The Significance of Starch Polymorphism in Commercially Produced Parboiled Rice

A study of eight commercial parboiled samples derived from two varieties of rice produced by four different processes has shown that depending on the parboiling process, the starch component itself can be present as native and/or retrograded starch in addition to the amylose-lipid complex. Further, it was demonstrated that the polymorphic states of starch can influence the texture and behaviour of cooked rice. The parboiled rice samples which had all three states of starch (i.e. ungelatinized and recrystallized amylopectin plus the amylose-lipid complex) possessed the hardest eating property but the lowest solubility. A negative linear relationship was demonstrated between the hardness and the solubility of cooked, parboiled rice. Overall, the observations suggest the existence of different forms of starch in parboiled rice which vary with the different parboiling protocols. The conditions governing their formation need to be established before investigating the specific functionality of individual forms within the rice. This study further confirmed that retrograded starch (amylopectin) in parboiled rice did not exhibit a B-tye X-ray pattern but mixed A+V patterns.     

Functional Properties as Affected by Laboratory‐Scale Parboiling of Rough Rice and Brown Rice

ABSTRACT: Rough rice (RR) is the conventional feedstock for parboiling. The use of brown rice (BR) instead of RR is gaining interest because it results in shorter processing time and lower energy requirement. This study compared the functional properties of milled parboiled rice under different parboiling conditions from RR and BR. Presoaked RR and BR from cultivars Bolivar, Cheniere, Dixiebelle, and Wells were parboiled under mild (20 min, 100 °C, 0 kPa) and severe (20 min, 120 °C, 98 kPa) laboratory‐scale conditions. Head rice yield improved on the RR and BR samples subjected to severe parboiling and was comparable to that of a commercially parboiled sample. Mild parboiling of BR resulted in lower head rice yields. Parboiling generally resulted in decreased head rice whiteness, decreased apparent amylose, increased total lipid, and sparingly changed protein content. Under the same parboiling conditions, the extent of starch gelatinization was higher for BR compared to RR as manifested by some distinct differences in pasting and thermal properties. The cooking characteristics (water uptake ratio, leached materials, and volumetric expansion) and cooked rice texture (hardness and stickiness) of RR and BR subjected to severe parboiling were fairly comparable. Differences in parboiled rice functional properties due to cultivar effect were evident.     

RHEOLOGY OF RICE-FLOUR PASTES: RELATIONSHIP OF PASTE BREAKDOWN TO RICE QUALITY, AND A SIMPLIFIED BRABENDER VISCOGRAPH TEST

Flours from 21 nonwaxy rice cultivars, varying in amylose-equivalent (AE) content and eating quality, were pasted at 12–13% concentration at 95C and then further cooked at the same temperature for another 60 min. The fall in apparent viscosity, measured in a coaxial cylinder viscometer, of the 95C–50 min as compared to that of the 95C–0 min paste (paste breakdown, bd _p ) was calculated. The bd _p values were inversely correlated to the sensory and viscoelastograph hardness of cooked rice as well to the AE contents. Paste breakdown was clearly a fundamental attribute of rice quality. It appears that starch granule rigidity/fragility, as determined by its AE, is the basic element in rice quality. This principle was then used to devise an abridged Brabender viscograph procedure. The slurry concentration was adjusted, by a simple technique described, to give a predetermined viscosity value at 95C. Then the paste was heated for another 10 min at 95C. The breakdown at 95C (BD₉₅) of the samples correlated excellently with their total and insoluble AE, sensory and instrumental measures of cooked-rice texture, and with bd _p .     

脂肪酸对米饭食味的影响

研究脂肪酸对米饭食味的作用,以垦育38号为原料,采用米饭硬度黏度仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪及快速黏度分析仪等测定添加油酸、亚油酸对米饭的质构特性、挥发性风味化合物及淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,在1%～3%添加量范围内,随脂肪酸添加量的增加,油酸、亚油酸与大米淀粉形成的淀粉-脂质复合物增多,米饭的硬度分别升高了9.02%～30.97%、12.45%～29.10%,黏度分别降低了23.28%～53.44%、11.64%～30.17%;与亚油酸相比,油酸分子更易与大米淀粉形成复合物,对米饭黏度的降低作用更显著。添加油酸和亚油酸可显著提高大米淀粉的最终黏度和回生值,使最终黏度由198.88 RVU分别升至232.21 RVU和237.96 RVU,回生值由59.04 RVU分别升至126.96 RVU和90.96 RVU。与亚油酸相比,油酸对大米淀粉糊化特性和米饭挥发性风味化合物的作用更显著。     

