碳化硅纤维及其复合材料

１９９５年５月参加了在美国阿纳汉召开的第４０届国际尖端材料学会年会，了解到国外碳化硅纤维及其复合材料最新情况。本文简述碳化硅纤维的制造工艺，性能，表面处理及其对性能的影响，并介绍了碳化硅纤维增强树脂基复合材料和陶瓷基复合材料以及它们的性能。     

高碳低氧型碳化硅纤维的表面性能研究

采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、SEM、拉曼光谱等分析方法对国产低氧高碳型碳化硅纤维表面进行了研究。结果表明,纤维表面光滑、致密,以SiC_xO_y组成为主、SiC次之、SiO_2最少,并有无定形碳存在。该纤维表面物理与化学特性有利于形成结合强度适中的复合材料界面,从而提高复合材料的强度和断裂韧性。     

Mark Ⅲ型碳化硅纤维的研制

碳化硅(SiC)纤维是具有比强度高、比模最高、耐高温、抗氧化的新型增强材料。本文对 Mark Ⅲ型 SiC 纤维制备过程中聚二甲基硅烷、派松、聚碳硅烷的合成,聚碳硅烷纺丝、予氧化、高温烧成等工艺的原理、工艺参数和产物结构分析进行了讨论。     

碳化硅纤维乳液上胶剂的研究

以环氧树脂为主体研究配制的碳化硅纤维上胶剂,具有工艺简单、乳液储存期长、乳液在纤维表面形成光滑坚韧的薄膜、耐磨性提高、防止擦毛以及对纤维具有良好的集束性等特点     

掺混型碳化硅纤维及其微波吸收特性

运用超声将平均粒径３０ｎｍ的超细金属镍粉均匀分散到聚碳硅烷中，通过熔融纺丝、不熔化处理、烧结，制备出具有良好力学性能、电阻率连续可调的掺混型碳化硅陶瓷纤维。这种纤维与环氧树脂复合制备的三层结构吸波材料具有良好的微波吸收特性，运用ＷＡＸＤ研究了纳米镍粉在陶瓷纤维内的存在状态。     

快速烧结法制备连续碳化硅纤维

通过熔融纺丝，不熔化处理制得连续聚碳硅烷（ＰＣＳ）不熔化纤维，采用快速烧结方法制备出性能较好的连续ＳｉＣ纤维。探讨了气封条件的选择，以及烧结速度对ＳｉＣ纤维的组成，结构及性能的影响。结果表明，快速烧结条件下，可以实现向纤维上施加张力以及纤维的无机化转变，烧结速度加快会降低纤维的Ｃ／Ｓｉ（原子比），同时有利于提高纤维的抗拉强度和热稳定性。     

具有微波吸收功能的掺混型碳化硅纤维的研制

本文运用超声将平均粒径３０ｎｍ的超细金属钴粉均匀分散到聚碳硅烷中，通过熔融纺丝、不熔化处理、烧结，制备出具有良好力学性能、电阻率连续可调的掺混型磁性碳化硅陶瓷纤维。这种纤维与环氧树脂复合制备的三层结构吸波材料具有良好的微波吸收特性。运用ＷＡＸＤ研究了纳米钴粉在陶瓷纤维内的存在状态。     

富碳含钛碳化硅纤维的研制

以聚硅烷（ＰＳ）,聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）和钛酸四丁酯（Ｔｉ（ＯＢｕ）４）合成含碳量不同的聚钛碳硅烷（ＰＴＣ）先驱体,经熔融纺丝、不熔化处理、高温烧成制备出具有较好工艺性能和电阻率为１０＾３Ω．ｃｍ～１０＾０Ω．ｃｍ的富碳含钛碳化硅纤维（Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ－Ｃ－Ｏ纤维）。运用ＩＲ、ＧＰＣ、ＶＰＯ待分析手段系统地研究了富碳ＰＴＣ先驱体的合成,讨论了含碳量对纤维的制备工艺及纤维性能的影响。     

聚变堆结构应用SiC/SiC热导率的研究进展

得益于其优异的高温性能和韧性断裂行为以及聚变环境下的低诱导辐射,SiC/SiC复合材料在聚变堆结构应用方面有着巨大潜力.由于传统SiC/SiC复合材料的热导率难以达到要求,近年来越来越多的研究机构将研究重点放在提高该材料的热导率上.介绍了聚变堆结构应用背景下提高SiC/SiC复合材料热导率的途径及方法,综述了世界范围内该领域的研究进展,并在此基础上展望了SiC/SiC复合材料热导率的研究前景.     

