Lateral crushing of thin-walled tubes between cylindrical indenters

The plastic-collapse load and post-collapse behaviour of ductile, thin-walled tubes compressed between cylindrical indenters are analyzed for a complete range of indenter radii; experiments on steel, brass and aluminium alloy tubes show the usefulness of this analysis when deflections are large. The effect of shear force is considered; shear can develop when the sides of the tube are constrained against lateral expansion. While crushing by diametrically opposed indenters results in symmetrical modes of deformation, any shear in addition to the normally applied forces results in an asymmetrical mode of deformation which is more compliant than the symmetrical mode. The asymmetrical mode of deformation is initially unstable.     

三辊非对称滚弯成形的数值仿真及试验验证

基于有限元法对三辊非对称滚弯成形工艺进行了研究,对比分析了三辊非对称滚弯成形和三辊对称滚弯成形过程中,变形区应力场、板材上表面的塑形应变场及卷制力的变化规律。仿真结果表明：侧辊位移进给量相同的工况下,三辊非对称滚弯成形的卷制力大于三辊对称滚弯成形的卷制力;三辊非对称滚弯变形区的纵向应力和径向应力均大于三辊对称滚弯成形的纵向应力和径向应力;三辊非对称滚弯成形板材压弯段的成形质量高于三辊对称滚弯成形的成形质量。最后,经三辊非对称滚弯试验验证,有限元模型的成形误差为6.8%,有较高的精度。     

Large deformations of thin-walled circular tubes under transverse loading—II: Experimental study of the crushing of circular tubes by centrally applied opposed wedge-shaped indenters

The behaviour of aluminium and mild steel tubes of 2 in. dia., 0.064 in. thickness and of lengths ranging from 2–24 in. loaded centrally by opposed wedge-shaped indenters is examined. Three modes of deformation are identified and analysed on the basis of plastic work considerations. Reference is also made to the behaviour of a very thin-walled tube of diameter to thickness ratio equal to 190.     

Dynamic asymmetrical instability of elastic–plastic beams

Dynamic instability of elastic–plastic beam is investigated by employing a three-degree-of-freedom (3-DoF) beam model. Especially, asymmetrical instability induced by symmetrical load is discussed. The asymmetrical instability is considered as a second-order buckling mode. Four types of perturbations, i.e., geometrical misalignment, material property mismatch, unsymmetry of applied load and disturbance of boundary conditions, are introduced to activate the asymmetrical responses. The asymmetrical response is characterized by a modal participation factor α₂ which corresponds to an asymmetrical mode shape. Phase plane trajectories and Poincaré map are used to illustrate the chaotic characteristics of the beam response. Results show that if the perturbations are small enough, the perturbation type has negligible influence on the critical load for the occurrence of the asymmetrical instability, which implies that the asymmetrical instability is an intrinsic feature of the beam system. However, with the increase of the magnitude of the perturbations, the influence of the asymmetrical vibration is expanded to a large extension of loading parameter.     

Theory analysis of asymmetrical electric double layer effects on thin film lubrication

This paper presents a theoretical research concerning the effects of the asymmetrical electric double layers on thin film lubrication. A mathematical model of electro-viscosity considering the asymmetrical electric double layers is developed, which acts as an extensional study of the symmetrical cases. Then, the numerical analyses based on this model are performed to evaluate the influence of electric double layers on the thin water lubricating film with and without consideration of the elastic deformation of the opposing surfaces. The results show that the electric double layers lead to significant variations in the properties both of hydrodynamic and elasto-hydrodynamic lubricating film.     

内螺纹铜管滚珠旋压三维有限元模拟

内螺纹管滚珠旋压三维有限元模拟中,铜管的网格划分和滚珠加载方式是模拟的关键问题。通过建立简化的六分之一旋转对称模型和采用网格局部重划分技术,成功地模拟和再现内螺纹管滚珠旋压成形过程。对模拟结果的对称面变形的情况分析论证了模型简化的合理性和正确性。对模拟的应变分布和速度分布分析说明,齿成形的多道次局部成形规律。从计算的模具载荷变化情况分析了模具的使用寿命。     

