无线传感器网络中一种新的基于神经网络的自适应路由算法

为了在无线传感器网络中建立合理有效的分簇结构,提高网络性能,最大限度地延长整个网络的寿命,提出了一种基于神经网络的自适应路由算法.提出的路由算法是在基站上采用神经网络的自适应学习来选择簇头,并根据最优权函数值来选择最短路径中的下一跳,同时添加一个新因子来选择网关节点进行簇头间的通信.实验结果表明提出协议的性能是EMHR的180%.该算法在节点中使用更少的计算和通信开销来构造和维护整个无线传感器网络,更加均衡网络负载,大大减少簇头节点成为网络瓶颈的概率,具有更强的网络生存能力和更长的生命周期.     

基于非均匀分环与最小通信代价的路由算法

为了提高无线传感器网络的生命周期,提出了一种基于非均匀分环与最小通信代价的路由算法URMC.算法采用圆环模型,首先为各环分配不同的簇头选择概率;其次以各环节点能耗均衡为目标,推导出各环宽度的表达式;最后通过设计通信代价公式来选择簇头和建立簇间路由树.最终形成一个节点能耗均衡、簇间路由合理的网络.经仿真验证,URMC算法能有效克服能量空洞现象,延长网络的生存周期.     

无线传感器网络中基于压缩感知的分簇数据收集算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSNs)能量有限、通信链路不可靠的特点,提出一种基于稀疏分块对角矩阵进行压缩感知的分簇(SBDMC)数据收集算法.该算法以稀疏分块对角矩阵作为观测矩阵以减少参与收集节点数目;采用分布式分簇路由实现数据的分布式收集;通过分析能耗模型得到最优簇头数目以减少网络能耗.在此基础上,给出一种有效的分簇路由数据收集算法.仿真分析表明:提出的算法较之已有算法可以减少通信能耗、延长网络寿命,同时均衡能耗负载.     

基于博弈论的无线传感器网络非均匀分簇路由算法*

为了有效解决无线传感器网络路由节能问题,引入了博弈理论思想,提出了一种基于博弈论的无线传感器网络非均匀分簇节能路由算法UCEER。仿真实验结果表明,该算法解决了节点能耗分布不均的难题,体现出了其自适应调整簇首、调节节点负荷、延长网络平均寿命的能力,保证了路径的可靠度。     

异构WSN中基于改进哈里斯鹰的分簇算法

针对无线传感器网络中传统的低功耗自适应集簇分层型协议存在的节点能耗过高、网络生存周期短以及负载不均衡等问题, 本文提出了一种异构传感网络下的多目标簇头选举和基于模拟退火的哈里斯鹰路由优化算法(LEACH-MHO). 这种改进算法首先在计算节点最优阈值的基础上, 构建新的考量能耗和负载的适应度函数, 找到最优簇首节点, 保证簇首节点的均匀分布; 再建立基于哈里斯鹰优化器的路径选择策略, 同时嵌入模拟退火算法, 防止过早陷入局部最优; 最后使用评估函数筛选出可加入到最佳路径的簇头, 缩短簇头节点到基站的通信距离. 仿真实验数据表明, 与CREEP、LEACH-C、LEACH算法相比, 本文算法的网络生存寿命分别延长了22.18%、77.83%和180.52%, 能更有效地延长网络生存寿命.     

基于环的能耗均衡分簇路由算法

针对无线传感器网络分簇路由算法中节点能耗不均的问题,提出了一种基于环的能耗均衡分簇路由算法。算法对监测区域作基于环的分簇,在靠近基站的“热区”内划定数据汇聚区,汇聚区内的节点不分簇,节省分簇及簇内通信能耗;对汇聚区外其他环的簇个数进行优化以均衡能耗。提出新的最优路径搜索策略,寻找整体最优路径,进一步减少网络能耗。仿真结果表明,提出的算法在能耗均衡性上比改进的LEACH路由协议(LEACH-R)和一种能量高效的非均匀分簇算法(EUCA)更优;以50%节点死亡作为网络生命周期,网络寿命分别提高约30.9%和11.9%,有效延长了网络生命周期。     

基于吸引因子和混合传输的分簇路由算法

为了能够有效地降低无线传感器网络(WSN)的能耗,延长网络生命周期,对低功耗自适应集簇分层型(LEACH)协议等多个分簇路由协议进行分析,并针对其算法存在的缺陷提出基于吸引因子和多跳传输的分簇路由算法(CRAH)。针对不合理的簇头选择问题,采用加权和的方法将节点剩余能量与节点位置两个参数,作为簇头选择的新指标;对簇头节点的任务进行重新分配,选出新的融合节点;融合节点和基站的通信采用单跳与多跳相结合的混合传输方式,结合吸引因子和Dijkstra算法提出新的基于吸引因子的Dijkstra(AF-DK)算法,为融合节点找到最优转发路径。仿真结果表明,与LEACH、集中式低功耗自适应集簇分层型(LEACH-C)路由和固定簇半径的分簇(HEED)等协议相比,CRAH使网络寿命分别提高了约51.56%、47.1%和42%,网络能耗速度明显减缓,基站接收的数据量平均减少了69.9%。CRAH使簇头选择更加合理,有效减少了通信过程中的冗余数据,均衡了网络能耗,延长了网络生命周期。     

一种能耗均衡的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法

针对分簇路由协议分簇不均匀及能耗不均衡等问题,提出一种基于能量和距离因子的分簇路由算法。通过加入能量和距离因子对簇头选择的阈值公式进行改进,延长竞选出的簇头工作时间,增加备择簇头以减少重建簇的轮数,从而降低选举消耗的能量。在广播当选信息之前加入等待时间,普通节点选择与其通信代价最小的簇头所在簇申请加入。建立最优路径进行簇间路由,并采用单跳和多跳相结合的方式。仿真结果表明,与EECS算法相比,该算法可减少约8%的能耗,并有效均衡节点能耗,延长网络生命周期。     

基于DIJKSTRA的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法

为加快无线传感器网络最优路径搜索速度、减少路径寻优能量消耗和延长网络寿命,提出了基于改进的DIJKSTRA算法的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法;运用DIJKSTRA算法在无线传感器网络内以多跳接力的方式来搜寻从源节点到目的节点的最短路径;结合能耗优化策略,避免网络能耗热点问题,实现网络能耗均衡;通过与基于蚁群算法的路由算法对比分析,基于Dijkstra的网络分簇路由算法能优化网络分簇并建立较优传输路径,其快速收敛性能减缓了网络中簇头节点的能耗,延长了网络寿命,提高了网络鲁棒性。     

基于博弈论能耗均衡的WSN非均匀分簇路由协议

在无线传感器网络(WSN)的分簇路由算法中,节点间能耗不均容易引发 “能量空洞”现象,影响整个网络的性能。针对这个问题,提出了一种基于博弈论能耗均衡的非均匀分簇路由(GBUC)算法。该算法在分簇阶段,采用非均匀分簇结构,簇的半径由簇头到汇聚节点的距离和剩余能量共同决定,通过调节簇头在簇内通信的能耗和转发数据的能耗来达到能耗的均衡;在簇间通信阶段,通过建立一个以节点剩余能量和链路可靠度为效益函数的博弈模型,利用其纳什均衡的解来寻找联合能耗均衡、链路可靠性的最优传输路径,从而提高网络性能。仿真结果表明:与能量高效的非均匀分簇(EEUC)算法和非均匀分簇节能路由(UCEER)算法相比,GBUC算法在均衡节点能耗、延长网络生命周期等性能方面有显著的提高。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.