LDY柴油降凝剂的性能评价

在分析中国石油辽化炼油厂0^#柴油的烃族组成、蜡碳分布的基础上,研制出一种柴油低温流动性改进剂。实验结果表明,这种柴油低温流动性改进剂能十分有效地提高中国石油辽化炼油厂0^#柴油的低温使用性能。并在实验室评价了LDY柴油降凝剂对几种0^#柴油的低温流动性能的改进效果。     

柴油降凝剂研究的进展

叙述了国内外柴油降凝剂的研究开发概况，提出了对降凝剂作用机理的新看法以及柴油低温流动改进剂研究开发的方向     

低温流动性改进剂对低凝柴油性能的影响

通过考察几种低温流动性改进剂的活加量对常一线馏分、常二线馏分、常三线馏分、催化轻柴油等基础调合组分以及成品柴油冷滤点的影响,对以华北油田原油为原料生产低凝柴油的油品调合进行了研究。结果表明Ｄｏｄｉｆｌｏｗ４１３８和ＰＳＭ可做为华北石油管理局第一炼油厂生产柴油时的低温流动性改进剂,并确定了两种适宜的柴油生产方案。     

生物柴油降凝剂的研究进展

生物柴油是绿色可再生能源,许多国家开始研究和使用生物柴油替代石化柴油。然而生物柴油低温流动性差,限制了其发展。从柴油降凝剂、生物柴油低温流动改进剂这两方面改善生物柴油低温流动性进行综述,并着重介绍作为生物柴油潜在添加剂的研究进展,最后对开发专门针对生物柴油降凝剂进行展望。     

生物柴油的组成对低温流动性的影响

生物柴油的化学组成是影响其低温流动性的重要因素。通过用气质联用仪和多功能低温试验器分别测定常见的6种生物的组成分布和浊点、倾点、冷滤点等低温流动性指标,用控制变量法研究生物柴油的组成和冷滤点的关系。结果表明,生物柴油中饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,饱和脂肪酸甲酯的脂肪酸碳链越长,生物柴油的低温流动性越差;不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,脂肪酸甲酯的不饱和度越大,生物柴油的低温流动性越好;与饱和脂肪酸甲酯相比,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯对生物柴油低温流动性的影响可以忽略。     

生物柴油的组成对低温流动性的影响

生物柴油的化学组成是影响其低温流动性的重要因素。通过用气质联用仪和多功能低温试验器分别测定常见的6种生物的组成分布和浊点、倾点、冷滤点等低温流动性指标,用控制变量法研究生物柴油的组成和冷滤点的关系。结果表明,生物柴油中饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,饱和脂肪酸甲酯的脂肪酸碳链越长,生物柴油的低温流动性越差;不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,脂肪酸甲酯的不饱和度越大,生物柴油的低温流动性越好;与饱和脂肪酸甲酯相比,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯对生物柴油低温流动性的影响可以忽略。     

影响测定车用柴油低温流动性的主要因素

本文从柴油种类、牌号等方面介绍测定柴油在测量时影响流动性的主要因素.     

-10号上海地标车用柴油的开发

为了开拓惠州炼油分公司柴油产品在上海的市场,对三套加氢装置所产的柴油产品质量进行了深入的分析研究,决定开发生产-10号上海地标车用柴油。文章主要介绍如何利用现有柴油馏分进行调合生产-10号上海地标车用柴油。     

柴油低温流动改进剂的研究现状

综述了柴油低温流动性能改进剂(DFI)的国内外发展历史及现状,分析了DFI的降凝机理,介绍了DFI的种类,讨论了DFI的感受性,提出了DFI的发展建议.     

