Pore Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate in Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate

Adsorption of N₂ and water vapor was studied in completely hydrated tricalcium silicate and in fully hydrated tricalcium silicate from which Ca(OH)₂ had been extracted. Compared with results obtained using N₂, water vapor adsorption led to increased values for small-pore volume, peak shifts to smaller sizes, and decreased values for large-pore volume. Marked hysteresis was observed in the case of water vapor adsorption; the resorption branch apparently represents the true pore structure. Extraction of Ca(OH)₂ from the paste increased the calculated volume of small pores strikingly, suggesting that adsorption is hindered by Ca(OH)₂; this tendency is more obvious in water vapor adsorption. The adsorption measurements indicate the existence of two kinds of pores, i.e. a wider intergel-particle pore and a smaller pore existing within the gel particle. The latter pore was further classified into intercrystallite and intracrystallite pores.     

纳米二氧化硅改性大掺量矿粉-水泥胶凝体系性能与微结构研究

利用沉淀法制备的纳米二氧化硅(PNS)极强的火山灰活性,能改善大掺量矿粉-水泥胶凝体系早期抗压强度低、内部结构疏松等缺陷,研究了PNS对大掺量矿粉-水泥胶凝体系抗压强度、抗氯离子渗透性的影响,通过XRD、TG-DSC及MIP对该体系的水化产物与孔结构进行微观分析。研究表明:随着PNS掺量的增加,试件的抗压强度也随之提高,尤其是7 d抗压强度,掺5%(质量分数,下同)PNS试件的强度增幅达到了20%;同时,水泥抗氯离子渗透能力先上升后下降,PNS掺量为3%时,达到最优,其28 d氯离子扩散系数较不掺PNS降低44.8%。PNS在早期能够大量消耗Ca(OH)₂,生成更多的C-S-H凝胶等水化产物,使得孔结构更加致密,降低孔隙率,在适宜范围内掺入PNS还可有效细化孔径。     

The Influence of Pore Solutions Properties on Drying in Cementitious Materials

The drying of cementitious materials can be influenced by the properties of the fluid in the pores. While there are numerous studies on drying, very few explicitly focus on the properties of the pore fluid. This work investigates the influence of deicing salts on the properties of the pore fluid. The change that deicing salts cause in surface tension and viscosity is described in this study as a function of concentration and temperature. As a relatively limited number of measurements have been reported in literature, it can be difficult to describe the properties over a wide range of concentrations or temperatures. To overcome this limitation, this work provides measurements over concentration and temperature ranges. Semiempirical relationships were successfully fitted to the data confirming the possibility to predict viscosity and surface tension changes with temperature and salt concentration. The implications of the fluid properties on the drying behavior are also discussed as they relate to the diffusion coefficient. The models applied effectively predict the initiation of drying. Further improvements are however necessary to describe the diffusion coefficient as function of the degree of saturation in the presence of deicing salts which appear to be needed to account for the chemical interaction between the matrix and the fluid.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Pore Structure and Drying Shrinkage Behavior of Hydrated Cement Paste

The effect of a short heat treatment on hydrated cement paste has been investigated by measuring the weight and length changes of specimens as they undergo various combinations of heating, drying, and resaturation. Heating a cement paste to 60°C coarsens the capillary pore system, decreases the volume of mesopores, and increases the degree of polymerization of the silicates. In addition, the saturated weight of the paste is permanently decreased by a heat treatment. This weight loss can be explained by conversion of bound hydroxyl groups into liquid water during polymerization of the C-S-H gel phase. These experiments help reconcile and interpret published results describing the properties of cement cured at various temperatures, the effects of a short heat treatment on cement paste, and the thermal expansion behavior of saturated and dry cement paste.     

