A three-dimensional finite element method for a nonisothermal aluminum flat strip rolling process

The purpose of this study is to develop a three-dimensional coupled thermo-elastic-plastic finite element model of nonisothermal rolling and analyze the strip curvature caused by the difference in the heat transfer boundary conditions of the upper and lower rollers. The difference in the rotation speed between the upper and lower rollers was utilized in an attempt to correct the aforementioned curvature in hot rolling due to unsymmetrical cooling conditions. In addition, the changes in shape, temperature field, and strain field of the strip during the various stages were analyzed and can be used to obtain the lateral plastic flow of the strip. As for the aspect of heat transfer, the various possible boundary conditions in the actual hot rolling were considered, which include the convection boiling of the air and water, and the radiation loss. Then, the three-dimensional finite difference heat transfer equation is derived according to the concept of heat balance. As for the determination of the direction of tangential friction force, this study also developed a modification algorithm to adjust to the three-dimensional rolling process. After a comparison with the experimental data in Ref 8 and 15, and the simulated temperature distribution in Ref 17, the partial results obtained from the computation by the numerical analytical model verify that the theoretical model and computer programs established in this study are reasonable. This study shows that hot rolling can greatly reduce the rolling force and strain rate with the early appearance of plastic deformation, and the distribution of temperature field is basically affected by the heat transfer boundary conditions. However, unsymmetrical heat transfer boundary conditions will cause unsymmetrical rolling forces of the upper and lower rollers and cause strip curvature; this condition can be corrected by the difference in the rotation speed of the rollers.     

Rolling process analysis of aluminum strip by a coupled thermo-elastic-plastic model

The phenomenon of longitudinal curvature on an aluminum strip caused by different heat conduction boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the strip while it undergoes a rolling process is studied. This research adopts large deformation-large strain theory to develop rolling process analysis of an aluminum strip by a coupled thentto-elastic-plastic model using the updated Lagrangian formulation (ULF) and incremental method. The flow stress of the materials is considered as a function of strain, strain rate and temperature, and the finite difference method is used simultaneously to solve equations of transient heat transfer. Finally, the numerical analysis method developed from this study is used to determine the temperature change and deformation of an aluminum strip when it undergoes hot rolling. At the same time, the simulation results on normal stress and contact angle are compared with the results of experiments and other published references; the comparison results verify that the present model is reasonable.In addition, the average rolling force during hot rolling is simulated and comparison is also made with the results of experiments provided by the China Steel Corporation. The simulated results in this article are generally considered to be reasonable.     

冷连轧过程中机架间带材温度分布及其影响因素的研究

考虑到机架间传热系数的变化 ,建立了一套将传热系数按变量来处理的新的冷连轧机轧制过程温度计算模型 ,并定量分析出总压下率、轧制速度、来料初始温度、道次变形量的分配等因素对机架间带材温度的影响     

Prediction of microstructural changes during hot rod rolling

In this study, a mathematical model is presented for predicting temperature and velocity fields together with dynamic and static microstructural changes during hot rod rolling utilizing a finite element model. For doing so, heat transfer and plasticity equations are coupled with the additivity rule and Avrami rate-equation to consider the dynamic and static microstructural changes as well as to evaluate the effects of temperature and strain rate variations on flow stress of rolling metal. To verify the results of the employed model, a comparison is made between the measured surface temperature during rod rolling and the predicted data that confirms the validity of the model.     

等温温度对轧制SIMA法制备7075合金半固态显微组织的影响

分别采用以同步轧制和异步轧制为预变形方式的应变熔化激活法(SIMA)制备7075铝合金半固态坯料,研究了辊径比和等温保温温度对预变形板材热处理过程中组织演变的影响。结果表明:随等温温度的升高,初生固相晶粒内生成大量液相,固相晶间冷却后出现大量共晶相。在相同的热处理条件下,异步轧制预变形工艺能够比同步轧制预变形工艺获得更多液相,且半固态进程更迅速;获得半固态坯料的优化工艺条件为异步轧制作预变形、等温温度选择610 ℃。     

递温镁合金板轧制的数值仿真和验证实验

对镁合金板材轧制过程的热量变化方程进行推导,并用有限元方法分析此热力耦合过程,并对仿真结果进行实验验证.结果表明:板材在轧制过程中有较大的温度变化,轧制过程板料的温度变化主要是由变形产热、摩擦生热和板料-轧辊热传导、以及与环境的传热情况决定,并且受板和轧辊间温度差的影响;随着板温度的下降,轧制力和等效应力线性增加,最大轧制力是最小轧制力的3倍;当温度降到210 ℃,等效应力达到160 MPa时,板料出现边裂缺陷,达到轧制成型极限;板料较佳轧制温度应高于210 ℃.     

