Effects of high-voltage electrostatic fields on the quality of tilapia meat during refrigeration

Abstract: Fresh fish is typically brought to market refrigerated at approximately 4 °C, R‐storage. A storage method has been devised that combines refrigeration with a high‐voltage electrostatic field (100 kV/m; E‐storage). It was developed to improve the quality and prolong the shelf life of foods. This study investigated changes in the freshness of tilapia meat under E‐storage conditions. The total viable count of tilapia reached 10⁷ CFU/g on the 7th d of refrigeration in R‐storage. By the 6th d, K‐value had increased from 20% to 61.7% for E‐storage and to 94.7% for R‐storage. Volatile basic nitrogen had increased from 12.54 mg/100 g to about 24.34 and 25.03 mg/100 g for R‐ and E‐storage (on the 7th and 10th d), respectively. The sensory assessment also indicated that E‐storage yielded an improvement in quality over that of R‐storage. Practical application of the study model has the potential to prolong the freshness of fish.     

高压静电场在食品杀菌中的应用

利用高压静电场对水,果汁,牛奶等6种食品进行处理,结果显示：静电场能杀灭这些食品中的细菌,而且对食品的色,香,味不会产生的影响。     

Effect of high-voltage electrostatic field pretreatment on the antioxidant system in stored green mature tomatoes

BACKGROUND: High‐voltage electrostatic field (HVEF), as a feasible and non‐chemical technique, applied to food preservation is a new area of study. Our previous research suggested HVEF could maintain the quality of tomato in storage. The present article intensively investigated the effect of HVEF pretreatment on antioxidant system of green mature tomato in storage. RESULTS: Green mature tomatoes were exposed to negative (or positive) HVEF for 2 h at 20 °C and then stored for 24 days at 13 ± 1 °C, 85–90% relative humidity. The results indicated HVEF significantly reduced contents of O₂^? and H₂O₂ of tomato fruits during storage compared to the control. HVEF treatment also enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase. The contents of non‐enzyme antioxidant components including reduced glutathione, phenols and ascorbic acid also were increased by HVEF treatment. However, HVEF treatment did not increase the content of lycopene in tomato fruit. CONCLUSION: HVEF treatment could promote the antioxidant capacity of tomato fruits in storage. Further research is be highly recommended to understand the mechanisms improving the antioxidant capacity of tomato fruits by HVEF. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

高压静电场对菜豆角冷害的影响

以菜豆角为试材,研究了场强为-100kV/m和100kV/m的高压静电场(HighVoltageElectrostaticField,HVEF)处理对菜豆角贮藏过程中冷害发生的影响。试验结果表明,在5℃下,不同场强方向高压静电场处理都能降低菜豆角的冷害指数和锈斑指数,表明高压静电场处理对菜豆角的冷害有明显的抑制作用。通过对高压静电场处理下菜豆角的细胞膜透性和膜脂过氧化作用的观测发现,冷害温度下高压静电场处理组菜豆角细胞膜透性及丙二醛(MDA)累积程度都有显著降低。说明高压静电场能抑制冷害的发生,其原因可能在于高压静电场处理能有效地保护细胞膜的结构,并减轻膜脂的过氧化程度。     

Effect of high voltage electrostatic field treatment on thawing characteristics and post-thawing quality of frozen pork tenderloin meat

The thawing characteristics and post-thawing quality of frozen pork treated with high voltage electrostatic fields (HVEF) were compared with those of an air-thawed control. A multiple points-to-plate electrode operating at voltages above 6 kV significantly shortened the thawing time. Under electrode voltages 4, 6, 8, and 10 kV, thawing times were 70, 52, 46, and 40 min respectively, versus 64 min in the control. HVEF treatment was particularly effective in the temperature range −5–0 °C. HVEF treatment reduced the total microbial counts in thawed frozen meat by 0.5–1 log CFU/g, without affecting meat quality. During five days of post-thawing storage, the volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) levels increased from 10.64 to 16.38 mg/100 g under 10 kV applied voltage, while the control VBNs increased from 10.66 to 19.87 mg/100 g. This suggests an application potential for HVEF treatment in the thawing and storage of frozen meat.     