Lognormal Simulation of Pore Size Distributions in Cementitious Materials

The pore size distributions in cement pastes and mortars, over the range of pore sizes determined by high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), can be described in terms of a multimodal distribution by using lognormal simulation. The pore size distribution may be regarded as a mixture of lognormal distributions. Such a mixture is defined by a compound density function: p ( x ) =Σ f_i p ( x , μ _i , σ _i ), Σ f_i = 1, where x is the pore diameter, f_i , is the weighting factor of the i ^th lognormal subdistribution of pore sizes, p ( x , μ _i , σ _i ), and μ _i and σ _i are the location parameter and the shape parameter of the i ^th subdistribution, respectively. It may indicate that different origins and formation mechanisms exist for pores in different size ranges in cementitious materials. A graphical method is proposed to estimate the parameters for the compound distribution. Applications of this model to prediction of permeability are discussed.     

有机磷化合物的结构与迟发性神经毒性关系的研究

有机磷化合物（包括Ｉ型和Ⅱ型）对人和其它脊椎动物诱导迟发性神经毒性,日益引起人们的关切。此类化合物种类繁多,结构各异。那么,哪些可能产生迟发性神经毒性？本文就此问题论述了该类化合物的结构与迟发性神经毒性的关系。     

Phase Composition of Hydrated DSP Cement Pastes

Cement pastes densified with small particles (DSP) containing up to 48% silica fume by weight of cement, and hydrated to up to 180 d at room temperature, have been analyzed using TMS-GPC, TGA, and ²⁹Si NMR to quantitatively estimate the amount of unreacted cement, Ca(OH)₂, and residual silica fume, respectively. Using a mass balance approach, the CaO/SiO₂ and H₂O/SiO₂ molar ratios of the C-S-H in the samples were calculated. For samples containing silica fume, the values of CaO/SiO₂ lie between 0.9 and 1.3, depending on the degree of hydration and silica fume content, whereas for samples without silica fume they were 1.6. Silicate polymerization analysis using TMS-GPC suggests that the molecular structure of the C-S-H is similar to that formed in conventional hydration. No cross-linking species were found, but the fraction of higher polymers (above octamer) increases as the CaO/SiO₂ ratio decreases.     

Composition and Morphology of Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate

Hardened C₃S paste cured for 1 year at 20°C was examined to confirm the composition and the morphology of hydrated tricalcium silicate. A new technique was used in which the samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were etched in 1% HNO₃-alcohol or in glycerol-alcohol (4:6 by volume). After the surface was etched in 1% HNO₃-alcohol, SEM clearly showed the difference in texture in the outer and inner C-S-H products. The existence of a zonal texture within the inner C-S-H products was shown, in addition to the unreacted core; particles 0.1 to 0.2 μm in diameter were observed. After free CH extraction with glycerol-alcohol, two new types of C-S-H grains could be identified. One type has a smooth surface, which seems to be produced from C₃S grains trapped within the growing CH crystals in the early stage of hydration, the C/S mol ratio for these being >3. The other type is covered with many acicular outer C-S-H gel hydration products and has a C/S mol ratio >3.     

不同辅助配体对配合物结构影响

用溶液挥发法合成两个新的配合物[Cd2(asba)2(2,2-biim)2(H2O)4·6H2O]n(1)和[Cd(asba)(bpp)]n(2)[asba=2-氨基-4-磺基苯甲酸,2,2-biim=2,2-连咪唑,bpp=1,3-(丙烷)-双吡啶],并通过X-射线衍射仪对其结构进行表征,结果表明:化合物1、2都属于三斜晶系,P-1空间群。化合物1通过Cd(Ⅱ)离子与asba2-中氧原子和氮原子连接形成一个简单晶胞,晶胞间通过2,2-biim的π-π作用拓展一维链状结构,配合物2中,配体asba2-和bpp作为桥联配体,与Cd(Ⅱ)离子配位,构成2D平面结构,形成(44,33)拓扑结构。实验结果表明,只改变辅助配体,得到不同配合物结构。     