Effects of freezing rates on starch retrogradation and textural properties of cooked rice during storage

The effects of freezing rates and storage temperatures on starch retrogradation and textural properties of cooked rice were evaluated. Cooked rice was frozen with different freezing rates and then stored at 4 °C for 14 days or −18 °C for up to 7 months. Starch retrogradation enthalpy (ΔH_r) of cooked rice was determined by a differential scanning calorimetry, and textural properties were determined by a texture analyser. The results showed that the ΔH_r and hardness values had a negative correlation with freezing rate, however, a positive correlation was found between adhesiveness and freezing rate. On the other hand, the advantages (lower hardness and higher adhesiveness, less starch retrogradaton) of cooked rice gained by rapid freezing, were lost quickly in the first 3 days of storage at 4 °C. However, rapid freezing combined with −18 °C frozen storage can effectively retard starch retrogradation and maintain the textural properties of cooked rice for at least 7 months. Therefore, high quality cooked rice can be produced by combined rapid freezing with frozen storage.     

Comparison of Rice Flour Pasting Properties using Brabender Viscoamylograph and Rapid Visco Analyser for Evaluating Cooked Rice Texture

Pasting properties of ten Thai rice varieties, with amylose contents in the range of 16 to 33% and stored at 10, 30 and 40 °C for six months were compared using the Brabender Viscoamylograph (VAG) and the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) for evaluating the texture of cooked rice. Linear correlations between pasting temperature and viscosity parameters based on RVA showed a different pattern than those based on VAG with high negative correlation coefficients between the peak and breakdown viscosities. Both RVA and VAG indicated peak viscosity to be positively correlated with breakdown viscosity, and negatively with the setback viscosity. Setback and consistency viscosities correlated with each other in both instruments but indicating a negative correlation with breakdown viscosity in VAG only. Pasting temperature determined by VAG and RVA did not show good correlations for rice sample stored at different temperatures neither for individual nor for combined data. Only peak, breakdown and setback viscosities showed significant correlations in the overall data (r > 0.496). The VAG measurements performed better than the RVA in the development of predictive models for evaluating the hardness and adhesiveness of cooked rice based on instrumental texture profile analysis. The springiness and cohesiveness of cooked rice could not be estimated from the pasting properties of rice flour determined by both VAG and RVA. Results showed that both VAG and RVA could be used for evaluating the texture of cooked rice despite the differences in the measurements of the pasting properties of milled rice flours.     

INFLUENCE OF PARBOILING AND FREEZING CONDITIONS ON TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF CALIFORNIA COOKED RICE

The textural properties of thawed samples of cooked parboiled, long (Cal Belle) and short (S201) grain rice varieties were evaluated using an Instron Universal Testing Instrument (Model 1122). In general, the parboiling treatments resulted in a significant increase of hardness but a significant decrease in stickiness of both long and short grain cooked rice when freezing conditions were pooled. Freezing increased hardness and decreased stickiness of long grain cooked parboiled rice significantly regardless of parboiling conditions, however, it did not decrease the stickiness of short grain cooked parboiled rice significantly. The long grain rice was harder and less sticky than the short grain rice when cooked regardless of treatments used. Hardness was negatively correlated with stickiness indexes (r =?0.819, P < 0.001).     

Changes to physicochemical properties and aroma of irradiated rice

Gamma-irradiation at dosages of 0.2-2.0 kGy controlled insects in packaged aromatic milled rice (KDML-105). However, it induced changes in physicochemical properties of the rice. Decreases in some pasting parameters, increases in water absorption and total solids in cooking water, and decreased cooked rice hardness showed that starch granules of milled rice were changed by irradiation. Alterations of the granular structure of starch were seen by scanning electron microscopy. These changes affected the texture of the cooked rice. In addition to an increase in yellowness (b-value) and an increase in lipid oxidation (TBA, thiobarbituric acid) and a decrease in volatile compounds (ACPY, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), irradiation contributed to changes in the colour and aroma of irradiated cooked rice. Gamma dosage had a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with the b-value, pasting properties and a negative correlation with cooked rice hardness and ACPY content. Panelists responded to these changes with less perception of sensory qualities. Maximum doses of less than 1.0 kGy should be used to disinfest aromatic rice although when considered strictly on aroma, less than 0.5 kGy would be more suitable.     

