Removal of copper from aqueous solution by electrodeposition in cathode chamber of microbial fuel cell

Based on energetic analysis, a novel approach for copper electrodeposition via cathodic reduction in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was proposed for the removal of copper and recovery of copper solids as metal copper and/or Cu(2)O in a cathode with simultaneous electricity generation with organic matter. This was examined by using dual-chamber MFCs (chamber volume, 1L) with different concentrations of CuSO(4) solution (50.3 ± 5.8, 183.3 ± 0.4, 482.4 ± 9.6, 1007.9 ± 52.0 and 6412.5 ± 26.7 mg Cu(2+)/L) as catholyte at pH 4.7, and different resistors (0, 15, 390 and 1000 Ω) as external load. With glucose as a substrate and anaerobic sludge as an inoculum, the maximum power density generated was 339 mW/m(3) at an initial 6412.5 ± 26.7 mg Cu(2+)/L concentration. High Cu(2+) removal efficiency (>99%) and final Cu(2+) concentration below the USA EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water (1.3mg/L) was observed at an initial 196.2 ± 0.4 mg Cu(2+)/L concentration with an external resistor of 15 Ω, or without an external resistor. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that Cu(2+) was reduced to cuprous oxide (Cu(2)O) and metal copper (Cu) on the cathodes. Non-reduced brochantite precipitates were observed as major copper precipitates in the MFC with a high initial Cu(2+) concentration (0.1M) but not in the others. The sustainability of high Cu(2+) removal (>96%) by MFC was further examined by fed-batch mode for eight cycles.     

Piercing a metallic barrier with a jet of a dilute polymer solution

Results are shown pertaining to the action of jets of dilute polymer solutions on solid barriers. The piercing of a barrier is explained by the viscoelastic properties of aggregates which, during an impact, behave like solid particles.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1090–1094, December, 1973.     

Degradation products of the process of thermal recovery of copper from lamina scraps in lab-scale fluidized bed reactor

This paper presents experimental results dealing with a process for recovering copper in the scrap composite materials issued from electronic laminas industry. This environment-friendly process consists in the thermal treatment of scrap in a fluidized bed whose particles fix the harmful gases emitted by the organic glue gasification. A series of experiments was carried out in a thermobalance coupled to FTIR spectrometer and GC/MS with small lamina samples. These experiments demonstrated the thermal behavior of scrap composite materials, and identified the major degradation reaction gases. A series of experiments was performed with bigger scrap samples hung in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed coupled to FTIR and MS, at 350 degrees C; the results confirmed those obtained in thermobalance. Experiments showed that a residence time lasting less than 5 min is sufficient to recover the metallic copper, and exhaust gases are not harmful.     

X80钢在伊川土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用失重法、阳极极化曲线、光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)等方法研究了X80钢在伊川土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,X80钢在模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为与HCO3-、CO32-、SO42-和Cl-离子的浓度有关.随HCO3-或CO32-浓度增加,X80钢的阳极溶解电流密度都呈现出先增加后减小的趋势;X80钢钝化的临界HCO3-或CO32-浓度分别为0.008 mol/L或0.005 mol/L.在低于临界HCO3-或CO32-浓度下,SO42-和Cl-浓度的增加都促进了X80钢的阳极活性溶解;而在高于临界HCO3-或CO32-浓度下,X80钢的钝化性能随SO42-或Cl-浓度的增加而减弱.在90 d浸泡期内,X80钢在模拟溶液中的腐蚀形态为全面腐蚀;其腐蚀速率随浸泡时间的增加而呈逐渐增大的趋势.     

A case study of environmental assisted cracking in a low alloy steel under simulated environment of pressurized water reactor

The electromechanical behavior of a pressure vessel grade steel A516 has been investigated using potentiodynamic polarization curves and slow strain rate test (SSRT) in simulated environment of pressurized water reactor. The anodic polarization behavior shows that the steel remains active in the solution till localized attack (pitting) starts. The cracks initiated at the surface propagate in a trans-granular mode. These cracks are initiated at the inclusion (MnS) sites and at the interfaces between local anode (ferrite) and local cathode (pearlite). It seems that the ultimate fracture occurs when the propagating surface cracks join the subsurface hydrogen induced cracks. The addition of oxygen in the testing chamber to supersaturation levels shifts the corrosion potential to anodic side and significantly lowers the strength and ductility. Compared to the room temperature properties, the UTS and tensile elongation in various simulated conditions are reduced by 10–25% and 25–75%, respectively.     

Evaluation of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in simulated pore solution

In this investigation, benzotriazole (BTAH), a well known corrosion inhibitor for copper, has been evaluated as a possible corrosion inhibitor of a carbon steel (CA-50) used as reinforcement in concrete. BTAH was added to a simulated pore solution of an aged concrete with addition of 3.5 wt% NaCl to imitate marine environments. The effect of BTAH in a concentration of 1.5 wt% on the corrosion resistance of CA-50 carbon steel was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The improvement of the corrosion resistance due to BTAH addition was superior to that associated with nitrite in similar concentration, suggesting that BTAH is a potentially attractive alternative to nitrites for inhibiting corrosion of reinforcement steel in concrete.     