不同秸秆生物炭的孔隙结构及其差异

基于低温氮气吸附的研究方法,对水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆制备的生物炭进行了孔结构研究,用BET方程、BJH方程和t-plot方法分别计算得到生物炭的比表面积、孔径分布和微孔数据,利用FHH模型计算了孔隙分形维数。研究表明：不同温度不同材料都对生物炭的孔结构有较大影响,随着热解温度的升高水稻秸秆生物炭和小麦秸秆生物炭的BET比表面积和总孔容呈先增加后降低的趋势,而玉米秸秆生物炭的孔隙度随着热解温度升高持续增加;3种秸秆生物炭的孔径分布均以中孔为主,孔隙内部以Ⅱ型孔为主;水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆制备的生物炭都具有很好的分形特征,分形维数(D)分别为2.545 4~2.669 3、2.629 7~2.689 5、2.577 3~2.597 2,表明这3种生物炭孔隙结构比较复杂,非均质性强,其中水稻秸秆生物炭和小麦秸秆生物炭均在500 ℃条件下有较高的分形维数,分别是2.669 3和2.597 2,玉米秸秆生物炭则在700 ℃条件下有较高的分形维数,为2.689 5。     

石油中胶质化学组成分析及结构特征的研究概况

原油中胶质含量是原油评价的一项重要指标。它不仅影响原油的开采、储运及加工,而且还会导致加工所得石油产品的性能发生变化。因此,对胶质的研究具有重要意义。本文综述了当前应用于胶质化学组成和结构特征的HPLC—MS,GC—MS,NMR,FTIR等这些主要方法的应用。但要深入、全面地了解胶质的组成和结构信息还需要不断地探索新的分析方法。     

The Effect of Chemical Composition on the Fractal-Like Structure of Combustion-Generated Inorganic Aerosols

The morphology of submicron flame-generated inorganic aerosols is known to be fractal-like with reported fractal exponents ranging from 1.1-2.5 for different materials. This wide range represents a correspondingly broad variation in structure and suggests that chemical composition might affect the final structure of flame-generated materials, a prospect of considerable importance in studies of submicron particulate penetration through electrostatic precipitators. To investigate this, the morphology of flame-generated submicron aerosols was studied by characterizing both fly ash generated in a pilot scale coal combustor and controlled composition inorganic aerosols generated in a bench scale flat flame burner. Fly ash generated during combustion of 2 bituminous coals at 2 different flame temperatures was found to be fractal-like with fractal exponents of 1.9-2 and fractal prefactors of 1.1-1.5. In addition, fly ash samples collected at the inlet and outlet of an attached pilot scale electrostatic precipitator yielded no difference in particle morphology, indicating a lack of structure-dependent penetration. Flame-generated silica, magnesia, sodium-doped silica, and magnesium-doped silica produced under identical conditions in an invariant premixed flame were also fractal-like in structure with fractal exponents of 1.7-1.8 and fractal prefactors of 1.6-1.8. No dependence of these structural parameters on chemical composition, flame residence time, or particle number density was observed over the ranges considered. Changing chemical composition did, however, lead to order of magnitude changes in primary particle diameter without any corresponding change in aggregate structure. Findings from both systems are consistent with a growth process governed in the late stages by cluster-cluster aggregation and indicate that for flame synthesized materials produced in the overall decreasing temperature gradient characteristic of coal combustors and industrial flame reactors, the aerosol aggregate structure will not be affected by changes in chemical composition under conditions of coalescence-limited growth.     

碱赤泥矿渣胶凝材料水化产物中碱的测定

用水溶解的方法再借助火焰光度法分别测定了碱赤泥矿渣胶凝材料水化浆体中可溶于水和不溶于水的Na2O含量,提出了在碱赤泥矿渣胶凝材料中Na2O以可溶性化合物和结合为水化产物2种状态存在的观点.研究了水化浆体中可溶性Na2O和不溶性的Na2O含量随溶解时间的变化,确定了最佳的溶出时间.证实了在水化过程中,Na2O具有2种作用:催化作用和直接参与形成水化产物.     

