燕麦酸面团发酵剂的冻干和储藏对面包风味的影响

应用固相微萃取技术(SPME)和气相色谱- 质谱联用技术(GC-MS)研究发酵剂冷冻干燥(冻干)前后面包中的挥发性风味物质,考察发酵剂的冻干和储藏对燕麦酸面包风味的影响。结果表明：旧金山乳杆菌发酵燕麦酸面包中的挥发性风味物质共87 种,主要包括酸类、醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、脂肪烃类,以及一些芳香族和杂环类化合物。酸类物质的含量最高,其次是醇类、芳杂环类和醛类物质。在发酵剂冻干和储藏过程中,醛类和醇类物质先增加后减少,酸类、酯类、酮类和脂肪族化合物先减少后增加,芳杂环类物质含量则持续升高。燕麦酸面团发酵剂冻干后以及储存30d 制得的面包依然具有丰富的风味。乳酸菌和酵母菌的竞争作用导致乙酸和乙醇含量呈现相反的变化。糠醛含量持续升高,而己醛则在冻干后显著减少,并在存储30d 后消失。     

玉米窝头挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取―气质联用法(HS–SPME–GC–MS)分析玉米窝头的主要挥发性成分组成。检出的挥发性成分主要包括烃类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、酯类和少量其他类物质。在检出的挥发性成分中壬醛、2,4–壬二烯醛、癸醛、香叶基丙酮和2–戊基呋喃相对含量较高,可能是玉米窝头风味的主要贡献物质。     

传统土家腊肉加工过程中风味物质研究

以湘西土家族农家传统腊肉为研究对象,探讨其加工过程中挥发性风味物质的组成和变化规律,以期为传统土家腊肉的工艺改进及标准化生产提供理论依据。采用水蒸气蒸馏结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)检测,分别对传统土家腊肉加工过程中4个阶段(腌制7 d、烟熏15 d、烟熏30 d、成熟贮藏阶段)样品中的挥发性风味成分进行分析。实验结果表明:4个工艺阶段共鉴定出主要挥发性物质98种,主要有醇类、醚类、酚类、酮类、醛类、酸类、酯类、碳氢化合物、其他类等。从腌制到烟熏过程中,醇类、酚类的种类和相对含量不断增加,而在成熟贮藏阶段种类和相对含量又减少。醚类、醛类、酮类、酸类、酯类和碳氢化合物的种数和相对含量没有明显变化。由分析可知,酚类、酯类、其他类物质为土家腊肉主要风味物质,醇类、醚类、酮类、醛类、碳氢化合物对土家腊肉风味有一定贡献。     

泡藠头中挥发性风味物质分析

目的首次对泡藠头中的挥发性风味物质检测分析,旨在为泡藠头的生产提供参考。方法采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法对泡藠头中的挥发性物质进行检测。结果检出了34种风味物质：含硫化合物6种,醇类物质4种,酸类物质2种,酯类物质6种,烃类物质9种,醛类物质3种,酮类物质3种,其他物质1种。采用面积归一化法得到定量分别为含硫化合物占14.81%,醇类物质占12.46%,酸类物质占12.34%,酯类物质占2.03%,烃类物质占11.79%,醛类物质占1.04%,酮类物质占0.86%,其他物质占0.19%。结论泡藠头中含硫化合物、醇类、酸类和烃类物质含量较高,酯类、醛类和酮类物质含量较少。     

腐乳发酵过程挥发性风味成分的变化

采用固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱法对腐乳发酵过程不同时期的挥发性风味成分进行分析,共鉴定出化合物110 种,包括酯类41 种、醛类19 种、酮类12 种、醇类12 种、酸类9 种、烃类9 种、其他类化合物8 种。不同发酵时期腐乳挥发性风味成分差异明显,随着发酵的进行,挥发性风味成分的种类逐渐增多。在前发酵过程中,豆腐白坯经毛霉发酵成毛坯,醛类相对含量显著降低,酯类、醇类相对含量以及种类逐渐增大;在后发酵过程中,随着后发酵时间的延长,醛类、酸类、酯类相对含量逐渐升高,烃类、醇类相对含量逐渐降低。其中正己醛、苯乙醛、壬醛、双戊烯、异戊醇、己酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、2-正戊基呋喃、烯丙基甲基二硫醚对腐乳风味的形成贡献较大。     

