酿酒活性干酵母生理特性的研究

建立一种酿酒活性干酵母生理活性的简易评价方法,比较并筛选一株适合以木薯粉水解液发酵发酵生产燃料酒精的活性干酵母。优化2株酿酒活性干酵母的活化条件、生长温度和生长pH值,以木薯粉水解液为发酵液,在最适生长条件下比较两株酵母的生长曲线、发酵强度、耐糖能力、耐温能力和耐酒精能力。选择酿酒活性干酵母Ⅰ作为木薯粉水解液发酵酵母,该酵母在前36h发酵强度高于1g(/L.h),36h后发酵强度迅速下降;耐糖能力为20%,耐受温度是55℃以及耐酒精浓度是7%。     

Texture and microflora of vallagret cheese during maturation

Vallagret is a unique Jarlsberg-like cheese that combines characteristics of Cheddar and Swiss cheeses. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the stress and strain behaviour of young (1 week) and mature (20 weeks) vallagret cheese and to enumerate the microflora of young and matured cheeses. The large deformation properties of vallagret cheese were determined using an Instron universal testing machine. Lactococci were enumerated using M17 agar. Lactobacilli and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris were enumerated on Lactobacillus selective (LBS) agar while the aerobic microorganisms were enumerated using plate count agar. Fracture stress decreased significantly from 0.52 MPa in young cheese to 0.11 MPa in the matured samples and fracture strain decreased significantly from 87% in young cheese to 41% in matured cheese. Aerobic microorganisms and lactococci decreased on maturation while the numbers of lactobacilli and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris increased over the 20-week maturation period. Maturation affected the microbial counts of vallagret cheese. On maturation, vallagret cheese became softer and had lowered resistance to fracture.     

Effect of draining temperature on the biochemical characteristics of Feta cheese

Two different draining temperatures, 15 and 21°C were applied to five Feta cheese curds made with different starters, containing mesophilic or thermophilic strains or mixtures of them. After 20 h of draining, the pH of curds made with thermophilic starters ranged from 5.28 to 5.49. The draining temperature significantly affected (P<0.05) the pH and the total solids of the cheeses. The inclusion of whey proteins in the cheese curd due to the insufficient draining of cheeses at 15°C, resulted in higher water-soluble nitrogen (WSN), as % of total nitrogen content. Free amino acid contents were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the draining temperature and by the presence of thermophilic lactobacilli in the starter mixture. Draining temperature also significantly affected (P<0.05) residual α_s- and β-casein and the RP-HPLC profiles of the WSN. The C_2:0 to C_8:0 free fatty acids, hardness (kg) and fracturability (kg), as well as the total organoleptic scores, were significantly (P<0.05) higher in feta drained at 21°C.     

两种羊奶干酪成熟期间理化和生化特性研究

对硬质、半硬质羊奶干酪成熟90d内理化和生化特性的研究表明:硬质、半硬质羊奶干酪的pH在成熟过程中都呈先减小后增大的趋势,水分含量逐渐降低,盐含量逐渐增大,蛋白质和脂肪含量先增大后减小.在蛋白质降解产物中,pH4.6水溶性氮(WSN-N)、12%三氯乙酸氮(TCA-N)、5%磷钨酸氮(PTA-N),氨基酸态氮(AAN)含量都呈上升趋势.在脂肪降解产物中,ADV值、羰基价和TBA值变大,POV值在干酪成熟过程中上升和下降交替出现.     

Microbiological and biochemical characteristics of Kashkaval cheese produced using pasteurised or raw milk

Microbiological quality and biochemical changes of Kashkaval cheese manufactured using sheep's raw milk without starter addition or pasteurised milk with an added commercial starter were studied. Mature cheeses had pH values 5.0–5.3, salt content 2.1–2.7%, protein content 23.3–25.1%, moisture content 36.8–39.5%, fat content 28.0–32.2%, and ash content around 5.0%. In raw milk cheeses, mesophilic non-starter lactobacilli prevailed followed by enterococci. In pasteurised milk cheeses Lactococcus lactis starter prevailed. All cheeses were safe according to the criteria in Regulation (EC) 1441/2007. The proteolysis index was around 20%. Butyric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic were the principal free fatty acids in both cheeses. Ketones were abundant in pasteurised milk cheeses and esters in mature raw milk cheeses. Pasteurisation did not affect (P > 0.05) the physicochemical composition and the proteolysis of cheeses. Raw milk cheeses showed higher levels (P < 0.05) of lipolysis than pasteurised milk cheeses.     