A6061薄壁圆锥管轴向压缩性能的数值分析和理论研究

采用LS-DYNA软件对锥倾角0°~40°、壁厚1 ~2.5 mm的A6061圆锥管进行轴向压缩仿真,研究锥倾角和壁厚对圆锥管吸能特性和变形规律的影响;基于Mamalis圆锥管瞬时载荷压溃模型,提出大范围锥倾角（15°~40°）瞬时载荷修正公式。研究结果表明：变形模式的临界角为15°,当锥倾角小于等于15°时,变形模式为堆叠模式,当锥倾角大于15°时,变形模式转变为嵌套模式;平均载荷与比吸能均随着锥倾角的增大缓慢减小,而初始峰值载荷则大幅度减小;随着壁厚增大,压溃模式由钻石模式转变为环形对称模式,平均载荷、初始峰值载荷和比吸能均增大。基于仿真结果,采用皮尔逊相关系数分析法修正了Mamalis瞬时载荷公式,修正值与仿真值的最大误差小于10%,通过试验验证了修正公式的准确性。修正公式为揭示大范围锥倾角薄壁管压溃机理提供了理论依据。     

A study of the crushing of tubes by two indenters

The behaviour of mild steel open tubes loaded centrally by two opposed wedge-shaped indenters is examined. The 1.6 mm thick tubes have diameters ranging from 31.75 to 76.2 mm and lengths from 1.6 to 10 diameters. The load-deflection curves have been recorded and simple empirical formulae are obtained for them. The profiles of the deformed top generators for tubes of 10 diameters length are reported and they are found to collapse into a single curve in a suitable dimensionless plot. The observed profile is related to the force by means of a beam-foundation model. Similar empirical formulae are reported for tubes enclosed at both ends with “rigid” plates.     

Influence of different bell-shaped stenoses on the progression of the disease,atherosclerosis

In the present paper, the effect of symmetrical and asymmetrical bell-shaped stenoses on wall pressure drop, streamline contour, and rise in wall shear stress for the progression of the disease, atherosclerosis has been investigated numerically. The governing equations have been solved by finite volume method. Both steady and pulsatile flow at inlet is considered in our study. It is revealed from the study that the impact of wall pressure and peak wall shear stress on progression of disease are always high for asymmetrical shaped stenosis for both steady and pulsatile flow. The impact of asymmetrical shape on plaque deposition zone is less, if the aggravation changes the shape of stenosis due to change in stricture length only keeping percentage of restriction same. Whereas, the impact of asymmetrical shape on plaque deposition zone will be high, if shape of stenosis changes by increasing both stricture length and percentage of restriction for both steady and pulsatile flow. Impact of pulsatile nature of flow on the aggravation of disease is higher at some timesteps in comparison to steady flow.     

Energy absorption of pressurized thin-walled circular tubes under axial crushing

By pressurizing cellular materials, honeycombs, or thin-walled structures, their energy absorption can be greatly enhanced, and this enhancement can be controlled by the applied pressure. This concept shines light on the possibility of achieving adaptive energy absorption. To investigate the effect of internal pressure on energy absorption of thin-walled structures, this paper presents a study of axial crushing of pressurized thin-walled circular tubes. In the experiments, three groups of circular tubes with radius/thickness ratio R/t=120-200 were axially compressed under different pressurizing conditions. The results show that with an increase of internal pressure, the deformation mode switches from diamond mode with sharp corners to that with round corners, and eventually to ring mode. In diamond mode, the mean force of the tubes increases linearly with internal pressure. The enhancement comes from two mechanisms: direct effect of pressure and indirect effect due to interaction between pressure and tube wall. After the deformation switches to ring mode, the enhancement resulting from the second mechanism becomes weaker. Based on experimental observations, the deformation mode, energy dissipation mechanisms as well as interaction between internal pressure and tube wall are analyzed theoretically and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

铜覆铝板对称轧制复合工艺研究

运用四层对称轧制复合法对铜覆铝板的生产工艺进行了研究。与传统的二层非对称轧制复合法相对比发现,四层对称轧制复合法的生产效率提高了近1倍,制备的复合板较平直,同时,研究了轧制时组元的变形规律及其影响因素。     

基于碰撞安全性具有引导结构汽车前纵梁设计

前纵梁抵抗弯曲变形的能力直接影响整车碰撞安全性.针对前纵梁进行引导结构优化设计,以提升抵抗弯曲变形能力.基于前纵梁弯曲变形工况,分析前纵梁弯曲变形的截面受力变形模式;外延变形具有最好的弯曲变形承载能力;设计具有外延变形和对称变形交替出现的前纵梁结构,选用开引导槽的结构形式进行优化设计;基于碰撞法规,选取正面100％刚性...     

