The Influence of Ni Content on the Stability of Copper—Nickel Alloys in Alkaline Sulphate Solutions

The electrochemical behaviour of copper–nickel alloys with different Ni content (5–65%) in sulphate solutions of pH 12 was investigated. The effects of temperature, immersion time, and concentration of sulphate ions were also studied. Different electrochemical methods such as open-circuit potential measurements, polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used. Potentiodynamic measurements reveal that the increase in nickel content increases the corrosion rate of the alloy in sulphate solution linearly. Nevertheless, an increase in the nickel content along with increase in immersion time improves the stability of the Cu–Ni alloys due to the formation of a stable passive film. An equivalent circuit model for the electrode/electrolyte interface under different conditions was proposed. The experimental impedance data were fitted to theoretical data according to the proposed model. The relevance of the model to the corrosion/passivation phenomena occurring at the electrode/solution interface was discussed.     

Effect of alternating voltage passivation on the corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel

Potentiodynamic polarization and E _corr versus t curves were obtained, together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, in order to understand the effects of alternating voltage (AV) passivation on the corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel (DSS). SEM, EDS and XPS were employed to further investigate the influence of AV passivation on the properties of the passive film. The results of the electrochemical measurements showed that AV passivation significantly improved the corrosion resistance of DSS. SEM images indicated that the surface exhibited a unique morphology after AV passivation treatment, and XPS results suggested that AV passivation greatly increased the thickness of the passive film. Furthermore, significant chromium enrichment and a higher ratio of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ were observed in the passive film after AV passivation. Mott–Schottky results confirmed that AV passivation had a strong influence on the semiconducting properties of the passive film.     

Influence of fluoride concentration and pH on corrosion behavior of titanium in artificial saliva

Titanium (Ti) exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in most aqueous media due to the formation of a stable oxide film and is chosen for surgical and odontological implants for this resistance and its biocompatibility. Treatment with fluorides (F) is the main method to prevent plaque formation and dental caries. Toothpastes, mouthwashes and prophylactic gels can contain from 200 to 20,000 ppm F and have neutral to acidic character, which can affect the corrosion behavior of titanium devices present in the oral cavity. In this work the behavior of Ti has been evaluated in artificial saliva of pH 2, 5 and 7 and different fluoride concentrations (0, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 ppm F), through open-circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Limits of pH value and fluoride concentration at which Ti corrosion behavior changed could be established. Active behavior was observed for pH 2 and 1,000–10,000 ppm F, and for pH 5 and 5,000 and 10,000 ppm F. The other conditions led to passive behavior. Decrease in corrosion resistance and less tendency for passivation were observed as fluoride concentration increased and pH decreased.     

Electrochemical investigation of the passive behaviour of biomaterials based on Ag–Sn and Cu–Zn–Al in carbonate buffer in the absence and presence of chloride

The electrochemical behaviour of biomaterials based on Cu–Zn–Al (cubic Cu₃Zn phase) and Ag–Sn (orthorhombic Ag₃Sn and hexagonal Ag₄Sn phases) alloys was investigated in carbonate buffer solutions (pH 9.66) in the absence and presence of chloride, using different electrochemical techniques. Analyses of the open circuit potential and the potentiodynamic polarisation curves showed that the passivation domain and the corrosion parameters depend on alloy composition and chloride concentration. Chronoamperometric studies showed that passivation kinetics and corrosion of the passive film are both well described by a linear ln(i) versus ln(t) relation. The passive film formed on the Ag–Sn alloy is less susceptible to corrosion when compared to the Cu–Zn–Al system. The impedance data obtained in the passive region for the Cu–Zn–Al alloy showed that the passive layer is compact. In contrast, the impedance data obtained for the Ag–Sn alloy showed that the passive layer is formed by a compact oxide layer covered by a porous oxide gel layer. Mott–Schottky analysis showed that the passive film formed on the Cu–Zn–Al alloy behaves as a p-type semiconductor.     

