Effect of the size of air bubbles on enhancement of heat transfer in an impinging liquid jet

The numerical modeling of heat transfer in a bubbly impinging jet is carried out. The axisymmetric system of RANS equations that take into account the two-phase nature of the flow is resolved based on the Euler approach. The turbulence of the liquid phase is described by the Reynolds stress transport model with taking into account the effect of bubbles on modification of the turbulence. The effect of the gas volumetric flow rate ratio and the bubble size on the flow structure and the heat transfer in a gas–liquid impact stream is studied. It is shown that the addition of the gas phase in a turbulent fluid causes an increase up to 1.5-fold in heat transfer. The comparison of the simulation results with experimental data showed that the developed model enables the simulation of turbulent bubbly impinging jet with heat transfer with the pipe wall in a wide range of gas fraction.     

Hydrodynamics and heat transfer in pulsating turbulent flow of gas in a heated pipe

The paper deals with the investigation of the effect produced by the dependence of the physical properties on temperature and flow rate fluctuations on heat transfer and drag under conditions of turbulent pipe flow of gas. The method of finite differences is used to solve numerically a set of equations of motion, continuity, and energy written in a narrow channel approximation. A model of turbulence is used which takes into account the effect of the variability of the properties and of the nonstationarity of flow on turbulent transfer. In the particular case of steady-state flow of gas being heated, the calculation results fit well the available experimental data. It is found that the heat transfer depends on the heating rate more significantly than the friction drag. In the case of pulsating flow, the part of hydraulic drag is estimated which is spent for the variation of longitudinal velocity along the pipe and is due to the thermal acceleration of gas. It is demonstrated that the main features of pulsating flow, which were previously investigated for a liquid of constant properties and for a dropping liquid of variable viscosity, are retained for the gas being heated as well. Comparison is made for the gas and dropping liquid of the effect made by various process parameters such as the Reynolds, Stokes, and Prandtl numbers, the heating rate, and the form of thermal condition on the wall on the period average Nusselt number and coefficient of friction drag.     

Development of a slug flow absorber working with ammonia-water mixture: part I—flow characterization and experimental investigation

This study deals with an experimental investigation for a counter-current slug flow absorber, working with ammonia–water mixture, for significantly low solution flow rate conditions that are required for operating as the GAX (generator absorber heat exchanger) cycle. It is confirmed that the slug flow absorber operates well at the low solution flow rate conditions. From visualization results of the flow pattern, frost flow just after the gas inlet, followed by slug flow with well-shaped Taylor bubble, is observed, while dry patch on the tube wall are not observed. The liquid film at the slug flow region has smooth gas–liquid interface structure without apparent wavy motion. The local heat transfer rate is measured by varying main parameters, namely, ammonia gas flow rate, solution flow rate, ammonia concentration of inlet solution and coolant inlet conditions. The heat transfer rate while absorption is taking place is higher than that after absorption has ended. The absorption length is greatly influenced by varying main parameters, due to flow conditions and thermal conditions.     

Integral methods of calculation of heat transfer and drag under conditions of turbulent pipe flow of liquid of variable properties: Steady-state and quasi-steady-state flows in a round pipe with constant density of heat flux to the wall

Integral relations are derived for the calculation of the Nusselt number and coefficients of hydraulic drag and friction drag under conditions of pipe flow of dropping liquid and gas of temperature-dependent physical properties. In the limiting case of steady-state flow of liquid of constant properties, the expression for the Nusselt number transforms to the well-known Lyon integral. The results of calculation of heat transfer and drag by an integral method are compared with more exact results obtained using the numerical solution of the set of differential equations of convective heat transfer. An inference is made about the conditions under which integral methods may be employed. An algorithm is developed for the calculation by an integral method of heat transfer and drag under conditions of quasi-steady-state pulsating flow. It is demonstrated that the flow rate oscillations superposed on the flow in the pipe enhance the effect of the variability of the properties on heat transfer, and for gas on friction drag. For a dropping liquid under conditions of pulsating flow, the friction drag depends less significantly on the variability of the properties (viscosity) than in the case of steady-state flow. The degree of manifestation of the effects identified above is the higher, the higher the oscillation amplitude and the lower the value of the Reynolds number of averaged flow.     