Detoxification of simulated textile wastewater using a membraneless electrochemical reactor with immobilized peroxidase

Simulated textile wastewater was degraded using a membraneless electrochemical reactor with immobilized peroxidase on the porous Celite. The optimal current density was 10 A m(-2), at which the highest amount of hydrogen (H(2)O(2)) could be generated. The decolorization efficiencies of the simulated wastewater using the electrochemical and electroenzymatic methods were 35% and 92%, respectively. Biodegradability, the ratio of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD(5)/COD), was enhanced about 1.88 times when using the electroenzymatic treatment rather than raw wastewater, which could not be achieved by the electrochemical treatment. The toxic unit (TU), calculated using the lethal concentration (LC(50)) of Daphnia magna (D. Magna), of effluent treated by electroenzymatic method was below 1, whereas those of simulated textile wastewater and effluent treated by electrochemical method were 11.4 and 3.9, respectively.     

电去离子过程脱除低浓度铜离子的研究

采用一级两段的膜堆,以模拟废水为对象,考察了电去离子(EDI)过程脱除低浓度铜离子的性能,为开发一种更环保更经济的重金属废水处理技术提供理论与实验基础.研究证实,脱除铜离子的EDI存在"增强传质"和"电再生"两种模式.在"增强传质"模式操作时,淡室的树脂保持为盐型,阴膜的浓室侧表面无结垢产生.在"电再生"模式下,树脂被水解离产生的H 和OH-所再生,EDI可将铜离子从 50mg/L 左右脱除至火焰原子吸收分光光度法无法检出,同时在阴膜浓室侧表面形成黑色的CuO结垢.选择适当的膜堆形式和工艺条件能够防止结垢,获得一个连续稳定的EDI过程.     

Continuous electrochemical treatment of simulated industrial textile wastewater from industrial components in a tubular reactor

The continuous electrochemical treatment of industrial textile wastewater in a tubular reactor was investigated. The synthetic wastewater was based on the real process information of pretreatment and dyeing stages of the industrial mercerized and non-mercerized cotton and viscon production. The effects of residence time on chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and turbidity removals and pH change were studied under response surface optimized conditions of 30 °C, 25 g/L electrolyte concentration and 3505 mg/L COD feed concentration with 123.97 mA/cm² current density. Increasing residence time resulted in steady profiles of COD and color removals with higher treatment performances. The best column performance was realized at 3 h of residence time as 53.5% and 99.3% for COD and color removals, respectively, at the expense of 193.1 kWh/kg COD with a mass transfer coefficient of 9.47 × 10⁻⁶ m/s.     

A simple model for the interaction of a low-current vacuum arc with a copper cathode

Experimental and theoretical studies of the arc-cathode region have been made for several decades, but the task is not yet complete, despite many efforts and much progress. In this work, a numerical model describing the arc-cathode region is developed. The arc is treated as a steady-state phenomenon. The model is then applied to a vacuum arc discharge interacting with a Cu cathode at low current of 4–50 A. The model yields the temperature and electric field strength at the cathode surface, density of the current of the electrons emitted, total current density, cathode spot radius, different kinds of power densities in heating and cooling the cathode, and the plasma electron density. The comparison with experimental results shows good agreement. Published in Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 63–72, November–December, 2007.     

苯并三唑对模拟混凝土孔溶液中钢筋的阻锈作用

应用线性极化、电化学阻抗谱和动电位极化等电化学方法研究了苯并三唑(BTA)对含有氯离子的模拟混凝土孔溶液中钢筋的阻锈作用,并通过微观测试方法对其阻锈机理进行探索。结果表明,含有0.25mol/LNaCl的模拟混凝土孔溶液(pH为12.5的饱和Ca(OH)2溶液)中加入等物质量(0.25mol/L)的BTA对钢筋有良好的阻锈作用。电化学测试证实了BTA对模拟混凝土孔溶液中钢筋的阻锈效果比常用的亚硝酸盐更明显,微观形貌观察发现BTA能与钢筋生成多层有机保护膜,保护钢筋免受氯离子侵蚀。以上结论均预示着BTA可能成为钢筋混凝土结构中具有很好应用前景的钢筋阻锈剂。     

十二烷基肌氨酸钠对模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀作用

应用极化曲线法和电化学阻抗技术,考察了十二烷基肌氨酸钠对模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀作用.结果表明,十二烷基肌氨酸钠对在含氯离子的模拟混凝土孔隙液中的钢筋有良好的缓蚀效果.极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的测试结果一致证实十二烷基肌氨酸钠的加入量为100mg/L时,对含0.6mol/L NaCl的模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀效果最好.     