Effect of commercial adjunct lactobacilli on biochemical and sensory characteristics of Iranian white-brined cheese

Iranian white-brined cheese was made in open vats using commercial adjunct culture of Lactobacillus helveticus Lh.Bo2 in viable and freeze-shocked (FS) forms. Biochemical and sensory characteristics of the trial cheese were studied during 2 months of ripening. Assessment of primary proteolysis by SDS-PAGE and water soluble nitrogen for the trial cheese showed no or small differences throughout ripening. However, the experimental cheeses exhibited significantly greater rates of free amino group formation. Lipolysis as measured by total free fatty acid was consistently higher in cheese made with the FS adjunct culture. Expert panellists detected significant differences between the control and the experimental cheese.     

Characterization of microflora in homemade semi-hard white Zlatar cheese

The Zlatar cheese belongs to the group of traditionally homemade cheeses, which are produced from nonpasteurized cow's milk, without adding of any bacterial starter culture. Changes were followed in lactic acid bacteria population and chemical composition during the ripening period of cheese up to 60 days. Results showed that the percentage of lactic acid cocci was higher in raw milk and one day old cheese and their percentage was gradually decreasing, whereas the number of lactobacilli was increasing. After 30 days of cheese ripening the number of cocci increased again, reaching the number of lactobacilli. The results of API 50 CH system and rep-PCR analysis showed that Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Enterococcuus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis were the main groups present during the ripening of Zlatar cheese. Results revealed that in older cheeses (45 and 60 days old) enterococci were the main group present. It was also demonstrated that 57 isolates showed antimicrobial activity. The number of bacteria showing antimicrobial activity slowly decreased during the ripening period and in samples of 60 days old cheese producers of antimicrobial activities were not detected.     

Technological and spoiling characteristics of the yeast microflora isolated from Bella Di Cerignola table olives

This study focused to investigate the technological significance and the spoiling impact of diverse yeast strains, isolated from 'Bella di Cerignola' Italian table olives. Sixty-four isolates (belonging mainly to the species Candida famata and C. guilliermondii ) were studied to assess their growth at different temperatures (15, 25 and 37 °C), pHs (4.0, 5.0 and 9.5) and NaCl concentrations (0–10.0%) in lab medium. Their pectolytic, xylanolytic, lipolytic and catalase activities were also evaluated. Most of the yeasts showed a moderate pectolytic activity and were able to grow at pH 9.5 after 120 h of incubation. Salt and temperature were the most important environmental variables affecting yeast growth, which could exert a strong selective pressure on yeast population. Candida guilliermondii appeared more resistant to high salt concentrations, whereas C. famata was able to grow at 15 °C.     

鲜食葡萄来源酵母菌的鉴定及其酿造学特性分析

为分析一株鲜食葡萄来源酵母菌YM7的类别及酿造学特性,采用形态学与分子生物学方法鉴定其种属,以商业化酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）X16为对照,采用光密度法分析其生长特性和生理耐受性,对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷显色法检测其β-葡萄糖苷酶合成能力,亚硫酸铋培养法检测其硫化氢产生能力,并与S. cerevisiae X16混合发酵葡萄汁,评价其对葡萄酒理化指标和香气特性的影响。结果表明,菌株YM7被鉴定为克鲁维毕赤酵母（Pichia kluyveri）,其生长性能、二氧化硫、柠檬酸耐受性与S. cerevisiae X16接近,葡萄糖耐受性低于S. cerevisiae X16,可耐受体积分数3%的乙醇,β-葡萄糖苷酶和硫化氢生产能力分别低于、高于S. cerevisiae X16。此外,与S. cerevisiae X16单独发酵葡萄酒相比,该菌株与S. cerevisiae X16混合发酵的葡萄酒挥发酸含量降低,香气化合物中酸类、醇类物质含量降低,酯类物质含量增加。     

Short communication: characterization of microflora in Mexican Chihuahua cheese

This work was performed to identify the bacterial species present in 10 Chihuahua cheeses obtained from commercial producers in Mexico using 16S rRNA gene analysis. As expected, some of the agar media initially used for isolation were not very selective, supporting the growth of several unrelated bacterial species. Sequence analysis identified potential pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, in all raw milk samples and 2 pasteurized milk samples. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis were identified in 9 and 6 samples, respectively, and would serve as acidifying agents during cheese production. Lactobacilli were identified in all cheeses, with the most prevalent being Lactobacillus plantarum identified in 7 raw milk and 1 pasteurized milk cheeses. Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Streptococcus macedonicus were identified in 4 raw milk cheeses and both were present in all pasteurized milk samples, suggesting that they may play a role in the development of traditional Chihuahua cheese attributes.     

