高效低泡净洗剂配方设计与应用

从泡沫特性入手,探讨了影响发泡力和寿命的原因,从理论上分析解决泡沫问题的可能用途,并且通过实验加以证实。对不同配方的发泡力、泡沫稳定性以及净洗效果进行了比较,测试结果表明m[皂基（自制高碳链不饱和酸盐）]：m（烷基苯磺酸盐）：m（平平加O）=5-8进行复配,可以得到泡沫少、破灭快,净洗效果好的高效低泡净洗剂。若加入消泡剂效果更佳,可降至17s,同时具有除浮色能力强等特点。     

低泡高效浓缩洗衣液的研制

本文以新型表面活性剂脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物磺酸盐为基础原料研制了低泡高效的浓缩洗衣液。对其泡沫、去污力、溶液稳定性和水溶分散性进行了考察,发现其去污能力高于其他阴离子表面活性剂,净洗效果更为出众。新配方总活性物达到70%,产品的稳定性好,综合效果优良。     

脂肪酶对水基油墨清洗剂洗涤能力的影响研究

采用阴离子和非离子表面活性剂复配体系,研究了不同脂肪酶用量下的水基油墨清洗剂性能。通过稳定性、腐蚀性、净洗力以及泡沫性能对一系列脂肪酶型水基油墨清洗剂进行了评价,优化了配方组成。结果表明:所配制的脂肪酶型水基油墨清洗剂具有良好的高低温稳定性;脂肪酶用量对腐蚀性无影响,含有脂肪酶的油墨清洗剂具有良好的抗腐蚀性能;当脂肪酶用量为0.4%时,体系的净洗力最强、发泡力最低。     

膨润土K—JT在活性染料净洗工艺中的应用

通过分析膨润土K—JT在净洗工艺中的用量、净洗温度、净洗时间等因素对活性染料染色净洗后的K／S值、水洗牢度的影响,确定膨润土K—JT作活性染料染色净洗剂的最佳工艺条件为：用量3．0g／L,温度95℃,时间为16分钟。自制膨润土K—JT和常规净洗剂净洗后的织物水洗牢度几乎相同,但经自制膨润土K—JT净洗后,净洗残液的CODCr值下降幅度很大。因此,膨润土K—JT是一种很有实用价值的纯棉织物活性染料染色净洗剂。     

脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物FMEE的生产与应用

脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物(FMEE)是一种低泡沫的非离子表面活性剂,本文探讨了FMEE的生产工艺与相关应用性能,包括耐硬水、净洗性能、低温流动性、生态环保等性质,也探索了其在造纸、煤碳浮选、硬表面清洗、纺织印染等领域相关应用。     

超滤膜清洗剂及其性能研究

针对超滤法处理工业含油废水时所造成的超滤膜污染,采用正交实验法进行实验室模拟实验,研制了一种高效碱性清洗剂,最佳配方（质量分数）为：十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）9％,表面活性剂9％,氢氧化钠46％,无水碳酸钠15％,磷酸钠11％,硅酸钠10％。分别测定了该清洗剂的净洗力、pH、泡沫力、漂洗性能和接触角的变化,并将该配方应用到钢铁厂超滤膜机组进行工业实验。实验结果表明,该清洗剂的各项指标符合国家环保要求,对超滤膜管的净洗力达到96．53％,而且对超滤膜管无腐蚀性,性能优于传统的碱性清洗剂。     

山梨醇及其衍生的表面活性剂

表面活性剂是指在液体中添加极稀的浓度,被吸附在液体表面和水与油的界面上,降低液体的表面张力和界面张力,并能显示出乳化、润湿、净洗、分散、泡沫、消泡增溶、润滑等作用的物质。从分子结构上看,由两种基团所组成的,一种是在油中溶解     

新型无磷除油除锈水基金属清洗剂HD的研制

报道了一种兼具无磷除油除锈水基型多功能金属清洗剂的研制,探讨了配方组成对净洗力、防锈性、腐蚀性和除锈性能的影响,同时也考察了清洗工艺对净洗力的影响。结果表明;该清洗剂的净洗力、防锈性、腐蚀性等性能指标均达到国家标准,并另具有优良的除锈性能     

低温甲醇洗净煤气总硫量超标原因分析及控制

低温甲醇洗装置在实际运行中,由于甲醇循环温度高、甲醇水含量偏高以及甲醇再生效果差等原因易引起净煤气中总硫含量超标,本文针对这些原因进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了一些降低净煤气中总硫含量的控制措施。     

脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物的生产与应用

介绍了低泡沫非离子表面活性剂脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物（FMEE）的性质，如耐硬水、净洗性能、低温流动性、生态环保等，叙述了FMEE的合成机理及生产方法，以及其在造纸、煤碳浮选、硬表面清洗、纺织印染等领域相关应用。认为应加强合成FMEE催化剂的改进，提高其性能和效率；合成出不同结构的FMEE，并实现与其他表面活性剂复配。     

壳寡糖的制备、分离分析方法及在农业上的应用

壳寡糖具有独特的生理活性和功能性质,在多个领域有广泛的用途,尤其是在农业中作为植物病原菌生长抑制剂、土壤修复剂、产生诱导抗性等,逐渐成为国内外关注热点。其主要的制备方法有化学法、酶解法和物理法。分离方法主要有色谱柱分离法、膜分离法、酶法。分析方法有高效液相色谱法、质谱分析、核磁共振和红外光谱。     