Lateral crushing of square and rectangular tubes by non-orthogonally placed narrow width indenters

A study of the collapse behaviour of square or rectangular tubes subjected to transverse loading by narrow width indenters, placed in orthogonal and non-orthogonal positions is presented. Experiments were conducted on as-received aluminium tubes, wherein the tubes were compressed in an unsymmetrical and a symmetric arrangement. Typical load-compression curves and histories of the deforming specimens are presented. Based on experimental observations, an analysis which considers the energy absorbed in stationary and rolling plastic hinges is developed for typical cases of the two modes of tube collapse. Computed results of the hinge locations, deforming tube geometry and load-compression curves are presented in each case. These results show good agreement with the experimental observations.     

Behaviour of axially crushed corrugated tubes

The energy absorption characteristics of corrugated tubes are experimentally studied. The corrugations are introduced in the tube to force the plastic deformation to occur at predetermined intervals along the tube generator. The aims are to improve the uniformity of the load—displacement behaviour of axially crushed tubes, predict and control the mode of collapse in each corrugation in order to optimize the energy absorption capacity of the tube. Effect of heat treatment and foam filling of these tubes are also considered. Metal tubes are mostly used throughout this study, however, PVC tubes are also considered for comparison purposes. The experimental results of crushing of the corrugated tubes make these tubes a good candidate for a controllable energy absorption element.     

风切变对风力机尾流湍流特征影响的研究

采用LES方法,对自行开发设计的100 W小型水平轴风力机在有、无风切变两种入流情况下的尾流特征进行了模拟计算,计算中提取了流场稳定后的x、y、z三个方向的瞬间速度、压力等参数的600个数据样本,计算得到了尾流内轴向速度和湍流强度的方均根值,分析了有、无风切变两种入流情况下风力机尾流内的时间平均轴向速度、湍流强度及涡结构等流动特征。结果表明:无风切变入流情况下,尾流内的叶尖涡、中心涡及轴向速度都呈现对称性;而风切变入流情况下,尾流内叶尖涡螺旋轨迹上面部分的螺距明显大于下面部分的螺距,呈现出了非对称性,而中心涡和轴向速度也都呈现出一定的非对称性,且风切变入流情况下尾流内的涡传播距离更远;在y/d6的近尾流区域内,无论入流是否存在风切变,风力机尾流膨胀现象都不很明显;在相同入流湍流强度条件下,有、无风切变入流情况下尾流内湍流强度的变化规律相似,入流风切变对尾流内湍流强度的影响较小。     

基于惯性冲击原理的非对称夹持式压电旋转驱动器的实验研究

针对目前压电驱动器主要使用锯齿波这种非对称波电信号驱动压电晶体实现驱动的现状,设计了非对称夹持构件,提出了非对称夹持压电双晶片振子的旋转驱动器的结构设计方案,使对称波电信号作用在压电双晶片振子上,产生正反两方向大小不同的周期性惯性冲击力,驱动机构实现旋转位移。建立了压电旋转驱动器的动力学模型,并分析了非对称夹持旋转驱动器实现大小不同的惯性冲击力原理以及压电旋转驱动器的运动过程。组成了压电旋转驱动器的测试系统,在不同电压幅值、频率的方波激励下,对压电旋转驱动器的平均步长进行了测试。结果表明：非对称夹持式压电旋转驱动器能实现较稳定的单向转动,最大行程360°,最大承载能力超过300g,步长分辨率5µrad,最大转动速度4000µrad/s;驱动器样机在20V、2Hz的方波激励下,平均运动步长12µrad,转动速度24µrad/s。     

Deformation and energy absorption of aluminum foam-filled tubes subjected to oblique loading