Effects of cooking, drying and pretreatment methods on texture and starch digestibility of instant rice

Instant rice produced from a conventional process consisting of the cooking, washing and drying steps possesses poorer eating quality compared with that of freshly cooked rice. The objective of this work was therefore to study the effects of cooking, pretreatment and drying methods on microstructure, textural properties and starch digestability of instant rice after rehydration; jasmine white rice was chosen as a test material. Conventional boiling method and electric rice cooking were selected as the methods to prepare cooked rice. In the case of boiling, cooked rice was frozen at −20 °C or cooled at 4 °C for 24 h prior to drying, while the cooked rice from an electric rice cooker was washed with ambient or cool water for 30 s prior to drying. After pretreatment the cooked rice was dried either by freeze drying or hot air drying at 80 °C. Based on the scanning electron microscopic results it was found that the cooking, pretreatment and drying methods all affected the rice morphology. The hardness and stickiness of instant rice after rehydration were lower for samples prepared from the rice cooker than those of freshly cooked rice, while both textural properties appeared to be improved significantly for the samples from boiling. The texture of the freeze-dried products was not different from that of the air-dried one. The freezing pretreatment provided the texture and glycemic index of instant rice after rehydration similar to those of the freshly cooked rice. On the other hand, the cooling pretreatment resulted in the harder texture and higher glycemic index of the samples.     

穗型与胚乳成分对稻米黏弹性的影响

北方直立穂型水稻是超级稻的重要株型之一,但这类水稻的适口性一般并不理想。为明确该类水稻的适口性差异所在及其可能的原因,本研究选取70?份直立穗型和非直立穗型水稻材料,利用质构仪和快速黏度分析（rapid viscosity analysis,RVA）仪分别对米饭粒和米淀粉进行黏弹性检测,同时分析稻米蛋白质量分数（protein content,PC）、表观直链淀粉质量分数（apparent amylose content,AAC）以及支链淀粉精细结构（Fa、Fb1+2和Fb3）的差异。结果表明：1）根据测试性状按Ward法可以将试材分为3?类,直立穗型不能构成独立的一类,但直立穗型品种占比较大类的硬度大、黏性小、拉丝长度短、咀嚼性大,RVA的崩解值小、回冷值大,表现出不良适口性,其胚乳性状表现为AAC、PC、Fb3质量分数高,而Fa/Fb3低;2）总体上,黏弹性与AAC、Fb3质量分数、Fa/Fb3存在密切的相关关系,但类间相关关系有差异;与RVA特性相比,质构特性与胚乳性状的相关关系更紧密;3）质构测试结果的主要参数与RVA结果存在密切的相关关系。综上可见,穗型与黏弹性可能没有直接联系,部分直立穗型品种可能由于胚乳淀粉组成不佳导致米饭硬度大、黏性小的不良适口性;与RVA相比,质构测试对适口性评价更加简洁直接。     

Effect of soaking medium on the physicochemical properties of parboiled glutinous rice of selected Laotian cultivars

The effect of various soaking mediums, viz. water (control), 3% NaCl and 0.2% acetic acid, and without soaking on the physicochemical properties of parboiled selected glutinous (TDK8 and TDK11) and non-glutinous (Doongara) was investigated in the present study. Results showed that the chemistry of soaking had a significant effect on the head rice yield (HRY), grain hardness, crystallinity, color, pasting and thermal properties, textural attributes, and glycemic index of these rice varieties. Soaking with NaCl and acetic acid significantly increased the grain hardness and HRY than control and without soaking treatments. Acetic acid and NaCl soaking significantly affected crystalline regions of starch resulting in reduced crystallinity in X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal endotherms in DSC analysis. NaCl soaking induced swelling of starch granules resulting in high peak and final viscosities. However, acetic acid restricted swelling resulting in reduced peak and final viscosities. NaCl and acetic acid soakings also resulted in increased hardness and adhesiveness of cooked grains than normal water soaked and un-soaked parboiled rice samples. Interestingly, change in textural attributes was prominent in parboiled glutinous rice. The color difference value for fresh parboiled samples was significantly lower for acetic acid soaked samples compared to NaCl soaked and un-soaked samples probably due to bleaching effect of acetic acid. Moreover, parboiling also resulted in significant reduction in glycemic index of glutinous rice. These findings revealed the potential application of parboiling with modified soaking techniques to improve the grain quality.     