Entropy losses in the flow of a dust-laden gas suspension in a nozzle

The unidimensional steady-state flow of a gas containing a system of solid particles in a nozzle is considered for the case in which the particles are characterized by a constant velocity lag; expressions are derived for the entropy losses in efficiency due to the friction between the gas and the particles and the irreversibility of interphase heat transfer.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 828–831, May, 1970.     

Growth of a bubble of noncondensing gas injected into a liquid

The solution of the problem of growth of a gas-vapor bubble injected into a liquid is obtained. The growth of the bubble depends on mass transfer in the gas phase and heat transfer in the liquid phase. Experimental and theoretical data are compared.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 978–989, June, 1977.     

Unsteady incompressible boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid at a stagnation point

The flow, heat and mass transfer on the unsteady laminar incompressible boundary layer in micropolar fluid at the stagnation point of a 2-dimensional and an axisymmetric body have been studied when the free stream velocity and the wall temperature vary arbitrarily with time. The partial defferential equations governing the flow have been solved numerically using a quasilinear finite-difference scheme. The skin friction, microrotation gradient and heat transfer parameters are found to be strongly dependent on the coupling parameter, mass transfer and time, whereas the effect of the microrotation parameter on the skin friction and heat transfer is rather weak, but microrotation gradient is strongly affected by it. The Prandtl number and the variation of the wall temperature with time affect the heat-transfer very significantly but the skin friction and micrortation gradient are unaffected by them.     

凹陷阵列印刷电路板式换热器里超临界甲烷换热和流动特性模拟研究

为了强化液化甲烷在印刷电路板式微通道换热器中的换热能力,提出了一种凹陷阵列的微小通道换热器整体性能提高的被动式强化技术并进行了数值模拟验证。研究了流体温度范围125—265 K范围内的超临界甲烷在凹陷阵列结构微通道内的换热和流动特性,考察了凹陷阵列微通道和光滑微通道下,流体温度、质量流量、雷诺数和进口压力对传热系数、努塞尔数、摩擦因子和综合效益系数(PEC)的影响。此外,通过凹陷结构的局部流动特性分析强化换热机理,数值模拟结果表明相较于光滑微通道,凹陷阵列微通道的换热特性得到大大强化,且随雷诺数(由质量流量或者流体温度改变)的增大而增强,而摩擦因子只是有较弱的劣化。     

Processes of hydrodynamics and heat exchange in descending bubble flows

The gas content, hydraulic resistance, heat transfer, and structure of descending bubble flows are investigated in the regimes of concurrent flow and of hovering of the gas phase.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 181–189, August, 1985.     

Unsteady compressible 3-dimensional boundary-layer flow near an asymmetric stagnation point with mass transfer

The heat and mass transfer for unsteady laminar compressible boundary-layer flow, which is asymmetric with respect to a 3-dimensional stagnation point (i.e. for a jet incident at an angle on the body), have been studied. It is assumed that the free-stream velocity, wall temperature, and surface mass transfer vary arbitrarily with time and also that the gas has variable properties. The solution in the neighbourhood of the stagnation point has been obtained by series expansion in the longitudinal distance. The resulting partial differential equations have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The results show that, in contrast with the symmetric flow, the maximum heat transfer does not occur at the stagnation point. The skin-friction and heat-transfer components due to asymmetric flow are only weakly affected by the mass transfer as compared to those components associated with symmetric flow. The variation of the wall temperature with time has a strong effect on the heat transfer component associated with the symmetric part of the flow. The skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by the variation of the density-viscosity product across the boundary layer. The skin friction responds more to the fluctuations of the free stream oscillating velocities than the heat transfer. The results have been compared with the available results and they are found to be in excellent agreement.     