镁合金温控轧辊的温度场研究

镁合金板材轧制对工作辊的温度有特殊控制要求,本文采用导热油循环流动传热的方式对轧辊进行温度控制,基于有限差分法建立了轧辊、导热油传热过程的差分模型,利用FLUENT建立了导热油加热轧辊的流固耦合传热模型,并辅以相应的实验验证,给出了其传热过程中轧辊的温升曲线、辊身表面及横截面温度分布。结果表明：在不同的加热条件下,其表面温度分布呈现操作侧温度高、驱动侧温度低的特点,两端的温差范围在5-12℃,且流体温度与速度对其影响较小;轧辊内壁与外壁的最大温差6℃,可近似认为径向温度分布均匀;随着加热时间的增加,轧辊表面温度均呈速率减小的趋势上升,流体温度升高及速度增大时,轧辊温升变快;轧辊停止加热后,其表面温度不会立即下降且持续增长一段时间,这段时间约为5-8分钟,流体的温度和速度对延长的时间影响较小;轧辊表面平均温度的计算值与实验值吻合较好,最大相对误差为8.3%,表明该模型可正确预测轧辊表面的平均温度,作为镁合金板材轧制模型的一部分,利于轧制过程中轧辊的“等温”控制,实现“镁合金板材的等温轧制”控制。     

Application of mathematical modeling in two-stage rolling of hot rolled wire rods

The no-recrystallization temperature (T_nr) is an important parameter in the design of two-stage rolling schedule to obtain finer grain size. T_nr was obtained both by continuous cooling compression testing and tension-compression testing. However, due to the limitations of experimental installation, both compressing testing and tension-compression testing have a scaling down of practical pass strain and strain rate in rolling mill. The mathematical model that calculates mean flow stress (MFS) can eliminate these limitations and the pass strain and strain applied in mathematical model are approximately equal to the mean value of that in wire-rod rolling mill. Therefore, mathematical calculation is a new method to determine T_nr and the predicted T_nr is similar to experimental results. Due to the high strain rate and short interpass time at the finishing strain of wire rods mills, mathematical modeling is also an effective method to simulate microstructure-evolution in wire rods rolling. An expert system was established to study the microstructure evolution in two-stage rolling through the obtained dynamic recrystallization (DRX) model combined with metadynamic recrystallization (MRX) and static recrystallization (SRX) model in literature. In the present work, it is simplified that the complete metadynamic recrystallization (MRX) is achieved when strain for deformation exceeds critical strain ɛ_c. It was found that strain accumulation played an important role in finishing rolling. The recrystallization behavior during finishing rolling stage was repeated by static and dynamic model. The predicted austenite grain size and mean flow stress at each pass are expected to provide guidance for appropriate rolling schedule design.     

高速线材减定径轧制变形特点与热模拟参数研究

为分析高速线材减定径轧制的变形特点,利用有限元模拟方法研究了四道次减定径轧制过程。轧制产品规格为φ12 mm的圆钢,孔型系统为椭圆-圆-椭圆-圆。研究表明,四道次减定径轧制轧件最大累积等效塑性应变达1.890,最大温升达76.7℃,轧件平均变形速度大于429.4 s-1。限于热模拟条件的限制,仅能对减定径轧制轧件的变形程度进行准确模拟。     

PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF INTERFACIAL CONDITIONS IN HOT FORMING OF STEELS

1.~nonNUInericalmodellingbythefiniteelement(FE)methodhasbecomeaneffectiveandeconomyicmeansforsimulatingmetalfoeingprocesses.However,accuratemodellingdemandsthecorrectdefinitionandinputsofthedataforthethermalandphysicalpIDPertiesoftheworkpieceandtoolmaterials,theboUndaryconditionsattheworkpiece--toolinterfaceandinotherareas,inadditiontoappropriatemeshgenerationandnumericalsolutions.Althoughmostofthematerialdataareavailable,thedataforinterfacialheattransferandfrictionconditions,Whichhavesubst…     