柴油低温流动改进剂AMMSV的制备与性能研究

选择了丙烯酰胺、α-甲基丙烯酸高碳醇酯、马来酸酐、醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯等为单体,在一定条件下进行聚合,得到五元聚合物AMMSV,考察其对柴油低温流能的影响。实验表明,它对柴油的凝固点和冷滤点具有明显的降低作用,且随AAMVS加入量增加,低温改进效果进一步提高,当其加入量为0.12%时,可降低吐哈-20#柴油的凝固点达15℃,降低冷滤点达6℃。     

Effect of Secondary Mixing on Starting Characteristics of a Cold Diesel Engine

Results of experiments performed in a constant-volume bomb are presented. The conditions in the bomb were typical of starting regimes of diesel engines. Cooled (down to 286 K) or noncooled inserts were placed in the bomb volume on the way of the fuel–air jet. These inserts were plates simulating a sector of the combustor wall. Leaf deflectors of the jet were mounted on the plates to obtain the effect of secondary mixing. In the case of an elevated pressure in the medium (2.5 MPa and higher), the presence of the inserts, including those equipped by deflectors, independent of their thermal state, affects ignition only at extremely low temperatures of the medium, at which the primary ignition of fuel vapors and products of its thermal decomposition occurs in an immediate vicinity of the insert. If the initial pressure in the medium is rather low (0.9 MPa), the influence of the insert is significant: a noncooled surface reduces both the induction period (by a factor of 1.5 as compared to injection into a free volume) and the limiting temperature of ignition. If the insert surface is cooled, however, the ignition delay increases by 20%, and the limiting temperature of ignition increases by 100 K. Under these conditions, a leaf deflector of the jet mounted on the wall-simulator surface significantly improves the ignition characteristics of the mixture: the ignition delay and the limiting temperature decrease down to values that do not exceed those upon injection into a free volume. It is assumed that the secondary injection of the mixture from the edge of the leaf deflector into the free space of the working volume leads to the formation of a closed circular vortex containing both the liquid phase (atomized fuel drops) and the gaseous phase (fuel vapors, products of its partial thermal decomposition, and air). Key words: diesel engine, mixing.     

柴油和民用取暖油冷滤点测定不确定度评定

分析了根据 SH/T 0248-2006《柴油和民用取暖油冷滤点测定法》测定油品的冷滤点结果不确定度的来源,并对每个标准不确定度分量进行了评定,在此基础上计算出合成标准不确定度,最终确定扩展不确定度后报出测定结果.     

MAV型柴油降凝剂的合成及效果的考察

以十六醇和丙烯酸为原料,n(十六醇):n(丙烯酸)=1.0:1.6,阻聚剂对苯二酚为0.6%(质量分数,下同),催化剂对甲苯磺酸为1.5%,合成丙烯酸酯;再用此丙烯酸酯与马来酸酐、醋酸乙烯酯进行共聚,n(马来酸酐):n(醋酸乙烯酯):n(丙烯酸酯)=1:4:4,过氧化苯甲酰为1.2%,恒温85℃,聚合7 h.即得MAV型柴油降凝剂.以不同的添加量,分别加入到抚顺石油一厂0#、二厂0#、三厂0#、一厂-10#和三厂-10#柴油中,考察其降凝助滤效果.结果表明:最佳添加量为0.6%,此时可使上述柴油的凝点分别降低12、12、13、15和16℃,冷滤点分别降低6、6、8、8和9℃.可见其降凝助滤效果是非常显著的.     

柴油性能对车用发动机的影响

柴油是柴油机的主要燃料,其使用性能和技术指标的控制对发动机正常工作有着深远的影响。文章简要介绍了发动机的工作原理,综述了柴油的物理化学性质对发动机的影响。     

聚丙烯酸酯类柴油降凝剂的改性研究

主要目的是对聚丙烯酸酯类降凝剂进行改性研究,实验以丙烯酸和十八醇为原料,采用直接酯化法合成丙烯酸十八酯,将其分别与马来酸酐、苯乙烯和乙酸乙烯酯合成聚合物,通过红外光谱仪进行检测,证实聚合物合成成功,最后分别考察三种聚合物及复配的降凝效果。实验结果表明：苯乙烯-乙酸乙烯-聚丙烯酸十八酯的降凝效果最好,对南充炼油总厂0#柴油,凝点可降低15℃,将该聚合物与吐温-20和斯盘-40进行复配,聚合物的降凝效果有所改善。     