Properties of graphite-stainless steel composite in bipolar plates in simulated anode and cathode environments of PEM fuel cells

The use of a graphite-stainless steel composite as bipolar plates (BP) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been evaluated. The study covers measurements of mechanical properties, microstructural examination, analysis of surface profile, wettability, porosity and corrosion resistance of the composite. The corrosion properties of the composite were examined in 0.1 mol·dm^?3 H₂SO₄ + 2 ppm F^? saturated with H₂ or with O₂ and in solutions with different pH: in Na₂SO₄+ 2 ppm F^? (pH = 1.00, 3.00, 5.00) at 80 °C. The performed tests indicate that the graphite modified with stainless steel can be a good choice to be used as a bipolar plate in PEM fuel cells.     

Sorption of copper from dilute aqueous solutions onto poly(vinyl mercaptan)

A hydrophilic poly(vinyl mercaptan) (PVM) has been prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) by partial conversion of the OH groups to SH groups. The resin with a free mercaptan content of 2.23 meq/g has a copper sorption capacity of 70 mg/g. The polymercaptan used as a sodium salt, PVM(Na), has several-fold higher sorption capacity for copper than the same resin used in thiol from, PVM(H). From a solution containing Cu(II), copper is sorbed mostly as Cu(II) by PVM(Na) and as Cu(I) by PVM(H). Significantly, there is a large increase in the copper sorption capacity of both PVM(H) and PVM(Na) in the presence of sodium chloride in solution. In the absence of added NaCl, the copper sorption capacities of PVM(H) and PVM(Na) are influenced in different ways by the type of coion in solution. Thus, PVM(H) takes up more copper from copper(II) chloride solution than from copper(II) sulfate solution under comparable conditions, while the opposite is true for PVM(Na). These features can be explained by the formation of copper(II) chloro complexes in the presence of added chloride, more efficient Donnan exclusion of multivalent coions, and greater degree of hydrolysis of copper(II) chloride than copper(II) sulfate. The copper sorption on PVM(Na) is highly sensitive to pH, decreasing rapidly both at lower and higher pH from a maximum at pH ≈ 5. In contrast, the sorption on PVM(H) is fairly constant in the mildly acidic pH range and increases rapidly above pH ≈ 9, approaching the sorption capacity of PVM(Na).     

D-葡萄糖酸钠对模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀作用

应用电化学阻抗谱研究D-葡萄糖酸钠对含有氯离子的模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀作用,并对其缓蚀机理进行探索.结果表明,0.01mol/L D-葡萄糖酸钠对钢筋具有良好的缓蚀效果,其缓蚀作用主要是通过在钢筋表面和氯离子竞争吸附,最终形成一层吸附膜对钢筋起到保护作用.     

Characterization study and recovery of copper from low grade copper ore through hydrometallurgical route

Characterization studies were conducted on low grade copper ore with the aid of standard approaches. The Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) study specifies the semi-quantitative data of qualitatively analyzed chemical elements present in the ore sample. Optical Microscopy (OM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) endorse the presence of chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and pyrites along with other different mineral phases in the ore sample. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Mossbauer spectroscopy studies confirm the formation of CuO and Fe₂O₃ after roasting at 700 °C. The better copper recovery from low grade copper ore was achieved through optimized leaching parameters. It was found that the particle size of ?63+53 µm can be leached up to 94.96 % of copper using a lixiviant reagent mixture (30 vol. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.5 M sulfuric acid) under magnetic stirring for 30 min at a constant speed of 300 rpm, by keeping the liquid/solid (L/S) ratio at 20/2 ml/g. Moreover, the solvent extraction process works well with the pregnant leach solution, whereby, 98.9 % of copper extraction is possible, and the loading time is less than a minute. Meanwhile, 93.91 % of overall copper extraction efficiency was achieved through optimized leaching parameters and solvent extraction method.     

Effect of soil compositions on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated soil solution

In this study, effect of cations, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and anions, SO₄^2–, HCO₃^–, NO₃^– on electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated soil solution was investigated through potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ can decrease the corrosion current density of carbon steel in simulated soil solution, and K⁺, SO₄^2–, HCO₃^–, and NO₃^– can increase the corrosion density. All the above ions in the simulated soil solution can decrease its resistivity, but they have different effect on the charge transfer resistivity. This finding can be useful in evaluating the corrosivity of certain soil through chemical analysis, and provide data for construction engineers.     

Aging of a copper bearing HSLA-100 steel

Investigations were carried out on aging of a HSLA-100 steel after varying amounts of cold deformation. Mechanical properties (hardness, tensile properties and toughness) were measured and structural changes were studied using optical, TEM and SEM techniques. As a result of various treatments, the hardness and UTS could be significantly improved, but with drastic fall in ductility and impact strength, especially in peak aged conditions. The parameters affecting impact strength were examined and it was concluded that various microstructural features affected toughness through their influence on tensile properties. In this steel the impact strength could be improved by lowering the UTS and increasing the ductility (pct elongation). The improvement in hardness and UTS was attributed to formation of thick precipitate-dislocation tangles. The aging process caused a slow transformation of lath martensite into acicular ferrite due to occurrence of in situ recrystallization. The concentration of Cu in particles precipitating on aging was followed using EDAX technique.