铝材铸轧过程中成型界面传热行为的仿真

在铝材铸轧过程中，材料凝固和冷却所释放的热量都要通过成型界面传导给辊套，并最终由辊套内部的冷却水带走。在分析铸轧过程中传热特点的基础上，建立了传热过程的基本方程与数学模型，并针对3种典型的铸轧工况进行了界面传热行为的仿真研究。结果表明：随着铸轧过程的进行，成型界面的温度差值和热流密度均显著减小，因此，热量传递主要在铸轧区的前半段进行；随着铸轧速度的提高，铸轧区内辊套表面的最高温度不断下降，导致成型界面上的温度差值不断增大，界面热流密度增大并趋于均匀，从而提高了界面的传热能力。     

高速线材热连轧过程温度场数值模拟

通过对高速线材轧制过程各个环节传热关系及边界条件的分析,采用有限差分法建立了热连轧过程三维温度场计算模型。结合生产实践,利用该模型对整个连轧过程进行了温度模拟,得出轧件同一截面上心部、中部和外表面上从出炉到吐丝共26道次的温降曲线,计算结果和实测值吻合较好。     

基于复合型神经网络的终轧温度自适应模型研究

为准确反映精轧轧制参数和微观组织转变对终轧温度的影响,利用自适应线性神经网络(Adaline)和径向基神经网络(RBF)技术建立了热焓修正系数预报网络作为终轧温度长继承计算模型。首先基于热焓形式的导热偏微分方程建立了带钢终轧温度计算模型,并对带钢在辊缝变形区产生的变形功、摩擦功、与工作辊的接触导热以及机架间冷却换热进行了模型描述;然后从温度与热焓之间的转换关系入手,确定将精轧区域热焓修正系数作为终轧温度模型的自适应参数,并利用复合神经网络技术建立了由19个输入节点,20个RBF隐含层节点,20个Adaline隐含层节点和1个输出节点构成的热焓修正预报网络。结合现场数据,描述了该预报网络训练样本的构成、数据标准化处理方法,同时给出了典型的网络参数和网络的预报能力。     

二辊斜轧穿孔时实心圆坯的应力和应变场及温度的分布

用ＭＡＲＣ／Ａｕｔｏｆｏｒｇｅ 软件对斜轧穿孔时圆坯在穿孔准备区的斜轧过程进行了三维热—力耦合分析, 得到了应力、应变场和温度场的分布特征, 其与物理模拟的结果吻合较好。本研究支持了实心坯斜轧时中心孔腔形成的 “综合应力”理论, 并发现了新的应力分布特征。     

2024A铝合金高温流变行为及本构关系研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对2024A铝合金进行等温热轧,对其高温流变行为进行了研究。通过试验获得2024A铝合金在温度为300~450℃、应变速率为0.01~10s-1时的真应力-真应变曲线。结果表明,2024A铝合金的流变应力与温度、应变速率和变形量之间呈非线性关系,流变应力随着应变速率增大而升高,随着变形温度的升高而降低。基于试验数据,分别建立考虑应变补偿的Arrhenius和修正的Johnson-Cook(M-JC)本构模型,引入统计学方法对模型精度进行量化评估:Arrhenius模型的平均相对误差和均方根误差分别为5.02%和5.88MPa,M-JC模型的平均相对误差和均方根误差分别为3.72%和5.27MPa,可见M-JC模型预测精度优于Arrhenius模型,说明M-JC模型能更为准确地描述2024A铝合金的高温轧制过程中的流变行为。     

CSP热轧工作辊传热系数的确定

针对轧制过程中工作辊传热系数与温度场分布关系问题,通过对国内某钢厂CSP生产线CVC工作辊温度的实测,建立了基于BP网络预报的工作辊传热系数优化模型,结合PSO算法对模型中的传热系数进行寻优。结果表明,该方法实用可靠,可用于现场工作辊换热系数的确定,并解决与此相类似的高度非线性问题。     