Research to quantify the energy absorption of empty and foam-filled tubes under oblique loading with different loading angles and geometry parameters was carried out. Tests on circular tubes made of aluminum alloy AA6063 under quasi-static axial or oblique loading were performed. The collapse behavior of empty, foam-filled single and double tubes was investigated at loading angles of 0°, 5°, 10° and 15° with respect to the longitudinal direction of the tube. The tubes were fixed at both ends and oblique load was realized by applying a load at the upper end of a pair of specimens. When the foam-filled tubular structures subjected to oblique quasi-static loading, some new deformation modes, such as spiral folding mode, irregular extensional folding mode and irregular axi-symmetric or diamond deformation mode, were identified and ascribed to the bending of tubes and shearing of foam filler, as well as the interaction between the tubes and the foam. The energy absorption characteristics of empty and foam-filled single and double tube structures with respect to the load angle and wall thickness are determined. It is found that the energy-absorbing effectiveness factors of the circular tube structures with aluminum foam core are significant higher than those of the empty tubes and the energy absorption capacity of the foam-filled double tubes is better than that of the empty and foam-filled single tubes.     

The quasi-static piercing of cylindrical tubes or shells

Cylindrical tubes of mild steel in the as-received and annealed condition were supported along their lowest generator and perforated normally at their central section by square-section punches possessing pointed pyramidal heads of semi-angles 15°, and 30° or by conically-headed cylindrical punches with semi-angles of 15° and 30°.The test equipment and procedure are briefly described and results are presented showing typical courses of deformation for both pierced and partially plugged specimens and punch load-displacement diagrams. The distinctly different characteristics of petalling and plugging modes of deformation are discussed and related to punch semi-angle. Interesting features of tube-piercing are compared with the collective peculiarities of both plate-piercing and hole-flanging. For the square-section punches, the effect of punch orientation to the generator is investigated. The effect of tube length on the mode of deformation of the tubes is also examined. For relatively short tubes, calculated theoretical plastic collapse loads agree well with those obtained in the experiments. For long tubes (L > 2·5D) the maximum penetrating load is nearly constant and about the same as that for a length of tube equal to times the tube diameter.     

Collapse mode transitions of thin tubes with wall thickness, end condition and shape eccentricity

Transition of deformation mode shapes of round aluminum tubes from axisymmetric concertina to non-axisymmetric diamond mode have been studied with varying tube wall thickness, boundary conditions and tube shape eccentricities. Quasi-static axial compression experiments were carried out on as received aluminum tubes and tubes with wall thickness eccentricity, incorporated by off center machining. Tubes were of D/t=29 and L/D=1.4. The numerical simulation of the collapse phenomenon has been undertaken using a static non-linear finite element analysis in ANSYS with a fine mesh discretization of the tube domain and small incremental displacements as load steps. Convergence studies for the finite element model with respect to load step size and mesh density have also been established. The numerical results are found to compare well with the experimental load compression and energy absorption responses both for the axisymmetric concertina and non-axisymmetric diamond collapse modes. Having validated the numerical model with experiments, it has been used to undertake a systematic study of the load–deformation characteristics, energy absorption response and collapse mode transition of the tubes in varying configurations of wall thickness, shape and inplane boundary condition eccentricities. Dependence of tube collapse characteristics and collapse mode transitions on such eccentricities have been discussed.     

含有泡沫铝芯的复合板弯曲断裂行为的原位研究

对由泡沫金属铝芯和金属面板组成的三层和多层复合板四点弯曲条件下的变形和断裂行为进行原位观察。研究结果表明：在弯曲条件下,复合板有两种基本的破坏方式,一种是复合板表面凹陷(Indentation, ID),它是表面局部集中塑性变形的结果;另一种是泡沫铝内芯切断 (Core shear, CS),它是内芯在最大切应力作用下的破坏。对一个给定的三层复合板,当凹陷破坏的载荷极限FID大于内芯切断的载荷极限FCS时发生内芯切断式破坏,反之发生表面凹陷式破坏。对于多层复合板,破坏方式受金属面板制约,不能直接应用三层板的破坏判据。若三层板发生凹陷型破坏,具有与三层板相同金属面板厚度的多层复合板发生凹陷加内芯切断的混合型破坏。当三层板只发生内芯切断型破坏时,具有与三层板相同金属面板厚度的多层复合板完全发生内芯切断型破坏。