应力状态对J55油管钢钝化膜电性能的影响

油管钢在土壤环境中受到腐蚀后会在表面形成一层保护基体减缓腐蚀的钝化膜。本文讲述了采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和光电流技术研究J55油管钢在模拟土壤环境(高pH值)中,拉伸、压缩及弯曲应力状态下所形成钝化膜的电化学性能,以期为碳钢腐蚀与防护提供一定的理论参考。     

铝在含锂盐的碱性溶液中稳定性的研究

为了解铝在锂盐溶液中的钝化行为,通过失重法研究了溶液pH值、温度、浸泡时间及氯离子浓度等因素对钝化膜形成及稳定性的影响。结果表明,溶液pH值和温度对钝化膜的和稳定性影响最大。为获得稳定的钝化膜,锂离子的浓度应随pH值的增大而增大,含锂钝化膜对氯离子的局部腐蚀有较强的抑制作用。     

Passivation and pitting corrosion of nanostructured Sn-Ni alloy in NaCl solutions

The passivation and pitting corrosion of tin-nickel alloy (34% Ni-66% Sn) in NaCl solution was studied using potentiodynamic, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques complemented by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of concentration of the chloride ion, the switching potential, scans rate and pH on the electrochemical behavior of Sn-Ni alloy is discussed. The data indicate that the corrosion rate and the pitting corrosion of Sn-Ni alloy increases by the increasing of chloride ion concentration. The observed corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Sn-Ni alloy is due to the formation of a thin passive film from tin and nickel oxides.     

Mechanical and electrochemical behavior of nanocrystalline surface of 304 stainless steel

This paper reports our recent studies on nanocrystalline surface layer of 304 stainless steel (304SS) produced using a sandblasting and annealing process. The grain size of the sandblasted surface layer was less than 20 nm. Mechanical and electrochemical properties of the nanocrystalline surface and its passive film were investigated using nano/micro/-indentation, micro-scratch, scanning Kelvin probe (SKP), potentiodynamic scanning and electrochemical scratch techniques. It was demonstrated that the nanocrystalline surface was markedly superior to that of original 304SS with enhanced passive film. The polarization, electrochemical scratch and SKP measurements indicated that the nanocrystalline surface had higher resistance to corrosion, greater capability of repassivation and higher chemistry stability. All results demonstrated that the nanocrystallization surface did not only enhance the mechanical properties of the surface layer and its passive film, but also benefited the passivation capability of the steel with improved corrosion resistance.     

Electrochemical behavior of aluminum bronze in sulfate-chloride media

The electrochemical behavior, especially the corrosion and passivation, of a Cu–Al bronze was investigated. Conventional electrochemical techniques including open-circuit potential, anodic polarization, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used. It was found that the addition of chloride ion up to 0.15 M in 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ solution decreases the corrosion rate due to the formation of CuCl, whereas at higher concentration of the chloride ion, the corrosion rate increases due to the formation of the soluble CuCl₂⁻. The activation energy was found to be 10 kJ mol⁻¹. This value indicates that the corrosion process is under diffusion control. The impedance measurements showed that the passive film can be represented by a duplex layer, a relatively thick porous outer film on top of a thin compact layer. An equivalent circuit was used to explain and analyze the impedance data. The model includes another R-C combination and Warburg impedance in addition to the simple Randles cell to account for the spontaneously formed passive film and the diffusion phenomena.     

Electrochemical stability of Cu-10Al-5Ni alloy in chloride-sulfate electrolytes

The electrochemical behavior of the Cu-10Al-5Ni alloy in simulated electrolytes like those used in the industrial processes under normal working conditions was investigated. Conventional electrochemical techniques including open circuit potential measurements, polarization techniques, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used. The alloy was found to be more stable against corrosion when the chloride-sulfate solution had a pH of 7-9. A sulfate concentration of ≅0.1 M in the chloride-sulfate electrolyte leads to the passivation of the alloy surface. The activation energy of the corrosion process was found to be 8 kJ mol⁻¹ assigning a diffusion controlled reaction. The impedance measurements and impedance data fitting to equivalent circuit models have shown that the passive film posses a duplex nature.     