高压静电场对酿酒酵母菌的作用研究

研究了高压静电场对酿酒酵母菌的作用,实验结果表明,高压静电场对酿酒酵母菌细胞的生长速率有影响。不同的电场强度、作用时间对细胞生长的速率有所不同。此外还分别从物理学、生物学的角度研究了高压静电场作用于酿酒酵母菌的微观机理。     

Kinetic analysis of non-enzymatic browning in carrot juice concentrate during storage

The effect of storage temperature, storage time and total soluble solid (TSS) on the total sugar (TS), sucrose, glucose, fructose, total amino acid (TAA), pH, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and browning degree (BD) in carrot juice concentrate (CJC) stored at −18, 0, 25 and 37 °C was studied and the relationship between HMF and BD was established. Higher temperature at 25 and 37 °C had a significant effect (p<0.05) on TS, sucrose, glucose, fructose, TAA, pH, HMF and BD, while lower temperature at 0 and −18 °C had less effect, and the storage time and the soluble solid of CJC stored at 25 and 37 °C also had a significant effect on HMF formation and BD. At 25 and 37 °C, the formation of HMF and BD followed a first-order reaction well as a function of storage time; a good correlation between HMF formation and BD occurred. The formation of HMF could described by the total soluble solid value [TSS] and the BD value ([BD], absorbance at 420 nm) of CJC, the equation was [HMF] (content of HMF) = 1.2177 − 0.1124 × [TSS] + (2.835 + 0.3477 × [TSS]) × [BD] and [HMF] = 1.5510 − 0.4813 × [TSS] + (23.8847 + 0.7249 × [TSS]) × [BD] at 25 and 37 °C, respectively.     

高压静电场(HVEF)处理对莲藕品质的影响

高压静电场技术(HVEF)是一项保鲜新技术。以新鲜莲藕为试材,分用0、20、60、100kV/m的高压静电场处理60min后,放入约4℃的冰箱中冷藏1个月,每周测定1次各项生理指标,研究高压静电场处理对莲藕品质的影响。结果表明:经高压静电场处理的莲藕在储藏过程中色度L值下降较缓慢,PPO酶活性变化也较平缓,呼吸强度也受到一定程度的抑制,并且总酚、还原糖和可溶性蛋白含量的变化较对照也均对莲藕有有利影响,尤以60kV/m处理的效果最好。     

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the microbiological quality and safety of carrot juice during refrigerated storage

The microbial quality of untreated and pressure-treated carrot juice was compared during storage at 4, 8 and 12 °C. High pressure treatment at 500 MPa and 600 MPa (1 min/20 °C) reduced the total counts by approximately 4 log CFU ml⁻¹ and there was very little growth of the survivors during storage at 4 °C for up to 22 days. Total counts increased during storage of pressure-treated juice at 8 °C and 12 °C but took significantly longer to reach maximum levels compared to the untreated juice. The microflora in the untreated juice consisted predominantly of Gram-negative bacteria, identified as mostly Pantoea spp., Erwinia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Initially the pressure-treated juice contained low numbers of spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp.) and Gram-positive cocci; the spore-formers continued to dominate during storage.     

Effects of pulsed electric field on colloidal properties and storage stability of carrot juice

The effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high‐temperature short time (HTST) on the colloidal properties of carrot juice initially after PEF processing and throughout storage period were studied. Compared with HTST treatments, PEF treatments have less effect on the colloidal properties, such as cloud stability, zeta potential, viscosity and particle size distribution (PSD). Pectin methyl esterase (PME) could influence the colloidal properties of carrot juice by de‐esterification of the pectin. In the present work, PME activity was reduced significantly as electric‐field strength (from 15 to 30 kV cm^?1) and treatment time (from 100 to 800 μs) increased. The results also showed that the emergency of a new peak in PSD of samples occurred when the electric intensity exceeded 30 kV cm^?1. Images of transmission electron microscopy showed that particles slightly gathered after PEF treatment. However, under HTST treated, these smaller particles aggregated into net‐like structures that further gathered larger particles. At the micro level, both PEF treated (30 kV cm^?1, 800μs) and HTST treated kept good stability for more than 1 month.     