Thermal Conductivity of Suspensions Containing Nanosized SiC Particles

Nanosized SiC suspensions were prepared, and their thermal conductivities were measured using a transient hot-wire method. The experimental results showed that the thermal conductivities of the studied suspensions were increased as expected, and the enhancement was proportional to the volume fraction of the solid phase, but the increasing ratio of the thermal conductivity was not significantly related to the base fluid. The effects of the morphologies (size and shape) of the added solid phase on the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticle suspension are reported for the first time.     

An Experimental Study on Thermal and Electrical Properties of Packed Carbon Nanofibers

In the present study, the thermal and electrical properties of packed carbon nanofibers (P-CNFs) have been investigated. A short-hot-wire (SHW) technique was applied to determine simultaneously the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of P-CNFs. In SHW measurements, a platinum wire coated with an alumina layer served as both the heating source and the thermometric sensor. A curve fitting method by matching the experimental data and numerical simulated values was proposed for determining the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of P-CNFs with different packed densities. The electrical conductivities were measured by a four-terminal method where a special vessel with electrodes with circular plates was used. The results indicated that the electrical conductivity increases linearly with an increase in packed density. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity also increase with an increase in packed density. The relation between the thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity has been shown to be approximately linear. The SHW technique combined with the curve fitting method would be applicable to many kinds of materials.Paper presented at the Seventh Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference, August 23–28, 2004, Hefei and Huangshan, Anhui, P. R. China.     

辐照条件下SiC晶界导热性能的分子动力学分析

SiC材料由于具有优良的物理化学性质而在工程领域得到广泛应用。但在辐照条件下,Frenkel缺陷势必影响材料的宏观性质。尤其在核能工程领域,辐照无法避免,而传热性质是材料的关键性质之一。本文采用分子动力学方法模拟了SiC材料晶界导热性质在辐照缺陷存在条件下的变化规律。研究结果表明,晶界扭转角度越大,界面能也越大,并且界面热阻大致与界面能呈正比关系。辐照缺陷的存在使界面热阻增加了一个数量级。声子态密度分析结果表明,界面附近原子晶格失配程度增加是导致辐照后界面热阻进一步增加的原因。     

熔融纺丝过程优化制备细直径碳化硅纤维及其对力学性能的影响

强度、模量和柔顺性作为碳化硅(SiC)纤维重要的力学性能受到纤维直径大小的影响, 而制备工艺中的熔融纺丝过程对纤维直径起决定作用。本工作研究了纺丝温度、纺丝压力和卷绕速度对聚碳硅烷(Polycarbosilane, PCS)原纤维直径的影响, 分析了纺丝过程中纤维断裂的原因, 并初步探究了SiC纤维直径与力学性能的关系。结果表明, 在一定范围内降低纺丝温度、降低纺丝压力和提高卷绕速度均能显著减小原纤维的直径。在连续纺丝的前提下, 最优纺丝工艺下得到的PCS原纤维直径为13.5 μm。随着PCS纤维直径由18.3 μm减小至13.5 μm, SiC纤维直径则由13.8 μm减小至9.5 μm, 而SiC纤维的强度与模量分别由1.7、181 GPa提高至2.9、233 GPa, 强度分布更为集中, 柔顺性得到显著提高。     

碳纤维对聚碳酸酯/氮化硼复合材料导热性能和力学性能的影响

首先制备了聚碳酸酯/氮化硼(PC/BN)复合材料,考察了BN含量对复合材料导热性能和力学性能的影响,实验结果表明BN可以提高PC的导热性能,当BN含量为30%时,PC/BN复合材料的导热系数为1.38 W/(m·K),比纯PC的导热系数提高了约7倍,但PC的力学性能损坏严重。在PC/BN复合材料中填充少量碳纤维(CF),结果表明少量CF的加入,不仅可以进一步提高PC/BN复合材料的导热性能,而且还可以较显著地改善其力学性能。当CF含量为7%时,PC/BN/CF的导热系数、拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度比PC/BN复合材料的分别提高了14.5%,113%,64%和157%。     