锌-镍合金三价铬钝化工艺的研究

研究了三价铬钝化液的pH值对锌-镍合金钝化膜的形成机理、耐蚀性、表面形貌的影响。在三价铬钝化过程中,pH值是一个重要的工艺参数,它决定了钝化膜的生成和溶解。当钝化液的pH值过低时,钝化膜的溶解速率过快,使得钝化膜的微裂纹结构不太明显,不利于提高钝化膜的耐蚀性。当钝化液的pH值过高时,钝化液的活性下降,锌的溶解速率降低,影响钝化膜的生长,同样不利于提高钝化膜的耐蚀性。在pH值为2.0的条件下制得的钝化膜具有均匀、致密的微裂纹结构,耐蚀性良好。     

镀锌层单宁酸钝化膜的耐蚀性

为提高镀锌层的耐蚀性,以氟钛酸钾、双氧水、硝酸为辅助成分,制备了单宁酸钝化液,并对低碳钢上的碱性镀锌层进行了钝化处理.通过质量分数为5%的NaCl溶液浸泡试验,确定了最佳钝化液组成和钝化工艺条件为:单宁酸40 g/L,HNO3 5 mL/L,氟钛酸钾10g/L,H2O2 60 mL/L,温度25℃,时间20～30 s....     

Electrodeposition of poly(n‐methylpyrrole) coatings on steel from aqueous medium

Poly(N‐methylpyrrole) coatings were formed on low carbon steel by an electrochemical method from aqueous oxalate solutions. The electrochemical reactions were performed in a wide range of pH of the reaction medium and applied current density. The formation of poly(N‐methylpyrrole) on steel occurred in three stages: (i) dissolution of the steel, followed by (ii) passivation of the steel, and, finally, (iii) electropolymerization of N‐methylpyrrole on the passivated steel. The time taken to form the passive interphase (induction time) is decreased by an increased applied current. Passivation occurred instantaneously at pH 8.4. Below pH 7, the shortest passivation time occurred at pH 2.6. The quantity of the charge consumed during passivation (passivation charge) remained independent of the applied current at pH ≈ 2.6 and decreased with the applied current at pH 4.1 and 5.7. The polymerization potential increased with the pH and the applied current. Polymerization potentials greater than 2.0 V resulted in film degradation. By controlling the electrochemical process parameters, good quality poly(N‐methylpyrrole) was formed at a controlled induction time. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1293–1302, 1999     

Anodic behaviour of indium in sodium chloride solutions

Passive film growth, electrodissolution and pitting corrosion of indium electrodes in NaCl solutions in the pH range 2–12.6 were studied using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic techniques complemented with SEM. In the pH range between 10.5 and 12.6 the oxide formation should involve a mixed control, a surface reaction plus a diffusion process. On decreasing pH the process becomes more complex due to the formation of In(I). The effect of chloride ions upon the active and passive behaviour of indium has been determined. Chloride ions in neutral and alkaline solutions produce pitting at potential values more positive than those of the active—passive transition. Localized corrosion appears to be under a competitive surface mechanism involving the formation of the passive film and the nucleation and growth of an indium chloride salt layer.     

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of the passive films of alloy 22 in low pH nitrate and chloride environments

Utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), we characterize the passive film properties of alloy 22 during immersion in low pH nitrate and chloride solutions. In pure HCl, the passive film grows thinner with increasing acid concentration. In contrast, in HNO₃, the passive film corrosion protection properties are enhanced, which leads to low corrosion rates, even at pH < −0.5. The combined influence of both HCl and HNO₃ in contact simultaneously with the alloy 22 surface shows multiple phases in the passive film properties depending on the pH. EIS results show that the passive film changes either thickness and/or composition as the system is driven chemically through different corrosion states, including: active, passive, active/passive and transpassive.     