Optimisation of electroplasmolysis application for increased juice yield in carrot juice production

Electroplasmolysis (EP) which is among electrical methods and helps to increase cell permeability was used in this study as a pretreatment on carrot juice production for improving yield. A voltage range of 20–60 V and an application time of 30–90 s were studied using the electroplasmolyzator. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for determining the appropriate voltage gradient and time that are effective on breakage of vegetable tissues. After the conditions were optimised, carrot juice was produced and compared with untreated control juices on the aspect of yield and some quality characteristics. As a result, yield was increased 10.49% by EP application. Relative to control samples total pectin (14.78%) and total phenolic content (4.73%) have significant increase. In addition by the effect of electrical pretreatment there was an improvement in soluble solid, pulp content and acidity of juices. The results suggested that juice yield and functional properties were improved by EP application.     

HACCP管理系统在胡萝卜浓缩汁生产中的应用

在胡萝卜浓缩汁的生产管理中，通过推行HACCP管理系统，制定生产工艺过程中相应的危害分析及关键控制点，关键限值的监控和纠偏措施，应用于生产实践，对产品安全卫生的提高起到了显著的作用，取得了良好的效果，同时为其它果蔬浓缩汁提供了有益的借鉴。     

高压静电场在酿造品生产中的应用

本文综述了高压静电场在酒类,醋类和酱油中的应用。     

高压静电法制备滤棒香精微胶囊的实验研究

研究了高压静电法制备香精微胶囊的新方法。实验得出:当乳化剂的加入量为4%,芯壁材比例1∶1,推进速度90mm/h,壁材浓度为1.5%时,高压静电场法制备的微囊化香精的包埋率可达84.9%。制备的香精微胶囊能够抑制香精的释放,延长香精的滞留时间,提高温度使香精的释放加快。高压静电法制备的微胶囊,具有成囊条件温和、操作简单、成囊性好、粒径可控性强等优点。     

静电场对干式成熟牛肉品质的影响

为研究高压静电场(High voltage electrostatic field,HVEF)对干式成熟牛肉品质的影响,实验通过对比测定施加2.0kV、3.0kV HVEF电压条件(试验组,成熟温度为0-4℃)及未施加HVEF(对照组,成熟温度为0-4℃)的牛肉背最长肌品质指标变化情况,探究HVEF对干式成熟牛肉品质的影响。结果表明,2.0kV、3.0kV高压静电场处理的牛肉剪切力在成熟第7d时已经接近可接受范围,分别为4.65kg和4.50kg,显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;高压静电场处理对牛肉干式成熟过程中保水性也具有显著影响(P<0.05),在成熟第14d时,2.0kV与3.0kV高压静电场处理组的蒸煮损失比对照组分别降低了5.13%、6.03%;在整个成熟过程中,试验组的硬度值均显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;随着成熟时间延长,试验组的肌原纤维小片化指数值(Myofibril Fragmentation Index,MFI)显著(P<0.05)高于对照组。综上,HVEF条件下干式成熟处理提高了牛肉的嫩度以及保水性,有助于提高干式成熟期间牛肉的品质,加快成熟过程。     

Influence of sonication and high hydrostatic pressure on the quality of carrot juice

The combined effects of ultrasound (US) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on enzymes, micro‐organisms, colouring pigments, total polyphenols, ascorbic acid and physicochemical properties of carrot juice were investigated. Carrot juice was treated with sonication (20 kHz, 70% amplitude) and HHP (250, 350, 450 MPa) at room temperature for 10 min. For comparison, fresh carrots were water blanched (WB) at 100 °C for 4 min and carrot juice was then extracted. As results, highest improvements in colouring pigments were observed in WB and US‐HHP450 treatments, which also completely inactivated micro‐organisms. The highest reduction in enzymes was observed in WB treatment followed by US‐HHP450. Total polyphenol contents increased significantly in US, HHP and US‐HHP treatments with the highest increase in US‐HHP450, but it decreased significantly in WB treatment. Ascorbic acid contents significantly decreased in WB and HHP450, while increased in US and US‐HHP treatments. Results indicate that US‐HHP450 treatment improves the quality of carrot juice and serves as a good alternative for blanching treatment.     