Effect of Biofuels on Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration

Under the terms of the Renewable Energy Directive, EU member states are required to use 10 % of transport energy sourced from renewable sources, mainly biofuels, by 2020. The purpose is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector. However, biodiesel used as fuel has a significant impact on emissions, as related by most of the literature on the subject. In particular, nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from current diesel technologies are critical factors because they are already close to the limits permitted by regulations and both limits will be even more stringent in the near future. Soot particles are trapped on a diesel particulate filter (DPF). If the DPF is catalyzed like in this study, the soot is then burned by reaction with NO₂ (CDPF continuous regeneration) which occurs at lower temperatures than reaction with O₂ (active regeneration). Tests of ultra-low sulfur diesel blended with rapeseed-biodiesel at 30 % (B30) and Fischer–Tropsch diesel (FT30) were conducted. The Fischer–Tropsch diesel was chosen to represent a biomass-to-liquid fuel. This work investigated the impact of these two biofuels on engine polluting emissions and the resulting CDPF ability to regenerate. When compared with similar inlet conditions on a synthetic gas bench, an impact of fuel was observed on soot reactivity: the CDPF loaded with FT30 soot regenerated slightly faster. Engine bench tests were also performed to combine the effects of fuel on engine emissions and soot reactivity and to evaluate the CDPF. The increase in NOx and decrease in PM emissions observed for B30 appeared to significantly improve CDPF continuous regeneration by NO₂.     

利用DSC快速测定柴油冷滤点

研究了利用DSC快速测定柴油冷滤点的方法。在N2氛围下以10℃/min的降温速度进行测试。结果表明，DSC法测定的冷滤点与常规法测定的冷滤点接近，说明此方法可行，两种测定方法拟合的较好。对测定方进行重复实验，标准偏差＜4。本方法操作简单、快速、试样量少，可适合于含蜡柴油冷滤点的快速测定。     

降凝剂对过滤器流通性能影响的研究

在流通量试验器上考察了不同相对分子质量(7.49万、8.96万、11.37万)的降凝剂对过滤器流通性能的影响,实验结果表明:降凝剂相对分子质量越大,对过滤器流通性能的影响越大;降凝剂在生物柴油中的溶解度越不均匀,对过滤器流通性能的影响越大,当降凝剂在生物柴油中的溶解度均匀(油品上、下层粘度差小于0.05 mm2/s)之后,对过滤器的流通性能没有影响;降凝剂含量越大,对过滤器流通性能的影响越大。     

乙醇与柴油互溶性研究及混合燃料对柴油机排放性能的影响

乙醇可由生物质能源转化得到,可作为含氧清洁燃料与柴油混合用作柴油机燃料。以正丁醇为助溶剂促进乙醇在柴油中的溶解,形成稳定的混合燃料;同时以该混合燃料作为柴油机燃料,参照GB 20891-2014《非道路移动机械用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三、四阶段)》测试柴油机的常规排放、非常规排放规律,探究其对柴油机排放性能的影响。结果表明,正丁醇作为助溶剂,可促进乙醇与柴油互溶,在乙醇与正丁醇的体积比接近1∶1时可形成稳定的混合燃料,静置10个月以上不分层,在-5℃左右不分层,可用作柴油机燃料;正丁醇的添加方式对其助溶效果影响较小;负荷特性下,与燃用纯柴油相比,柴油机燃用混合燃料时,CO和NO_x排放量分别减少13.96%～46.73%和1.35%～16.92%,VOCs排放量增加1.94%～32.43%,PM_(2.5)排放量减少5.81%～44.37%。柴油与醇类燃料混合燃烧可以实现在减少NO_x排放量的同时减少PM_(2.5)排放量。