧化二氮作酮肟偕硝化反应的硝化剂,考察了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间、溶剂对酮肟偕硝化反应的影响。确定的最佳反应条件为:物料比n(2,2,6,6-二乙撑二氧基-4-金刚烷酮肟)∶n(N2O5)=1∶3,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为30 min,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,偕二硝基化合物的收率为65%。用1H NMR,13C NMR,IR及元素分析表征了中间体与目标化合物的结构。培养了HNA单晶,用X射线四圆衍射仪测定了它的单晶结构。用热重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了HNA的热性能。结果表明:HNA晶体属单斜晶系,P2(1)/n空间群,晶胞参数为a=1.2011(2)nm,b=2.1129(4)nm,c=1.1967(2)nm,α=90°,β=90.59(3)°,γ=90°,V=3.0368(11)nm3,Z=8,Dc=1.777 g·cm-3,μ=0.166 mm-1,F(000)=1664。HNA的热分解过程可分为三个阶段,从分解反应开始到结束的总失重为94%。DSC曲线在256.21℃处有一个明显的放热峰,显示加热时HNA在该温度有剧烈的放热分解反应发生。     

4-叠氮基-2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷的合成与热稳定性

多硝基金刚烷是一类结构稳定、具有良好应用前景的笼形含能材料。以丙二酸二乙酯和多聚甲醛为原料经过环合,脱羧,甲酰化,Aldol缩合,O-甲磺酰化,叠氮化,肟化和偕二硝化等步骤,以9.8%的总产率合成了4-叠氮基-2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷。用热重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了其热性能,21℃开始分解,251℃时达到峰值,表明具有良好的热稳定性。与2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷和2,2,4,4,6,6-六硝基金刚烷比较发现,用叠氮基取代2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷4-位上的氢,可降低热稳定性;用叠氮基取代偕二硝基,可提高其稳定性。利用密度泛函理论计算4-叠氮基-2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷的密度为1.79 g·cm~(-3),爆速为7770 m·s~(-1),爆压为26.68 GPa,表明4-叠氮基-2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷是一种高能化合物。     

2-硝基-2-氮杂金刚烷-4,8-二醇二硝酸酯的合成与表征

以双环[3.3.1]壬烷-2,6-二酮为原料,经腙化、消除、环氧化、环合、乙酰化、硝化等步骤,合成了一种新型硝基笼形化合物2-硝基-2-氮杂金刚烷-4,8-二醇二硝酸酯,总收率为27%。以硝硫混酸为硝化剂,考察了硫酸与硝酸摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间对硝化反应的影响。确定的最佳反应条件为:摩尔比n(H_2SO_4)∶n(HNO_3)=1∶2,反应温度60℃,反应时间4 h,此时,硝化反应收率达81%。利用热重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了目标化合物的热性能,发现其从170.0℃开始分解,热分解峰温为193.7℃。通过Kamlet-Jacobs公式预估了目标化合物的物化与爆轰性能,其密度为1.71 g·cm~(-3),爆速为5780 m·s~(-1),爆压为11.0GPa。     

3,3′-二氰基-4,4′-偶氮氧化呋咱合成与表征

以丙二睛为原料,经过亚硝化、肟化、氧化环化以及偶氮偶合四步反应合成了3,3′-二氰基-4,4′-偶氮氧化呋咱,上述四个反应过程收率分别为79.0%,86.8%,61.3%和71.9%,全程收率为30.2%,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等进行了结构表征;初步探讨了氧化环化合成氧化呋咱的反应机理,研究了其关键影响因素,优化了反应条件,最后确定适宜反应条件为:料比n(过氧化铅)∶n(1-氨基-2-氰基二肟)为4∶1,反应时间4 h,收率达到61.3%。     

多硝基立体笼状化合物——高能炸药合成的最新进展(下)

四、金刚烷及二金刚烷的多硝基衍生物用间接方法合成多硝基笼状化合物的最早实例是1,3,5,7-四硝基金刚烷(1a)的合金,因此1,3,5,7-四硝基金刚烧是第一个含4个确基的笼状化合物。这项工作是由美国陆军武器研究发展工程中心的索洛特及吉尔伯特等人于1980年完成的。他们以容易得到的金刚烷为最     

环氧氯丙烷的N2O5硝化

研究了环氧氯丙烷(ECH)与N₂O₅的绿色硝化反应过程。考察了催化剂种类、反应温度、反应时间、溶剂对制备3-氯-1,2-丙二醇二硝酸酯的硝化过程的影响。结果表明,酸性分子筛催化剂H-ZSM-5具有较好的催化性能,以其为催化剂,CH₂Cl₂为溶剂,反应温度15 ℃,反应时间6 h,N₂O₅与ECH摩尔比1.11.0的优化条件下, ECH的转化率达100%, 3-氯-1,2-丙二醇二硝酸酯的选择性和收率达98.0%。     

金刚烷的结构、溶解性及热力学性质

介绍了表征金刚烷分子和晶体结构的XRD、FT-IR、MS、NMR、EMS、DMS、RAMAN、DSC等多种谱图特征,分析了金刚烷晶体随温度、压力变化而产生晶相转变的特征,归纳了金刚烷的热力学性质及其在不同溶剂、不同温度下的溶解度。例举了多硝基金刚烷和氮杂多硝基金刚烷在高能量密度(HEDM)分子设计中的最新研究状况。     

3,5,7-三硝基-1-氮杂金刚烷的合成工艺

以间二硝基苯(DNB)为原料,经硝化、还原、Henry反应、缩合合成了3,5,7-三硝基-1-氮杂金刚烷,总收率为21.5%。采用熔点测定、IR、NMR对中间体及目标化合物进行了结构表征。研究了硝酸与硫酸摩尔比、混酸用量、加料方式对硝化反应收率的影响。分别采用"分步法"和"一锅法"合成了中间体1,3,5-三羟甲基-1,3,5-三硝基环己烷,并通过提高反应温度缩短了Henry反应时间。研究了酸和碱对缩合反应的影响,并改进了反应工艺。利用热重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了目标化合物的热性能。结果表明,硝化反应的最佳工艺条件为n(HNO_3)∶n(H_2SO_4)=1∶1.5,m(混酸)∶m(DNB)=23,加料方式为先加三分之二的混酸,24 h后再补加三分之一,硝化反应收率达70.7%;提高反应温度后Henry反应的时间缩短12 h,"分步法"的总收率为61.8%,"一锅法"的总收率为83.5%;改进后的缩合反应时间缩短至3天,简化后处理方法依次为过滤、脱色、重结晶,酸和碱都会降低缩合反应的收率;3,5,7-三硝基-1-氮杂金刚烷从225℃左右开始分解,热分解峰温为331℃,表明其热稳定性较好。     

绿色氧化法制备HNS的催化体系

以六硝基联卞(HNBB)为原料,4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-N-氧自由基(4-OH-TEMPO)和氯化亚铁(FeCl2)为催化剂,在二甲亚砜(DMSO)中通过氧气氧化HNBB脱氢制备了六硝基茋(HNS),收率为81%。确定了最佳反应条件:溶剂为DMSO,催化剂组合及其比例为n(4-OH-TEMPO)∶n(FeCl2)=4∶6时,在55℃下以25 m L·h-1的速率通入氧气反应8 h。推测了可能的反应机理:亚铁离子结合氧气直接氧化底物HNBB脱氢得到HNS,4-OH-TEMPO在这个过程中起到一个促进FeCl2循环加速氧化脱氢的助催化作用。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.