Phenotypic and PCR-based characterization of the microflora in Norvegia cheese during ripening

Microbiological sampling of Norvegia cheese from three cheese factories was done during ripening. The evolution of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactococci, lactobacilli, enterococci, presumptive leuconostoc and pediococci was investigated after 30, 90, 180 and 270 days of ripening. Isolates (135) of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) from nine Norvegia cheeses after 90, 180 and 270 days of ripening were examined. The isolates were tested by physiological and biochemical assays, species-specific PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. After 90 days of ripening Leuconostoc spp., most probably from the starter, and the NSLAB specie Lactobacillus paracasei dominated among the isolates, however, after longer ripening Lb. paracasei dominated. The development and evolution of the microflora in Norvegia varied according to dairy and ripening time.     

Effect of natural cheese characteristics on process cheese properties

Natural cheese is the major ingredient utilized to manufacture process cheese. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of natural cheese characteristics on the chemical and functional properties of process cheese. Three replicates of 8 natural (Cheddar) cheeses with 2 levels of calcium and phosphorus, residual lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio (S/M) were manufactured. After 2 mo of ripening, each of the 8 natural cheeses was converted to 8 process cheese foods that were balanced for their composition, including moisture, fat, salt, and total protein. In addition to the standard compositional analysis (moisture, fat, salt, and total protein), the chemical properties (pH, total Ca, total P, and intact casein) and the functional properties [texture profile analysis (TPA), modified Schreiber melt test, dynamic stress rheometry, and rapid visco analysis] of the process cheese foods were determined. Natural cheese Ca and P, as well as S/M, significantly increased total Ca and P, pH, and intact casein in the process cheese food. Natural cheese Ca and P and S/M also significantly affected the final functional properties of the process cheese food. With the increase in natural cheese Ca and P and S/M, there was a significant increase in the TPA-hardness and the viscous properties of process cheese food, whereas the meltability of the process cheese food significantly decreased. Consequently, natural cheese characteristics such as Ca and P and S/M have a significant influence on the chemical and the final functional properties of process cheese.     

Microbiological and biochemical changes in herby cheese during ripening

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the microbiological, biochemical and sensory characteristics of herby cheese made with two different methods. In the first method (M1), milk and herbs were pasteurized at 65°C for 30 min, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris were added as starter culture at an inoculum ratio of 1.5%. In the second method (M2), the conventional cheesemaking was applied. Microbiological and biochemical changes were monitored throughout the ripening period of 90 days. Samples were taken from cheeses on days 1, 15, 30, 60, and 90. At the end of ripening, sensory characteristics of cheeses manufactured with both methods were evaluated. The obtained results suggested that most changes in pH, titratable acidity, and dry matter contents of cheese varieties were not found to differ statistically significant, but the difference in salt content was significant (P < 0.01). Total aerobic count, lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms, moulds, yeasts, proteolytic and lipolytic microorganism counts were lower in M1 cheese samples than those of M2 cheese samples (P < 0.01). The numbers of psychrotrophic microorganism in both cheese types were not found to differ significantly. Moreover, the results suggested that there were significant differences (P < 0.01) in the degrees of proteolysis and lipolysis of the cheese varieties. High proteolysis and lipolysis rates were monitored in the traditional cheese samples. However, there were no significant differences between the sensory characteristics of cheese samples.     

A combined morphologic and molecular approach for characterizing fungal microflora from a traditional Italian cheese (Fossa cheese)

Phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to identify filamentous fungi that characterize traditional Italian Fossa cheese and its ripening environment. After ageing for 60 days at a dairy, it was ripened for an additional three months in a pit. In the fully ripened cheese, moulds ranged from 3 to 3.4 log cfu g^?1 and Penicillium was the prevalent species. Pit environmental fungi ranged from 530 to 750 cfu m^?3 (air) and from 130 to 340 cfu cm^?2 (surfaces). The dominant pit strains were Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp. and Penicillium spp. Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA gene and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions highlighted Penicillium camemberti, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus versicolor as traceable species occurring in both the cheese and pit environment, suggesting their involvement in the development of typical Fossa cheese characteristics. This approach may be used for the identification of microflora on other cheese varieties to better understand the fungal contribution in cheese ripening.     