SiC纤维/YSZ复合热障厚涂层韧性及热震性能研究

采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)技术, 以ZrO₂-8wt%Y₂O₃(8YSZ)和团聚的P7216(8YSZ和珍珠岩粉)粉末为原料, 在基体上制备了厚度大于4 mm的SiC纤维/YSZ(SFY)复合厚热障涂层, 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了涂层的显微结构, 发现SFY涂层具有钢筋混凝土结构, 这种结构能够防止因为涂层厚度增加而引起的失效。此外, 基于计算机的断层成像技术分析热障涂层孔隙率的变化, 考察了SFY涂层和YSZ 热障涂层的抗热震性能、断裂韧性以及热导率性能, 并探讨了纤维的增韧机制。研究结果表明, SFY涂层具有更高的断裂韧性值和更好的抗热震性能, 25℃时SFY涂层的热导率为0.632 W/(m·K), 大约是传统YSZ热障涂层热导率的一半。SiC纤维对涂层内部裂纹的偏转和截止作用, 防止了裂纹扩散长大, 形成网状微裂纹结构, 有效提高了涂层的抗热震性能和断裂韧性。     

Measurements of Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Conductivity of a Single Carbon Fiber

In this paper, the thermal conductivity of a single carbon fiber under different manufacturing conditions is measured using the steady-state short-hot-wire method. This method is based on the heat transfer phenomena of a pin fin attached to a short hot wire. The short hot wire is supplied with a constant direct current to generate a uniform heat flux, and both its ends are connected to lead wires and maintained at the initial temperature. The test fiber is attached as a pin fin to the center position of the hot wire at one end and the other end is connected to a heat sink. One-dimensional steady-state heat conduction along the hot wire and test fiber is assumed, and the basic equations are analytically solved. From the solutions, the relations among the average temperature rise of the hot wire, the heat generation rate, the temperature at the attached end of the fiber, and the heat flux from the hot wire to the fiber are accurately obtained. Based on the relations, the thermal conductivity of the single carbon fiber can be easily estimated when the average temperature rise and the heat generation rate of the hot wire are measured for the same system. Further, the electrical conductivity of the single carbon fiber is measured under the same conditions as for the thermal conductivity using a four-point contact method. The relation between the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity is further discussed, based on the crystal microstructure.     

钢纤维混凝土早期水化热温度的试验研究

本文通过三种不同钢纤维掺量的钢纤维混凝土早期水化热温度和变形实测,得到了不同掺量钢纤维混凝土的水化热温度及温度变形的时程线.试验结果表明:钢纤维混凝土的最高温升随掺量增加而有所增大;水化反应结束后,掺量大的温度曲线最接近外界气温,降温速率也明显增加.应变曲线总体上能反映钢纤维混凝土抗应变能力强于普通混凝土.根据热传导理论,给出了钢纤维掺量与混凝土导温系数的关系,得出钢纤维混凝土有较好的导热性,该特性对水工混凝土结构防止表面裂缝起到良好的作用.     

SiC填料对光伏封装用EVA导热复合胶膜的影响

目的探讨乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)胶膜中加入晶须碳化硅(SiC)无机填料后,对EVA胶膜交联度、力学性能及导热性能的影响。方法通过将晶须SiC无机填料导入EVA,使得在整个体系内呈连续相的有机大分子与呈分散相的无机填料共混成一体,再通过挤出流延成形得到厚度均一的胶膜。结果随着晶须SiC含量的增加,EVA复合胶膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率均有所下降。交联度随着SiC含量的增加而略微增大,最终达到平衡,剥离强度先增大后减小。使用不同的偶联剂对SiC表面进行处理,EVA导热复合胶膜导热性能存在差异。使用同一种偶联剂对SiC表面进行处理,SiC粒径尺寸的差异同样对EVA导热复合胶膜导热性能存在差异。结论添加晶须SiC的尺寸规格、添加量、表面处理情况对EVA导热复合胶膜的力学性能、交联度影响较大。