Structural and chemical analysis of resistant starch effected by pre-treatments,cooking methods,reheating and storage condition in parboiled germinated brown rice (Oryza sativa)

Resistant starch (RS) content could be altered by the processing method, including pre-treatment, cooking method and storage conditions. This study determined the influence of RS formation in white rice (WR), brown rice (BR) and parboiled germinated brown rice (PGBR) as affected by various pre-treatment and processing conditions. This is the first report to chemically and structurally analyse WR, BR and PGBR of the same rice variety using X-ray diffraction, DSC and SEM. The results showed that the PGBR prepared by a non-soaking process cooked with steaming and stored cold contained RS content (92.1 mg/g, wet basis) followed by BR processed by soaking, steamed and then stored cold (91.8 mg/g, wet basis). The formation of RS3 as not affected by the parboiling and germination process compared to WR and BR. Reheating reduced resistant starch content by changing the RS structure conformation from crystalline to amorphous under higher temperatures. Moreover, the scanning electron microscope revealed that WR, BR and PGBR of the same rice variety show similar starch granule and microstructure patterns but slightly different in thermal conductivity value.     

普鲁兰多糖对籼米粉凝胶及老化特性的影响

探究不同添加量的普鲁兰多糖(0%、2%、4%、6%、8%)对籼米粉糊化特性、流变特性、凝胶质构以及微观结构的影响。结果表明,普鲁兰多糖的添加使米粉的糊化特性、流变特性、凝胶质构和微观结构发生显著变化。随着普鲁兰多糖添加量的增加,混合粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、崩解值、回生值、弹性模量、黏性模量均逐渐降低,糊化温度略有升高,表明普鲁兰多糖抑制了大米淀粉的糊化;X-射线衍射的分析表明普鲁兰多糖的添加降低了淀粉的重结晶度,抑制了淀粉老化;普鲁兰多糖添加后的凝胶呈现出多孔状结构,表明淀粉连续性的凝胶结构被破坏,从而导致凝胶的硬度、弹性、黏聚性、胶着度、咀嚼性逐渐降低。     

Effect of superheated-steam drying compared to conventional parboiling on chalkiness,head rice yield and quality of chalky rice kernels

Four rice cultivars (Ayutthaya 1, Khao Bahn Nah 432, Plai Ngahm Prachin Buri, and Prachin Buri 2) that usually have a major problem with chalkiness were processed by applying superheated-steam drying and conventional parboiling methods. The main objectives were: (1) to determine the possibility of applying superheated-steam drying to solve the chalkiness and low head rice yield problems and (2) to compare the properties of rice produced using superheated-steam drying and the conventional parboiling process. Both the initial moisture content and superheated-steam drying temperature significantly affected head rice yield. The higher moisture helped to increase starch gelatinization leading to a stronger rice structure and subsequently an increased head rice yield. The rice samples dried in the superheated-steam dryer using an initial moisture content of paddy at 32% w.b. for 6 h under a steam pressure of 1.2 bar and at three drying temperatures (120, 140, 160 °C) had higher milling quality than the conventionally parboiled rice samples. The darker color of the superheated-steam-dried samples was their main drawback. Both parboiling and superheated-steam drying could clearly lessen the percentage of chalky rice kernels compared to the raw paddy. The parboiled rice and superheated-steam-dried rice had more nutrients than normal white rice.     

MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING COOKED MILLED RICE HARDNESS AND COOKING TIME

A study was made of factors affecting cooking time and the relationship between water:rice ratio (water content) in the rice cooker method and Instron hardness of cooked rice using 10 milled rice samples of diverse properties. Water:rice ratio for acceptable soft texture (< 10 kg hardness) increased with increasing amylose content of the sample from 1.1 (56% water in cooked rice, wet basis) to 1.9 (68% water). The spread in cooked-rice hardness values was higher at a water:rice ratio of 1.9 (68% water) than at 2.65 (75% water), which was equivalent to the water content of rice cooked in excess water for an optimum cooking time. Cooking time correlated better with starch final gelatinization temperature (r=0.75*) than with surface area per gram (r=−0.49) confirming the results of earlier kinetic studies that cooking rate was mainly influenced by the reactivity of the grain constituents with water.     