中厚板轧制过程的数值模拟

以L245级管线钢材料的热物性参数(密度、泊松比、杨氏模量、热膨胀系数、热导率和比热)和热模拟压缩实验获得的高温变形时应力—应变曲线等试验数据为基础,在MSC.Marc软件中建立了该钢种材料数据库,并建立了中厚板多道次轧制过程的二维有限元模型。以铸坯厚度为220mm、成品厚度为25.4mm的热轧过程为例,通过对轧件与轧辊接触面间换热系数采用取不同常数值的方法,并依据其生产时所采集的各道次相关工艺参数,对该轧件全道次热轧过程进行了数值模拟,将各道次的轧制力计算值与实测值进行了分析比较,确定了轧件与轧辊间接触面换热系数的最佳值。利用本文模型对厚度为180mm的轧件单道次轧制过程进行了数值模拟,研究了不同变形工艺参数(轧制温度、道次压下率和轧制速度)对变形区等效应变和等效应力的影响。结果表明,在轧机设备能力及生产现场条件允许时,高温粗轧阶段纵轧道次可采用低速大压下率进行轧制成形,使变形较充分地向轧件芯部渗透,从而使钢板获得细小均匀的晶粒组织,有效改善钢板的强韧性能。     

Simulation of deformation and temperature in multi-pass continuous rolling by three-dimensional FEM

This paper presents a new method for modeling a rod and wire continuous rolling process. Three-dimensional FE models of the whole rolling process are established by the proposed method that consists of a pushing technique of rigid body and a method of data transfer, and it is utilized to analyze the deformation and the temperature distribution of billet during the multi-pass rolling process. The pushing technique of rigid body is developed to keep the contact status between the deformable body and a rigid body and to push the deformable body forward during inter-pass time. The method of data mapping is adopted to transfer element field variations between meshes of different models by an interpolation function. The model was applied to simulate 18 stands rolling process of a 304 stainless steel and provides an insight into the process by studying the billet deformation and the temperature distribution. It shows fairly good agreement between the predictions and the measured values of temperature.     

A multiscale coupled Monte Carlo model to characterize microstructure evolution during hot rolling of Mo-TRIP steel

A multiscale modelling framework has been proposed to characterize microstructure evolution during hot strip rolling of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel. The modelling methodology encompasses a continuum dislocation density evolution model coupled with a lumped parameter heat transfer model which has been seamlessly integrated with a mesoscale Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique. The dislocation density model computes the evolution of dislocation density and subsequently constitutive flow stress behaviour has been predicted and successfully validated with the published data. A lumped-parameter transient heat transfer model has been developed to calculate the average strip temperature in the time domain. The heat transfer model incorporates the effect of plastic work for different strain rates in the energy conservation formulation. A coupled initial value problem solver has been developed to integrate the system of stiff ordinary differential equations in the time domain to predict dislocation density and temperature profiles simultaneously. The temporal evolution of microstructure during hot rolling of TRIP steel is simulated by the MC method incorporating thermal and dislocation density data from the continuum models. Simulated microstructural maps, kinetics of recrystallization and grain size evolution have been generated in a 200 × 200 lattice system at different strain rates and temperatures. The simulation code has been implemented in a high-performance grid computing network. The predicted temporal evolution of grain size, recrystallized fractions and flow stress have been validated with the published literature and found to be in good agreement, confirming the predictive capability of the integrated model.     

42CrMo铸坯环件热辗扩有限元模拟与分析

基于ABAQUS软件平台,建立了42CrMo大型环形铸坯热辗扩三维热力耦合有限元模型,模拟了铸坯热辗扩过程中应变场和温度场,研究了初始辗扩温度对辗扩力的影响规律.模拟结果表明在环形铸坯热辗扩过程中：①铸坯等效应变呈阶梯状上升,内外表面应变大于中间层应变;在稳定成形阶段,沿环件径向方向,由于导向辊与芯辊直径差异,导致环件最大平均等效应变可能出现在环件内表面也可能出现在环件外表面;②初始阶段,变形区与成形辊接触处温度降低较快,非变形区温度变化不是很明显;随着辗扩的进行,芯部温度逐渐上升,边缘温度低,温度分布不均匀;③随着铸坯初始辗扩温度升高,平均辗扩力明显下降,但随时间变化趋势保持一致.