Electrochemical behavior of mild steel in concrete: Influence of pH and carbonate content of concrete pore solution

The increase of the rebars corrosion rate due to the concrete carbonation is the major cause of reinforced concrete degradation. The aim of this study was to investigate the transition from passive to active corrosion of mild steel rebars in carbonated concrete. For this purpose, electrochemical techniques (polarization curves, free corrosion potential measurements) and surface analyses (EDS, XRD, XPS) were used. Five different electrolytes, with pH ranging from 13 to 8.3, were chosen to simulate the interstitial concrete pore water at various degrees of carbonation. The results indicate that the transition pH is between 10 and 9.4. XPS results indicate a passivation of mild steel for pH values ranging from 13 to 10 due to the formation of a thin iron III oxide layer. Immersion tests highlight the importance of the buffering effect of the carbonate content. At the free corrosion potential in an aerated solution, a decrease of the carbonate content increases the corrosion rate. On the opposite, at low electrode potential, the kinetics of oxidation increases with the carbonate content.     

热镀锌钢板钼酸盐钝化膜的耐蚀性研究

对热镀锌钢板钼酸盐钝化膜进行了研究,探索了一种新的镀锌层无铬钝化工艺,制备出均匀、致密的黑色钝化膜.钝化液的主要成分为钼酸盐,并添加了适量的促进剂和添加剂.采用电化学方法在中性NaCl溶液中研究了钝化膜的耐蚀性能.极化曲线测试结果表明:钝化膜阳极极化曲线呈现钝化特征,相对于热镀锌钢板基体而言,钝化膜的腐蚀电位正移,腐蚀...     

钝化工艺对无氰镉-钛合金镀层性能的影响

为了获得无氰镀镉-钛合金的最佳后处理工艺,利用金相显微镜、电化学工作站和盐雾试验测试了三种钝化膜的外观及耐蚀性,并进行了比较。实验结果显示,三种钝化工艺获取的钝化膜经96 h中性盐雾试验后,均未出现白锈;电化学测试结果显示低铬钝化工艺获取的钝化膜自腐蚀电流密度最大,重铬酸钠钝化工艺获取的钝化膜自腐蚀电流密度最小。从环保和耐蚀性方面考虑,建议选用重铬酸钠+硝酸钝化工艺作为无氰镉-钛合金镀层的后处理工艺。     

Electrodissolution of cobalt in carbonate/bicarbonate media

The electrodissolution of cobalt in carbonate/bicarbonate solutions was studied at room temperature by steady state polarisation, interfacial pH measurements and Raman spectroscopy. The active dissolution of cobalt leads to an initial CoO film formation. The metal passivation occurs by a slow transformation of the CoO into a Co₃O₄ oxide. The influence of HCO₃⁻ and CO₃²⁻ anions was investigated. Two different parallel electrochemical processes were proposed to account for the anion role on the electrochemical steady state behaviour of cobalt in the studied solutions.     

Impedance and transient study of aluminium barrier-type oxide films

The effect of the passivation potential on the properties of the barrier films formed on high purity aluminium has been examined. The current-time responses were recorded, the charge used during formation of the barrier film was determined, and the steady-state currents were discussed. Impedance measurements provided an insight into the characteristic sizes of barrier films. Equivalent circuits which illustrate the examined aluminium/oxide film/electrolyte systems were proposed and individual circuit elements were defined. The resistance and thickness of the barrier film were shown to increase linearly with increase in the passivation potential, while increase in solution pH caused a marked decrease in the total system impedance. The paper also defines current efficiency in the formation of the barrier film. The value of 20% indicates that the formation of barrier films on aluminium is a process that takes place with considerable current losses. The mechanism of barrier film growth has been examined within the framework of two models suggested by different authors. Both agreements with and differences from the theories proposed have been indicated.