Influence of composition on the biochemical and sensory characteristics of commercial Cheddar cheese of variable quality and fat content

Ten commercial Cheddar cheeses of variable quality differing in fat content and age were subjected to compositional, proteolytic, lipolytic and sensory analyses. The compositional parameters of the full-fat cheeses were predominantly outside those typically associated with good-quality cheese. Sensory analysis discriminated the full-fat cheeses predominantly by age, with the longer ripened cheeses associated with more negative attributes, some which appeared to be due to excessive lipolysis and/or β-casein breakdown. Both proteolysis and lipolysis appear to be age dependent. The two reduced-fat cheeses were clearly discriminated from the eight full-fat cheeses by sensory analysis that appeared to be due to differences in composition and the extent of lipolysis.     

高酸度水果果酒酿造产酯酵母的鉴定及发酵特性研究

采用脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）鉴定比对、生长特性和耐受性实验对从蓝莓果皮及特香型白酒酒醅中筛选得到的6株产酯酵母进行菌种亲缘性鉴定和发酵特性比较。结果表明,6株产酯酵母（E1～E6）分别被鉴定为异常毕赤酵母（Pichia anomala）、库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii）、异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）、光滑假丝酵母（Candida glabrata）、戴尔凯氏有孢圆酵母（Torulaspora.delbrueckii）和德巴利汉逊酵母（Debaryomyces hanseni）。通过发酵特性和耐受性实验分析发现,菌株E1（P. anomala）生长速度最快,发酵性能俱佳,总酯产量为3.71 g/L,且在酒精度9%vol、SO2质量浓度200 mg/L、pH 3.0及蔗糖含量＜70%的发酵液中都能有良好的生长状态,是一株蓝莓等高酸度水果果酒酿造的优良产酯酵母菌株。     

Structure development in a soft cheese curd model during manufacture in relation to its biochemical characteristics

The structure development of a soft cheese curd model has been studied in relationship to its rheological properties and its biochemical characteristics (pH, amount and partition of minerals, casein proteolysis) at different technical steps including cutting, drawing, three turns and demoulding. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe structural changes during the drainage of a fat-free soft cheese. The micrographs provided visual evidence of changes in the casein matrix from casein particles aggregated in clusters to uniform strands observed at the demoulding. The initial increase of loss tangent and of the exponent of the power law between G' and G" and frequency (that were maximal at the second turn) was related to the solubilization of micellar calcium phosphate, while intact caseins and large casein fragments accumulated in the curd. After the second turn, the strength, Youngs' and loss moduli of the curd increased greatly. The hydrolysis of alpha(s1)-casein into alpha(s1)-I-CN f(24-199) may facilitate the rearrangement of casein particles within the curd. The pH-induced solubilization of calcium phosphate continued throughout the manufacture process but was unexpectedly incomplete at the end of the drainage. Combination of electron microscopic observations with dynamic rheological measurements and chemical and biochemical assessments provided increased knowledge about the structure of soft cheese during drainage, an important but poorly understood cheese making stage.     

蒙古奶酪凝块中酵母菌的分离鉴定

从蒙古奶酪凝块中分离检定酵母菌,既可保护内蒙古草原原始微生物资源,同时为奶酪的工业化生产培养国产菌种。从蒙古奶酪凝块中使用经典酵母菌分离鉴定方法得到12株酵母菌,经鉴定分别是4株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),3株马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus),2株班图酒香酵母(Brettanomyces custersianus),3株膜醭毕赤氏酵母(Pichia membranaefacienf)。     

Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of Cameros cheese

Eighteen samples of Cameros cheese, a fresh Spanish goat's cheese, were collected from the four different producers of this regional kind of cheese. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality and the physicochemical characteristics of the product. The influence of the season of the year and the elaboration conditions were also studied. Cameros cheese is a fat cheese (54·2±6·5% of total solids; TS), with a high pH close to the neutrality (6·35±0·14), high moisture (TS value of 42·5±4·7%) and low salt content (0·78±0·30% of TS). Listeria monocytogenes was found in 5·6% of samples. Staphylococcus aureus counts above 2 log cfu g⁻¹were found in 55% of the cheeses studied. Thirty-three percent of the April samples and 67% of the July samples reached microbiological levels above the legally established standards. None of the samples yieldedSalmonella spp. The dairy had a significant effect on salt content (P<0·001) because different salt application methods were applied. Also significant differences (P<0·01) of S. aureus counts were detected among the different dairies. Significant seasonal differences of non-protein nitrogen (P<0·01) were detected. The season significantly affected the counts of Enterobacteriaceae (P<0·01), mesophilic micro-organisms and psycrotrophs (P<0·05) and yeast and mould counts (P<0·05).