Effects of thermosonication and orange by‐products extracts on quality attributes of carrot (Daucus carota) juice during storage

Effect of thermosonication on carrot juice containing peel (CJPL) and pulp (CJPP) extracts from orange at different concentration (0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg GAE per g extracts) of total phenolic contents (TPC) was evaluated for quality attributes. Thermosonication of juice was done at 52 °C, 6 min for CJPL and 60 °C, 5 min for CJPP (values based on our preliminary optimisation results of ultrasound process conditions of the juice) at 40 kHz and 110W. Effect of thermosonication and addition of peel and pulp extracts at highest concentration increased the TPC and antioxidant activity of the juice (P < 0.05). Highest inactivation of microorganisms and better sensory attributes was achieved in thermosonicated CJPP for 21 days. Titratable acidity, pH, browning index and viscosity were improved by thermosonication and at highest extract concentration. °Brix and total carotenoid were not significantly affected by treatments. Therefore, thermosonication at 60 °C and 4.0 mg GAE per g extract concentration of peel and pulp may be used in formulation of functional carrot juice with improved health properties.     

Antioxidant activity of carrot juice in gamma irradiated beef sausage during refrigerated and frozen storage

The antioxidant activity of carrot juice in gamma irradiated beef sausage was studied. Four batches of beef sausage were prepared, in which the first batch was formulated with water as the control. The other batches were formulated with unconcentrated carrot juice, carrot juice concentrated by 35% and 60%, respectively. Samples were irradiated at doses of 0, 3 and 4.5 kGy. Then the extent of oxidation in raw sausages was determined during refrigerated and frozen storage through the determination of peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) for lipid oxidation and carbonyl content for protein oxidation. The raw sausages were sensory evaluated during storage for colour, appearance and odour, while the grilled samples were sensory evaluated for their colour, odour, taste, texture and juiciness post-treatment only. Irradiation and storage significantly increased the PV, TBARS and carbonyl content in the samples formulated with water. The carrot juice significantly decreased the oxidative processes in the samples proportionally to the juice’s concentration. Furthermore, the sausages that were formulated with carrot juice had a high acceptable sensory scores as compared with the control samples.     

Kinetics of amino acid loss in carrot juice concentrate during storage

The loss of total amino acid (TAA) and individual leading amino acids (LAAs) in 20, 40, 60 Brix carrot juice concentrate (CJC) stored at −18 C, 0, 25 and 37 °C is investigated. The LAAs are histidine, proline, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine and alanine in CJC, their summation account for about 86 percent in TAA. As the storage temperature increase and the storage time extend, the loss of TAA and LAAs concentration is significantly increased (P<0.05). The higher the storage temperature such as 37 °C is, the greater the loss of TAA and LAAs concentration is. After 6 month storage, the TAA loss percentage is 72.85, 70.13 and 78.32 in 20, 40, 60 Brix CJC at 37 °C, respectively. The loss kinetics of TAA concentration is well fitted using the first-order reaction and the zero-order reaction. As compared to the zero-order reaction, the first-order reaction provides a perfect fit with better model performance parameters, which included accuracy factor (Af), bias factor (Bf), the sum of the squares of the differences of the natural logarithm of observed and predicted values (SS), and root mean square error (RMSE). Similarly, the loss kinetics of LAAs also followed the first-order reaction. After 6 months storage at 37 °C, the loss percentage of histidine, proline, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine and alanine is 95.46, 93.52, 78.05, 73.14, 70.35, 67.14 and 62.72 in 60 Brix CJC, respectively, the histidine is the most reactive one of LAAs in the study.     

高压静电场处理对香蕉果实成熟生理的影响

以香蕉果实为试验材料,在(20±1)℃试验冷库中贮藏21d,贮藏期间用－100kV/m和－200kV/m的高压静电场连续处理并测定果实的呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、硬度、果皮颜色变化以及果肉淀粉和可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明：连续高压静电场处理可以使香蕉果实的呼吸跃变和乙烯释放高峰提前,淀粉转化为糖的速度快而且比对照早,果皮叶绿素含量明显低于对照,同时处理后的果肉硬度下降,低于对照;并且－200kV/m处理组的效果要优于－100kV/m处理组。说明高压静电场连续处理促进了香蕉果实的成熟,尤以－200kV/m处理组比对照提前成熟4d。