Unsteady mixed convection flow of a thermomicropolar fluid on a long thin vertical cylinder

The unsteady laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow of a thermomicropolar fluid over a long thin vertical cylinder has been studied when the free stream velocity varies with time. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations with three independent variables governing the flow have been solved numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme in combination with the quasilinearization technique. The results show that the buoyancy, curvature and suction parameters, in general, enhance the skin friction, heat transfer and gradient of microrotation, but the effect of injection is just opposite. The skin friction and heat transfer for the micropolar fluid are considerably less than those for the Newtonian fluids. The effect of microrotation parameter is appreciable only on the microrotation gradient. The effect of the Prandtl number is appreciable on the skin friction, heat transfer and gradient of microtation.     

Influence of gravity state upon bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding

The governing equations of two-dimensional bubble flow model for gas–liquid two-phase system in deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding were developed according to the laws of mass and momentum conservation. The separation models of gas and liquid convections in bubble flow were formed by regarding the gas phase in molten pool as a particle phase, and the vacuolar fraction, velocity slip, pressure gradient and other factors were introduced into the models. The influences of the gravity state upon the convection of bubble flow and the distribution of cavity-type defects in molten pool of AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied by the method of numerical simulation based on the mathematical models. The results showed that the gravity is an important factor to drive the convection of the bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool during vacuum electron beam welding. The gravity has an impact on the gas distribution in molten pool, thus affects the distribution of cavity-type defects in weld. Because of the gravity contributing to driving the convection of bubble flow, it is conducive to the escape of gas phase in molten pool and reducing the air rate. A larger convection velocity of gas phase is helpful to the escape of gas phase, thus reduce the tendency of cavity-type defects.     

Effects of Reduced Gravity Conditions on Bubble Dispersion Characteristics in the Bubble Column

Bubble-liquid turbulent flow has an excellent heat and mass transfer behaviors than single gas or liquid flow. In order to analyze the effects of normal and reduced gravity on cold bubble-liquid two-phase turbulent flow in bubble column a second-order moment cold bubble-liquid two-phase turbulent model was developed to disclose the bubble dispersion characteristics. Under the reduced gravity condition, volume fraction caused by the decrease of buoyance force is larger than normal gravity level due to bigger bubble solid volume. In addition, bubble frequency is also decreased by in decrease of buoyance force. Normal and shear stresses have strongly anisotropic characteristics at every directions and have larger values under normal gravity than reduced gravity. The liquid turbulent kinetic energy has the two-peak bimodal distribution and weaker than bubble turbulent kinetic energy with one peak unimodal, which is caused by vigorous wake fluctuations. The correlation of fluctuation velocities between bubble and liquid has clearly anisotropic behaviors Under reduced gravity, the bubble motion has a little impact on liquid turbulent flow caused by slight buoyancy force, however, it will greatly reduce the liquid turbulent intensity due to energy cascade transport, which was transformed into bubbles or dissipated by interface friction. Bubble formation and detachment mechanisms affected by gravity conditions lead to the different levels of bubble dispersion distributions.     

Some features of the wall shear stress in a vertical tube around a small taylor bubble in an upward flow

The wall shear stress induced by a Taylor bubble in upward flow in vertical tube has been studied with eight electrodiffusion friction probes placed in one cross section of the tube uniformly over its perimeter. The mean shear stress averaged over the tube perimeter in liquid film between the small (3–4 tube diameters) gas bubble and the tube wall is positive in the transient and turbulent-flow regimes.     