不同变质程度的煤制活性炭孔隙结构分析

在Autosorb—lC全自动物理化学吸附仪上使用N2和CO2对宁夏太西、山西大同和内蒙古准格尔3种不同变质程度的煤为原料制备的活性炭进行孔隙结构分析,用BET方程处理N2等温吸附数据,计算比表面积;用DFT法处理CO2等温吸附数据,进行微孔分析：用BJH法计算中孔孔径分布。从得出的结果可以看出,随着原料煤变质程度的加深,所制备的活性炭微孔和比表面积增大,超微孔、中孔体积变小,平均孔径变窄。分析结果表明。原料煤的性质是影响活性炭孔隙结构的主要因素。     

不同预处理对剑麻纤维组分和结构的影响

采用机械破碎、酸法蒸煮、氢氧化钠溶液碱法蒸煮、氨水处理和蒸汽爆破等五种不同物理和化学方法对剑麻纤维进行处理。通过化学分析、扫描电镜(SEM)及红外光谱(IR)等手段表征了处理前后剑麻纤维组分和结构的变化。结果表明,不同预处理方法均使剑麻纤维组分分离,杂质含量降低,纤维素含量提高。其表面形态和聚集态结构根据不同的处理方法而发生不同变化。在五种方法中以碱煮和蒸汽爆破处理效果较佳。     

The Effect of Surface Composition and Structure on Elementary Chemical Reactions on Metallic Substrates

Studies of chemical reactions on well-defined surfaces have considerable potential for providing fundamental knowledge of surface reactivity and guidelines for the understanding of catalytic materials. with the use of low energy election deffraction (LEED)[1,2] surface structures can be diferentiated and the effect of these structures on surface reactivity determined. In addition, the relative case of obtaining surfaces of known composition utilizing Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)[3-5] makes it possible to study metal surfaces with less than 1% impurity and, moreover, to prepare surfaces with known coverages of adatoms such as carbon, oxygen, and sulfur in order to study the effects of these spacies on the activity and selectivity of the surface for given reactants. In some cases, as illustrated of the surface adatoms.     

不同含气量混凝土的孔结构及抗冻性分析

本文以引气混凝土为研究对象,采用压汞法、气孔分析法、快速冻融法测试了不同含气量下混凝土的孔隙结构及抗冻性,此外,还分析了不同含气量下混凝土的抗压强度.结果表明:掺入引气剂时,在混凝土含气量增加的同时,可使混凝土孔隙率、总孔体积、总孔面积增加,平均孔径、孔间距系数减小,孔径均匀分布,显著改善混凝土的内部孔隙结构,提高混凝土的抗冻性,但受强度影响,混凝土的含气量存在一个合理范围,既可以提高混凝土的抗冻性,又不会造成强度的大幅损失.     

Compatibility of Hydrated Sodium MetasiIicate Glasses with Inorganic and Organic Compounds

By dehydrating crystalline Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O, a very low melting glass of the approximate composition Na₂SiO₃·3H₂O was obtained. The compatibility of selected inorganic compounds with this molten glass was found to be related to the nature of the cation or anion present in each compound. The behavior of organic indicator dyes in the glass melt provided further information on the nature of the molten glass, whereas the infrared spectrum of the glass gave an inconclusive result.     

矿渣在不同胶凝体系中的水化特性

矿渣具有潜在活性,可用于制备不同类型的水泥.介绍了矿渣的形成与材料特性,在此基础上,将其用于矿渣硅酸盐水泥、超硫酸盐水泥及碱激发矿渣水泥,并分析其在不同胶凝体系中的水化特性.在三种胶凝体系中,矿渣在碱和硫酸盐激发下,形成大量水化硅酸钙和钙矾石等水化产物;随着水化反应的不断发展,使得硬化浆体更加致密,进而提高水泥的强度.     

不同条件对合成水化硅酸钙结构与性能的影响研究综述

综述了水化硅酸钙的合成方法与合成条件对其结构与性能影响的研究现状,系统分析了不同钙硅比、温度、时间以及干燥条件等因素对水化硅酸钙的分子层结构和表面密度的影响规律,探讨了不同合成条件与水化硅酸钙结构与性能之间的关联度.