凯里白酸汤发酵过程中挥发性风味物质的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,分析白酸汤发酵过程中各类挥发性风味物质的动态变化规律,并利用主成分分析法对挥发性风味物质进行评价。实验结果表明,发酵过程中共检测出40种挥发性风味成分,包括9种酸类、13种醇类、4种酯类、4种醛类、3种酮类、1种酚类和6种萜烯类;酸类、醇类、酯类和萜烯类物质占主导地位,其相对含量占总挥发性化合物的98%以上。发酵过程中,酸类、醇类、酯类、醛类的种类数量和相对含量随发酵进行缓慢增加;酯类、酚类和萜烯类物质的相对含量先增加后降低。主成分分析得到22种主要的挥发性风味物质,发酵第3天时白酸汤的综合得分最高,风味最佳。     

新鲜葱姜蒜混合物与炒制后的葱姜蒜油挥发性风味物质的对比研究

目的 确定新鲜葱姜蒜混合物和经油高温炒制后葱姜蒜油中挥发性风味物质的主要成分, 明确新鲜葱姜蒜混合物和葱姜蒜油中的挥发性风味物质差异。方法 采用固相微萃取法(solid-phase microextraction, SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对新鲜葱姜蒜样品和葱姜蒜油样品的挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定, 并进行气味活度值分析和主成分分析。结果 从新鲜葱姜蒜中共检出化合物81种挥发性成分, 包括烃类43种、醚类17种、醇类3种、酮类4种、酸类2种、酯类4种、杂环类8种。炒制后的葱姜蒜油中检出19种挥发性风味物质, 包括烃类9种、醚类2种、醇类5种、醛类2种、酸类1种, 其中烃类物质减少10.37%, 醚类物质减少10.08%, 醇类物质上升18.43%, 醛类物质上升4.47%, 酸类物质上升2.63%。结论 葱姜蒜混合物与炒制后的葱姜蒜油的挥发性风味物质存在差异, 醛类、醇类、酸类物质是差异的主要来源, 并可能为炒制后的葱姜蒜油中的风味起到主要贡献作用。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析酵子发酵面团挥发性风味物质

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对发酵0、8、24 h的酵子面团的挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果显示:3种不同发酵时间的面团中共有109种挥发性物质,检出的物质包括醇类、酯类、烃类、醛类、酸类、酮类、芳香类和其他化合物,从0 h的面团中检测出43种挥发性风味成分,从发酵8 h的面团中检测出75种挥发性成分,从24 h的面团中检测出71种挥发性风味成分。其中醇类物质的含量最高,其次是酯类物质和其他类物质,在0~24 h的发酵过程中醇类物质的相对含量先升高后下降,酯类物质的数量和相对含量都随着发酵时间的延长而增加。醇类和酯类的种类和相对含量都较高,可能是面团发酵过程中风味的主要贡献物质。     

发酵剂对熏马肠挥发性风味化合物的影响

通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)测定熏马肠中的挥发性风味物质。从5个不同样品中共鉴定出106种风味物质,包括烃类、醇类、酯类、酸类、醛类、酮类、酚类、呋喃类、含氮类等化合物。其中烃类、醇类、酸类、酮类、酚类化合物含量较高,空白组和发酵剂组熏马肠中挥发性风味化合物的种类和含量都存在着一定的差别。     

冷藏过程中兔背最长肌挥发性风味物质的GC-MS分析

以兔背最长肌为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别对兔背最长肌在冷藏过程中的挥发性风味物质进行定量、定性分析。结果表明：在冷藏过程中检测到兔背最长肌挥发性风味物质共79 种,其中醛类19 种、酮类4 种、醇类17 种、酯类6 种、烃类31 种、呋喃类2 种,且醛类化合物所占的比重最高,其次是醇类及烃类化合物,酮类、酯类及呋喃类化合物在挥发性物质中所占的种类少含量低。随着冷藏时间的延长,兔背肉中各类挥发性风味物质的种类和相对含量也不断变化,其中醛类、醇类及烃类物质的变化差异大,酯类、酮类和呋喃类随时间变化不明显。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the