Unsteady compressible boundary layer flow on the stagnation line of an infinite swept cylinder

Summary Numerical solutions of flow and heat transfer process on the unsteady flow of a compressible viscous fluid with variable gas properties in the vicinity of the stagnation line of an infinite swept cylinder are presented. Results are given for the case where the unsteady temperature field is produced by (i) a sudden change in the wall temperature (enthalpy) as the impulsive motion is started and (ii) a sudden change in the free-stream velocity. Solutions for the simultaneous development of the thermal and momentum boundary layers are obtained by using quasilinearization technique with an implicit finite difference scheme. Attention is given to the transient phenomenon from the initial flow to the final steady-state distribution. Results are presented for the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients as well as for the velocity and enthalpy profiles. The effects of wall enthalpy parameter, sweep parameter, fluid properties and transpiration cooling on the heat transfer and skin friction are considered.     

Non-Darcy mixed convection flow with thermal dispersion on a vertical cylinder in a saturated porous medium

Summary The non-Darcy mixed convection flow on a vertical cylinder embedded in a saturated porous medium has been studied taking into account the effect of thermal dispersion. Both forced flow and buoyancy force dominated cases with constant wall temperature condition have been considered. The governing partial differential equations have been solved numerically using the Keller box method. The results are presented for the buoyancy parameter which cover the entire regime of mixed convection flow ranging from pure forced convection to pure free convection. The effect of thermal dispersion is found to be more pronounced on the heat transfer than on the skin friction and it enhances the heat transfer but reduces the skin friction.     

Integral methods of calculation of heat transfer and drag under conditions of turbulent pipe flow of liquid of variable properties: Pulsating high-frequency flow

An integral method is suggested for approximate calculation of oscillation-period average heat transfer and drag under conditions of pulsating high-frequency flow of gas in a pipe with constant density of heat flux to the wall. It is found that the flow rate oscillation superimposed on the flow has little effect on the period average Nusselt number and coefficient of friction drag; these quantities may be calculated by the method developed for a steady-state flow of liquid of variable properties. The oscillation affects significantly the period average coefficient of hydraulic drag whose values increase with the amplitude of superimposed oscillation.     

CFD simulation of electrostatic effect on gas interchange,vortex and heat transfer in the gas-solid fluidized bed

Vortex and electrostatic charges in the gas-solid fluidized bed have a significant influence on its transport abilities and hydrodynamics. In this work, the electrostatic model coupled with energy model has been applied to reveal the electrostatic effect on hydrodynamics, vorticity and local heat transfer coefficients based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. The results indicate that particle vortices change the gas and solid phase interaction around the bubble and enhance the local heat transfer coefficients. Gas interchange decreases by 6.5% compared to Davidson model at the jet velocity of 10?m·s^?1 and 13% of 5?m·s^?1. After adding electrostatic charges, bubble diameter decreases with the increasing specific charges. Furthermore, vorticity at the initial stage of bubble formation is larger and the particle vortex diffuses to a large extent. The simulation results can be applied to modify and estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient of the fluidized bed reactor and provide the basis for studying the effect of electrostatic effect on heat transfer.     

Bubble flow and the formation of cavity defect in weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding

Seen from gas-liquid two-phase-flow system, the gas phase and liquid phase of bubble flow in weld pool are studied by means of isolated phase based on the conservation of mass and momentum. The two-dimensional fractional flow model of bubble flow in weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding is developed. And the gas distribution and the phenomenon of bubble flow in weld pool of AZ91D magnesium alloy are simulated to analyze the formation and distribution of cavity defects. The results show that the possibility of gas escape in fully penetrated weld pool is much greater than non-penetrated weld. It appears that the probability of cavity defects is lower than non-penetrated weld to some extent. The formation of typical cavity defects is closely related to the flow pattern and flow characteristics of the bubble flow in deep penetration weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding. Higher liquid flow rate is more conducive to the escape of gas in molten metal, so that the final porosity in weld is low.     

Numerical evaluation of the heat transfer and the friction drag in a pipe with a turbulent flow of a gas with variable physical properties

The temperature field and the velocity field as well as the local coefficients of heat transfer and friction are determined in the entrance segment of a pipe where a turbulent flow of a gas with variable physical properties stabilizes thermally.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizteheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 730–734, April, 1973.