振动力场对含有成核剂的微孔塑料泡孔结构的影响

在微孔塑料成型加工过程中,成核剂的加入可以增加泡孔成核点数量,从而增加泡孔密度,改善泡孔的结构,但如果纳米级成核剂在发泡过程中分散性不好,会使泡孔分布不均匀,影响泡孔质量。在实验中,对含有成核剂(纳米碳酸钙)的发泡材料(聚苯乙烯)施加振动场,通过比较发现,施加振动后,纳米级成核剂的分散效果明显改善,颗粒分布变得更均匀,从而使得泡孔分布更均匀,改善了泡孔的结构,提高了微孔塑料泡孔结构质量。     

纳米碳酸钙含量对PS发泡塑料泡孔形态的影响

在PS中加入不同含量的纳米碳酸钙作为成核剂,用自制的动态发泡模拟机研究了纳米碳酸钙含量对PS发泡塑料泡孔形态的影响。研究发现,加入不溶性的纳米碳酸钙后,PS泡孔成核更容易;并且PS中纳米碳酸钙含量的不同会影响泡孔的形态。当含量低于3％(质量分数,下同)时,纳米碳酸钙含量越高,越有利于气泡成核;而含量超过3％时,则泡孔分布变得严重不均,泡孔合并现象严重,减小了泡孔密度。当含量为3％时,制得的发泡塑料泡孔密度为8．3×107个/cm3,泡孔直径为20μm。在成型过程中施加振动进行初步实验,发现振动有利于成核剂在熔体中的分散。在纳米碳酸钙含量为3％、振幅为25 μm、振频为2．5 Hz时,制得了泡孔密度为8．7×107个/cm3、泡孔直径为17 μm的发泡塑料。     

微孔塑料挤出成型的研究

以超临界CO2作为物理发泡剂,对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)进行了微孔发泡的研究。介绍了微孔塑料成型过程中聚合物/气体均相体系的形成、气泡成核和气泡长大及定型这三个步骤。并分析了加工工艺因素(温度、压力)等对制品中泡孔尺寸和密度的影响:泡孔直径随挤出压力的增加而减小;泡孔密度随压力的增加而增加;泡孔直径随压力降速率的增大而减小;泡孔密度随压力降速率的增大而增加;而适当提高温度有利于减小泡孔直径、增加泡孔密度。     

PVC微孔塑料加工工艺与泡孔结构及耐热性关系研究

以超临界CO2为发泡剂,用动态发泡实验装置在不同的发泡温度、气体饱和压力及振动频率和振幅等加工工艺条件下制备了聚氯乙烯(PVC)微孔塑料。研究发现,发泡温度存在着一个最佳温度范围,使得泡孔密度最大、泡孔尺寸最小;气体饱和压力越大,泡孔结构越好;当剪切速率较低时,在发泡过程中施加强振动作用能显著提高泡孔密度,减小泡孔尺寸,当剪切速率较高时,施加较弱的振动作用即可改善泡孔形态,而施加较强的振动作用可能会产生较大的剪切热和脉动剪切应力,从而破坏泡孔结构;PVC微孔塑料的维卡软化温度与泡孔结构有着密切的关系,泡孔密度越大、泡孔尺寸越小,维卡软化温度就越高。     

振动力场作用下温度对超临界CO2/PS微孔塑料气泡形态的影响

以超临界CO2为发泡剂,用自行研制的动态发泡模拟机将机械振动力场引入到PS微孔塑料成型过程中,初步研究了振动力场作用下温度对微孔塑料气泡形态的影响.实验发现,发泡温度越高,气泡核长大的速度越快,导致气泡合并甚至破裂.但发泡温度过低时,超临界CO2在PS熔体中的扩散速率较低,最终制品的泡孔密度小,气泡分布也不均匀.在微孔塑料成型过程中施加振动,有利于发泡剂在熔体中的分散和混合,从而在较低的温度(130℃)下制备出泡孔直径为18μm、泡孔密度为7×107个/cm3的微孔塑料.     

动态发泡工艺参数对PS微孔塑料泡孔结构的影响

以超临界CO2为发泡剂,用振动诱导发泡模拟装置研究了微孔塑料动态成型过程中气体饱和压力、压力释放速率、温度、气体饱和时间、稳态剪切速率、振动等工艺参数对聚苯乙烯（PS）微孔塑料泡孔结构的影响。研究发现,PS微孔塑料试样的泡孔结构随着气体饱和压力和压力释放速率的提高而得到改善,而温度、气体饱和时间、稳态剪切速率则存在一个最佳的操作范围,在此范围内制得的PS微孔塑料试样泡孔密度最大,泡孔尺寸最小。在稳态剪切速率一定的情况下,通过施加振动可以进一步改善泡孔结构．     

振动作用对PS和PVC微孔塑料泡孔结构影响的研究

以超临界CO2为发泡剂，用动态发泡实验装置制备了PS和PVC微孔塑料，通过扫描电镜照片观察和研究了振动作用对PS和PVC微孔塑料泡孔结构的影响。结果表明，当剪切速率较低时，在PS发泡过程中施加较弱的振动作用即可显著提高泡孔密度，减小泡孔直径；而在PVC发泡过程中，只有施加相对较强的振动作用才能达到同样的效果。当剪切速率较高时，不论何种发泡体系，施加较弱的振动作用可以改善泡孔的形态；而施加较强的振动作用可能会产生较大的剪切热和脉动剪切应力，从而破坏泡沫的微孔结构。     

成核剂在微孔发泡过程中复合力场下的实验研究

研究了成核剂类型、成核剂粒度、成核剂含量、振动参数对微孔发泡塑料泡孔形态的影响.通过对模拟振动挤出过程PS发泡的实验研究表明加入适当的成核剂能较好地改善泡孔形态,同时振动力场的引入有利于成核剂的均匀分散,形成均匀致密的气泡.     

剪切对PP/HDPE共混体系微孔发泡成型的影响

在熔体流动方向垂直叠加一个轴向脉动剪切,研究转子转动产生的剪切和轴向脉动剪切对PP/HDPE共混体系微孔发泡成型的影响。研究结果表明,随着转子转速增加,泡孔尺寸减小,气泡成核密度增大。但是转子转速过快,泡孔沿剪切的方向被拉长,泡孔取向严重,泡体质量变差。在熔体流动方向垂直叠加一个轴向脉动剪切以后,泡孔的取向现象减小,泡孔逐渐趋于圆形,泡孔结构得到改善。而且随着振动振幅和频率的增加,泡孔直径减小,泡孔密度增加。     

共混改性和复合力场对PC微孔发泡的影响

以聚碳酸酯(PC)/聚乙烯(PE)、PC/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)等为原料,得到PC微孔发泡塑料.研究了动态加工对PC微孔发泡的影响.结果表明,20%～30%(质量分数,下同)的PE或者10%ABS的加入能够降低PC熔体粘度和强度,从而改善了PC的发泡性能,得到的泡孔结构较好.但是如果PE或者ABS加入量过大,就可能导致熔体强度过小而不能形成泡孔.脉动剪切的引入对气泡核的形成以及泡孔的长大都有积极的影响.在本次试验范围内,随着振动频率的增加,泡孔直径减小而泡孔密度增大,振幅应控制在100 μm以下.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。