丙烯腈与丙烯酸乙酯乳液共聚合及其表征

用氧化还原引发体系在低温下研究了丙烯腈与丙烯酸乙酯的乳液共聚合。考察了聚合温度、乳化剂浓度和分子量调节剂浓度对聚合的影响 ,结果表明 ,随温度升高 ,乳化剂浓度增大 ,单体转化率和分子量增大 ,乳液更稳定 ;链转移剂十二烷基硫醇浓度增加 ,分子量显著降低 ,转化率有所降低 ,表明十二烷基硫醇在调节分子量的同时也起着缓聚剂的作用。用激光粒径分析仪考察了 2 0℃时聚合过程中乳胶粒子大小的变化 ,发现聚合过程的成核和增长均在胶束中进行的。用凝胶渗透色谱法研究了十二烷基硫醇对聚合物分子量的影响 ,发现聚合时加入分子量调节剂 ,活性链寿命较短并呈单峰分布 :聚合时不加入分子量调节剂 ,活性链寿命较长并呈双峰分布。 DSC结果表明 ,随聚合体系中软单体含量增加 ,共聚物的玻璃化温度降低。     

科技创新与钢铁科技进步

建设创新型国家是我们中华民族的历史责任。“自主创新、重点突破、支撑发展、引领未来”的16字方针应当成为我们未来创新活动的指南。建设创新型国家把自主创新放在首位,并提出了引领未来的高标准要求。钢铁科技创新必须突出重点,抓住创新成果产业化这个关键,支撑起行业和国民经济的发展。     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

Dielectric and Thermal Behavior of Ethyl and Butyl Methacrylate and N-p-cyano-phenyl Maleimide Copolymers

N-p-Cyano-phenyl maleimide PCPMI was prepared and copolymerized with ethyl and butyl methacrylate in order to study the effect of introducing a strong dipole along the polymer backbone. The copolymer composition was determined by elemental analysis and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular mass of the copolymers was determined by GPC. The glass transition temperature was measured and it was found to correlate well with the chemical structure, and increases with the increase of the maleimide content. The dielectric behavior of the homo methacrylate polymers and the copolymers was measured in the frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 10 MHz at different temperatures. The dielectric data were compared with the two Cole–Cole parameters equation. The glass transition temperature obtained from DSC measurements agreed well with the dielectric relaxation data.     

玻璃钢门窗与铝合金门窗、塑钢门窗现状分析及发展前景

门窗框体型材的材质是决定门窗性能的关键,轻质、高强、耐腐蚀的纤维增强聚合物玻璃钢型材是目前最理想的选择,本文总结了玻璃钢门窗与铝合金门窗、塑钢门窗的特点及发展前景。     

RO and NF membrane fouling and cleaning and pore size distribution variations

The variations of porosity parameters of some reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) polyamide thin-film composite membranes were determined in order to explain the changes of membranes' performances caused by membrane fouling and chemical cleaning of the fouled membranes. The pore size distribution curves and the effective number of pores in the membrane surface indicated plugging of the tight network pores in the membrane surface and even their disappearance during fouling. The enlargement of the wider aggregate pores was responsible for the noticed reduction in salt rejection. The initial pore structure of the fouled RO membrane was restored by immediate chemical cleaning. A delay of chemical cleaning of the fouled membranes led to irreversible changes in the porous structure of both the RO and NF membranes, which were caused by a microbial activity.     

新型吸湿排汗纤维的开发及应用

以聚丙烯和聚酰胺为原料通过复合纺丝 UDY- DT工艺制造的双组分复合纤维 ,在染整定型后处理过程中两组分剥离形成的锦 /丙复合超细纤维 (单丝线密度 0 .3～ 0 .9dtex) ,是一种新型吸湿排汗纤维 ,开发的针织面料具有卓越的吸湿排汗性能 ,吸湿性 1 0 .7cm,排汗性 99.7%。     

绿色火炸药及相关技术的发展与应用

综述了绿色火炸药及其生产工艺、销毁以及回收利用方面具有“绿色”特征的改进和应用研究成果。绿色火炸药包括洁净固体推进剂、无铅双基推进剂、TPE发射药、无毒发射药、无铅点火药和起爆药。绿色制造技术包括N2O5作硝化剂的含能硝基化合物化学合成,过硝酸盐作硝化剂、微生物作催化剂的生物合成技术,连续化柔性制造技术,基于双螺杆混合成型火炸药生产技术,火炸药生产中挥发性污染物的安全消除技术和纳米复合含能材料的Sol-Gel制备技术。绿色销毁和回收利用技术包括销毁产品的熔盐氧化技术、摧毁含含能化合物废水的光催化技术以及火炸药的回收再利用（R^3）技术。评述了上述火炸药及相关技术的最新状况和发展方向,附参考文献25篇。     

Effects of nutrition and origin on the amino acid,grease, and suint composition and color of cashmere and guard hairs

Nutritional and environmental effects on the amino acid, wax, and suint contents and color of raw cashmere were investigated. Cashmere was obtained from goats fed with or without dietary protected protein, goats fed different levels of dietary energy and feeds, and goats from Australia, China, and Iran. The determined attributes included the production, diameter, length, fiber curvature, crimp, wax and suint contents, amino acid composition, lightness, and yellowness of cashmere. The content of suint, but not that of wax, was affected by nutrition management. The amino acid composition of cashmere was affected by the energy and protein nutrition, feed type, and country of origin. The amino acid composition of cashmere was different from that of guard hair. The lightness and yellowness of cashmere was affected by the nutrition treatment, grazing, cashmere production, and sum of the wax and suint contents of the raw cashmere. The variation in the amino acid composition of cashmere likely affected both its physical and chemical reactivity. Nutrition manipulation of cashmere goats and the origin of goats have implications with respect to the properties of cashmere as changes in fiber cell biosynthesis can alter the amino acid composition of the fiber. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010