干法、半干法和湿法磨粉工艺制备的糙米米线品质研究

采用干法、半干法和湿法3种方式将糙米磨粉制备糙米米线,干法粉碎强度10～40 Hz,半干法调节含水量为20%～35%及湿法料液比为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4,研究了3种磨粉方式对糙米米线蒸煮品质和质构性质的影响,并分析了糙米磨粉颗粒细度及损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线蒸煮品质的相关性。结果表明,磨粉方式及磨粉工艺条件显著影响糙米米线的蒸煮、质构和感官品质,糙米磨粉颗粒细度与糙米米线最佳蒸煮时间显著正相关,与糙米米线断条率显著负相关。糙米磨粉损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线最佳蒸煮时间、硬度显著负相关,损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线断条率显著正相关。干法粉碎强度10、半干法水分调节含量20%、30%和35%、湿法粉碎料液比1∶3～1∶4时,糙米米线的品质较好。     

不同品种大米理化性质及其淀粉结构对米饭食用品质的影响

米饭食味值和质构特性是评价大米食用品质的重要指标,为了探究不同品种大米的食味值、质构特性与其理化性质及淀粉结构的关系,以12种大米为研究样本,测定其食味值、质构特性、理化性质及淀粉结构特性,并分析内在相关性。结果表明,直链淀粉含量（质量分数）与米饭的硬度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与米饭的凝聚性呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;米饭食味值、质构特性与大米淀粉的糊化特性、热特性之间存在显著相关性,与结晶特性、淀粉颗粒表面有序度无显著相关性,表明淀粉的糊化特性决定了米饭的食味值、硬度、凝聚性和回复性。该研究可为后期优质稻米筛选培育以及大米适宜性加工提供理论基础。     

半糯性粳稻的淀粉精细结构及其米粉/饭功能特性研究

本研究以大面积种植的半糯性粳稻品种作为实验材料,以糯性粳稻和非糯性粳稻品种作为对照,通过分析半糯性粳稻米粉的糊化特性、米饭的质构特性、米饭/糊的水分运动性与淀粉精细结构之间的相互关系,揭示半糯性粳稻优质食味品质的形成机理。研究结果表明：半糯性粳稻淀粉中直链淀粉含量约为10.08%,介于糯性粳稻和非糯性粳稻之间;其支链淀粉中含有更多中等链长的B1、B2链,平均链长显著低于糯性粳稻,并显著高于非糯性粳稻。与非糯性粳稻相比,半糯性粳稻米糊/饭具有较强的抗回生能力与水分束缚能力,高直链淀粉含量会导致米糊/饭质构变硬,而半糯性粳稻米饭质地软弹不过分黏滞,口感明显优于非糯性与糯性粳稻。因此,半糯性粳稻具有低直链淀粉含量,低回生性能,较软的质地,在居民主粮消费以及食品工业中具有广阔的市场前景。     

Comparative studies on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of raw and parboiled rice

The protein and mineral salts of rice were found to have increased while water-soluble substances were found to have decreased as a result of parboiling. Parboiling resulted in marked changes in the amylograph properties of rice paste, as well as increasing its resistance to alkali dispersion. The grains were shorter but wider, with lower water absorption and swelling capacity during cooking than those of raw-milled rice.The differences in ultrastructure between dry and cooked raw-milled and parboiled rice were studied with a scanning electron microscope. Complete deformation of the starch granules was evident in the raw-milled rice after cooking for 9 × 10² and 12 × 10² s, while those of parboiled rice showed great resistance to deformation. Variations in the over-cooked grains of both raw-milled and parboiled rice were studied.     

Impact of parboiling conditions on Maillard precursors and indicators in long-grain rice cultivars

The effect of steaming conditions (mild, intermediate and severe) during parboiling of five different long-grain rice cultivars (brown rice cultivars Puntal, Cocodrie, XL8 and Jacinto, and a red rice) on rice colour, and Maillard precursors and indicators was investigated. Rice colour increased with severity of parboiling conditions. Redness increased more than yellowness when parboiling brown rice. Parboiling turned red rice black. It changed the levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose. Losses of the non-reducing sugar, sucrose were caused by both leaching into the soaking water and enzymic conversion, rather than by thermal degradation during steaming. Concentrations of the reducing sugars, glucose and fructose, in intermediately parboiled rice were higher than those of mildly parboiled rice. After severe parboiling, glucose levels were lower than those of intermediately parboiled rice, while fructose levels were higher. These changes were ascribed to the sum of losses in the Maillard reaction (MR), formations as a result of starch degradation and isomerisation of glucose into fructose. It was clear that the ε-amino group of protein-bound lysine was more affected by parboiling conditions and loss in MRs, than that of free lysine. Low values of the MR indicators furosine and free 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) in processed brown and red rices were related to mild parboiling, whereas high furosine and low free HMF levels were indicative of rices being subjected to intermediate processing conditions. High furosine and high free HMF contents corresponded to severe hydrothermal treatments. The strong correlation (r = 0.89) between the free HMF levels and the increase in redness of parboiled brown rices suggested that Maillard browning was reflected more in the red than in the yellow colour.